Suchergebnisse

The image of the European culture is given by the association of the concepts people – culture – history – territory, which provides certain local features. From this relation, we identify a cultural area with local, regional and national features beyond a certain European culture. Thus, we identify at least two cultural identity constructions on the European level: a culture of cultures, that is a cultural area with a particular, local, regional and national strong identity, or a cultural archipelago, that is a common yet disrupted cultural area. Whatever the perspective, the existence of a European cultural area cannot be denied, although one may speak of diversity or of "disrupted continuity".
The paper is a survey on the European cultural space in two aspects: 1. Europe with internal cultural border areas; 2. Europe as external cultural-identity border area. From a methodological point of view, we have to point out that despite the two-levelled approach the two conceptual constructions do not exclude each other: the concept of "culture of cultures" designs both a particular and a general identity area. The specific of the European culture is provided precisely by diversity and multiculturalism as means of expression on local, regional, or national levels. Consequently, the European cultural area is an area with a strong identity on both particular and general levels.

Monografia jest rezultatem wysiłku intelektualnego, którego podjęli się wspólnie naukowcy z Mołdawii, Niemiec, Polski, Rumunii, Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki i Ukrainy podczas Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowej "Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" w Jastrowiu w czerwcu 2019 roku. Na publikację składają się poszerzone wersje wypowiedzi zaprezentowanych podczas tego spotkania. Tom, który oddajemy do rąk Czytelnika, pomyślany jest jako zbiór zróżnicowanych spojrzeń na problematykę dziedzictwa. Języki i kultury Bukowiny stały się inspiracją dla analiz wychodzących poza tematykę tego regionu. Autorzy tekstów reprezentują różne perspektywy i dyscypliny naukowe: językoznawstwo, kulturoznawstwo, literaturoznawstwo, historię, politologię, socjologię, etnologię i historię sztuki. Do tomu zaproszono doświadczonych naukowców i młodych badaczy zajmujących się bogactwem językowym i kulturowym historycznej Bukowiny, obszaru karpackiego oraz Europy Środkowej. Książka składa się z trzech części. Część pierwsza obejmuje teksty poświęcone językowi rozumianemu jako dziedzictwo kulturowe. Część druga poświęcona jest pamięci dziedzictwa. Kolejna część prezentuje dziedzictwo kulturowe w działaniach społecznych i aktywności twórczej. ; This collective monograph comes as a result of intellectual work undertaken jointly by the American, German, Moldovan, Polish, Romanian and Ukrainian scholars who participated in the international conference entitled "Bukowina: Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" (Bukovina: Common Cultural and Linguistic Heritage), held in Jastrowie, Poland, in June 2019. The present volume, which contains extended versions of their papers, is conceived as a collection providing different perspectives on the issue of cultural heritage. The cultures and languages of Bukovina have also inspired contributions which go beyond the issues of the region but are related to it in the geographical or cultural sense. The invited authors represent various perspectives and fields of study: linguistics, cultural studies, literary studies, history, political studies, sociology, ethnology and art history. The list of contributors includes experienced scholars and young promising researchers studying the cultural and linguistic richness of the historical Bukovina, the Carpathian region and Central Europe. The volume consists of three parts. The first one includes contributions on language as cultural heritage. The second part is devoted to the memory of heritage. Part three presents cultural heritage in social and creative activity. ; Publikacja przygotowana w ramach zadania: "Międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" – zadanie finansowane w ramach umowy 570/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę. ; The work has been prepared in fulfilment of the task "Common Cultural and Linguistic Heritage – an international conference", financed under contract no. 570/P-DUN/2019 from the funds of the Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated for the dissemination of science.

In the article the author tackles a contemporary issue that is important for institutional strengthening of the Republic of Moldova. Developing a mechanism for efficient interaction of institutions of state power with political parties, ruling ones and in opposition, with the groups of interests, especially those institutional and associative, represents a strategic objective for the Republic of Moldova. Assessing institutions with "rules of the game", the contemporary political science updates the significance of the Constitution for organisation and good unfolding of the political process, for ensuring stability and at the same time dynamism of the socio-political system. The conclusions of the investigation of complex issues like dynamic political processes, functionality of political institutions in conditions of instability / political crisis, contain an educational, instructive message, important for the political actors of the Moldovan society.

This article explores the emergence and development of anarchist ideas and groups in Romania in the period 1880-1945. Western revolutionary trends such as socialism had permeated, by the 1880s, the Romanian cultural-political space. Socialism has been studied extensively and it only seems reasonable to extend the scope of previous research to other revolutionary movements or ideologies of the same period that have not benefitted from much or any scholar attention. To this date, researchers in the fields of history or political science have not provided any comprehensive study on Romanian anarchism and, consequently, the aim of the following endeavor is to offer a first sketch of the history of Romanian anarchism. This article is based on information drawn from primary sources such as radical journals of the epoch discussed, documents belonging to state institutions charged with surveillance of radical political activity, as well as memoirs; it is also based on works by western scholars that have focused on European anarchism.

The ethnic structure of this region has been strongly influenced by the evolution of different historical-geographical, and political factors, but also by the evolution of the confessional structure. Ethnicity, from this point of view, is closely related to religion. What is typical and important to note is that the ethnic structure is very diverse. In addition to Romanians and Hungarians, also Gypsies, Germans, Slovaks, Jews, Ruthenians, and Serbs are present; other ethnic groups are numerically insignificant. For this period we identified two important categories of documents relating to ethnic identity of Transylvanians: 1. records made by the Austrian state authorities; 2. Church documents. They must be viewed and analyzed with great care because they do not correspond directly to the necessity to establish ethnic identities. The documents that are available to us do not allow for an accurate determination of a person's ethnicity. Given the lack of a variable on nationality from the few censuses conducted by the Hungarian State, we propose based on analysis of other documents (particularly those of ecclesiastical origin) to: a) check the mother tongue, b) establish religious identity and c) run an onomastic study.

A common argument for the nomination of the Romanian city of Sibiu as European Capital of Culture 2007 by the European Commission is the actual local multiculturalism, which makes the city seem somehow different when regarding the more general ethnic background in Romania. The aim of this article is therefore to map the local multiculturalism and identify its limits. The conclusion is that the local context is multicultural in fact, yet some ethnic tensions are to be taken into account. These tensions are rather symbolic and still weak, and are related to the way one might conceive local public space. The findings not only confirm the initial supposition, but they could become a starting point for a future comparative analysis of ethnic contexts in Romania.

The historical-demographic approach of family in their relationship with society with different transitory societal or community typologies is a complex initiative that needs a methodological approach including peripheral elements as well, besides a deep analysis on the central defining elements. The historical demography and other sciences, such as anthropology or history of mentalities, by directly or collaterally approaching the family, often make references to the three important moments in the individual's life: birth, marriage and death.
We have used several categories of documentary sources in our survey. We have the information on the population in north-western Romania due to the ecclesiastic notes (in the parish records or reports and the bishopric notes); on the other hand, we have the information provided by the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian state. Methodologically, the first phase of our research consisted of the preparation of the documents investigation strategy, as expected. In our research, we consider the fact that we approach the area of ecclesiastic entities, as most of our sources for the 19th century belong to the church. This imposes a stress on the confession and its importance. Besides confession, an aspect that we wish to underline is ethnicity. In our investigation on the family the main stress was laid on the survey and analysis of different marital behaviours. Through different constraints and determinisms entailed by the possibility to choose, marriage is highly relevant in establishing behavioural laws (if they ever existed!?). The dimension of the marital market corroborated with the ethno-confessional and socio-professional realities provided the particularities of the marital phenomenon.
Referring to the lay and ecclesiastic legal framework, we support the need for a flexible approach of the topic. The logic of this foray consists of the visualisation of the legal framework – rigid and impregnated with an obvious moralising discourse – on the one hand, and the image of conformism and means of adaptation of the individual, on the other hand.
The starting point of the family is marriage. If we approach marriage from the point of view of the confessional and ethnic conditioning, we get to an analysis of the mixed marriages phenomenon. In fact, the analysis of the ethno-confessional and socio-professional determinisms and of other types of community or individual conditions can be easily carried out in the case of mixed marriages. The central point of our research is the analysis of Romanians', Hungarians', and Germans' marital behaviours without ignoring the image of this phenomenon at other populations in the area.
An analysis on birth and death rate, or natural growth, is able to provide information on the impact demographic phenomena had upon family. A world where death rate was very high and where family would react through a high birth rate was undoubtedly influenced by the demographic flow. Irrespective of the society typology, divorce, concubinage, and illegitimacy (no matter their way of manifestation) were forms of social deviance leading to the dilution of family image and precepts. We do not discuss here a dilution of the traditional precepts on the family, as someone might misunderstand; it is an erosion of the idea of family in general. The "family" began to acquire other forms than the "official" ones. From the relationship of the family with the community were born mentalities, roles and social statuses. The family, its formation, the relationships between man, woman, children and relatives, as well as the relationships with the rest of the community were filtered by the "village gossip". The need for a strong solidarity that was necessary in the unfriendly conditions at the time compelled the individuals to accept the cohabitation with other members of the family (including the extended one) and with the rest of the community.

At the end of the Second World War, on the Romanian Communist Party's agenda two major points were highlighted: massive industrialization and the recruitment of party members. The article explores the role and functions of the socialist enterprise in communist Romania, a place where the interaction between party and society was strongly emphasized. Focusing on the first two decades of communist rule, I have chosen as a case study an enterprise with an old tradition, created at the end of the XIXth century: The Hunedoara Integrated Iron and Steel Works. In the confined space of the socialist enterprise the political, economical and social objectives of the communist regime were put in practice. In this context, the socialist enterprise became one of the most important places of propaganda, domination and control.

ISTORIE • HISTORY »» Paul Brusanowski ; Cronologia unirii Bucovinei cu România (II): Intervenția românească în Bucovina și unirea acesteia cu România (8-28 noiembrie 1918) • The Chronology of Bucovina's Union with Romania (II): The Romanian Intervention in Bucovina and its Union with Romania (8-28 November 1918). În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 1-8 ; Silviu I. Purece ; Reevaluarea tezaurului cu monedă romană republicană de la Goranu (Rm. Vâlcea) • A Reevaluation of the Roman Republican Coin Hoard from Goranu (Rm. Vâlcea). În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 9-13 ; »» STUDII LITERARE • LITERARY STUDIES »» Mădălina Agoston ; Exilul teoriei românești: modernitatea mateincălinesciană întrenațional și global • Romanian's Theory Exile: Matei Călinescu's Modernity between National and Global. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 14-20 ; Viorella Manolache ; Aceasta nu este o haină de piele: Michel Foucault și schema "fashion thinking". Pe marginea unui dialog cu designerul Ștefan Muscă • This is not a leather jacket: Michel Foucault in the scheme of "fashion thinking" On the edge of a dialogue with designer Ștefan Muscă. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 21-27 ; Raluca Stanciu (Soare) ; Object and interpretation. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 28-30 ; Sunhild Galter ; Der Einfluss der kulturellen Zugehörigkeit auf das Verhalten der Figuren in Eginald Schlattners Roman "Das Klavierim Nebel" • The Influence of Cultural Identity on the Behaviour of the Characters in Eginald Schlattners Novel "Das Klavierim Nebel". În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 31-39 ; Amalia Cotoi ; Mobilitatealite rară interbelică la confluența dintre furt și progres. • Romanian inter-war literary mobility at the crossroads between theft and progress. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 40-45 ; »» ȘTIINȚELE LIMBII • LANGUAGE SCIENCES »» Radu Drăgulescu ; Considerații lingvistice asupra fitonimelor formate cu ajutorul termenului de origine latină "ochi". • Linguistic Considerations on Phytonymes built with the Help of the Latin Originated Term "ochi" (eye). În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 46-55 ; Marius Opincariu ; Integrarea atributelor emoțional lingvistice în arhitecturile eLearning. • Integrating emotional linguistic attributes in eLearning designs. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 56-64 ; Mariana Pascaru ; Creația de lumi în limbaj. Analiza lumilor textului în poezia optzecistă. • Creation of Worlds in Language. Text worlds analysis in the poems of the '80s. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 65-73 ; Iulia-Maria Soare ; Câteva aspecte privind conceptul de proformă • Some aspects of the concept of proform. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 74-80 ; »» STUDII TEOLOGICE • THEOLOGY SCIENCES »» Radu Gârbacea ; Vita antiqua a unei sfinte travestite: Maria ; care și-a schimbat numele în Marin. Introducere și traducere. • Vita antiqua of a transvestite saint: Mary ; who changed her name to Marin. Introduction and Romanian translation. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 81-85 ; Daniel Buda ; The Gravediggers: Attempt to an Anthropological Approach based on Own Experiences • În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 86-90 ; »» ȘTIINȚELE EDUCAȚIEI • EDUCATION SCIENCES »» Angela Muschitiello ; Educating for empathy in order to promote the well-being of second-generation foreign minors • În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; p. 91-96. ; Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 8 ; 2019 ; CONSILIUL ȘTIINȚIFIC: prof. univ. dr. Ștefan Afloroaei (Universitatea "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" din Iași ; România) ; prof. univ. dr. habil. Constantin Chiriac (Universitatea "Lucian Blaga" din Sibiu ; România) ; prof. univ. dr. Petr Kopecký (Universitatea din Leiden ; Germania) ; prof. univ. dr. Mihaela Miroiu (Școala Națională de Studii Politice și Administrative ; România) ; acad. pr. prof. univ. dr. Mircea Păcurariu (Academia Română) ; acad. prof. univ. dr. Ioan-Aurel Pop (Academia Română) ; conf. univ. dr. Marci Shore (Universitatea Yale ; Statele Unite ale Americii) ; prof. univ. dr. Stefan Sienerth (Universitatea "Ludwig Maximilian" din München ; Germania) ; prof. univ. dr. habil. Andrei Terian (Universitatea "Lucian Blaga" din Sibiu ; România) ; acad. prof. univ. dr. Alexandru Zub (Academia Română). REDACȚIA: Redactor-șef: Radu Vancu ; Redactori: Dragoș Varga ; Vlad Pojoga. Secretar de redacție: Ștefan Baghiu.

The study focuses on the analysis of a minor literature selection. My application, being determined by the nature of the selected theme (the major historical literature, which offers important interpretative reference points, usually does not appeal to the repertory characteristic of the historiographic and mythologizing imagery), is also conditioned by a personal concern pertaining to the resurgence, in recent years, of this type of imagery that usually affects the perception of historicity as well as the structuring of civil society. The themes of postcommunist Dacianism represent a thin catalog of theories and motives, which primarily aim to the reinvention of the traditional historiographic discourse through the reinterpretation of the older or more recent archaeological discoveries from a Dacianist perspective. The anti-Semitic themes from the post-communist discourse disseminated especially in connection to the instauration of the communist regime in Romania, are connected to the new radicalisms as well. Publishers that promote nationalist, xenophobic, anti-Semitic, and fictional along with historical Dacianist literature are also responsible for the dissemination of extremist ideas using Dacianist rhetoric. This minor literature, ignored by the academic establishment, but benefiting from a large segment of culture consumers, has had appeal especially among adolescents attracted by the soteriological profile of Dacian heroes. The influence of texts can be explained by the manner in which major themes of the national historical discourse are vulgarized and reinterpreted from the perspective of some rhetoric of crises. The search for heroes in an ancient and hypothetical "golden age" (we refer to the Pelasgic Empire) is part of the already obsolete repertoire of mythological reconstructions. The refuge in the past (in fact, a sign of maladjustment and the inability for social and identitary reformulation) and sacrifice become the reference points for the socio-cultural behavior proposed in a world, which is considered hostile and conspiring. Anti-Semitic attitudes go hand in hand with the instances of identitary exacerbation produced on the traditional basis of victimology, on the Orthodoxist-Dacianist exaltations. We cannot but to be astonished by the nationalist mixture, which paradoxically combine Dacianism and Orthodoxism, or Dacianism and alternative religions, the latter occurrence being also violently anti-Semitic through its rejection of Judaism as a subversive and unilateral religion. In conclusion, post-communist Dacianism (promoted especially by the Dacia Revival International Society ), as an answer to the identitary crisis, fits into the autochtonist historiographic trend, while more radical approaches (see the extremist publications and the books recently published especially by the "Obiectiv" Publishing House from Craiova) are somehow closely related to both the "interwar prophetism", which they vulgarize, and to the legionary mystique too.

Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; CONSILIUL ȘTIINȚIFIC: prof. univ. dr. Ștefan Afloroaei (Universitatea "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" din Iași ; România) ; prof. univ. dr. habil. Constantin Chiriac (Universitatea "Lucian Blaga" din Sibiu ; România) ; prof. univ. dr. Petr Kopecký (Universitatea din Leiden ; Germania) ; prof. univ. dr. Mihaela Miroiu (Școala Națională de Studii Politice și Administrative ; România) ; acad. pr. prof. univ. dr. Mircea Păcurariu (Academia Română) ; acad. prof. univ. dr. Ioan-Aurel Pop (Academia Română) ; conf. univ. dr. Marci Shore (Universitatea Yale ; Statele Unite ale Americii) ; prof. univ. dr. Stefan Sienerth (Universitatea "Ludwig Maximilian" din München ; Germania) ; prof. univ. dr. habil. Andrei Terian (Universitatea "Lucian Blaga" din Sibiu ; România) ; acad. prof. univ. dr. Alexandru Zub (Academia Română). REDACȚIA: Redactor-șef: Radu Vancu ; Redactori: Dragoș Varga ; Vlad Pojoga. Secretar de redacție: Ștefan Baghiu. ; Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 cuprinde următoarele articole: ISTORIE ŞI STUDII CULTURAL • HISTORY AND CULTURAL STUDIES »» Ioan Stanomir ; Gherea: în preajma revoluţiei. • Gherea – In the Eve of the Revolution. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 1-3 ; Paul Brusanowski ; Mişcări naţionale separatiste în Austro-Ungaria în anii primului război mondial (O cronologie a Unirii Transilvaniei cu România după presa vremii. I). • National Separatist Movements in Austro-Hungaria during World War I (A Chronology of the Union Between Transylvania and Romania in the Papers of the Time. I). În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 4-12 ; Dan Popescu ; Mihail Manoilescu. Schiţă de portret. • Mihail Manoilescu – Portrait Outline. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 13-20 ; Raul-Marian Todor ; Concursurile sportive interşcolare de la Blaj în perioada interbelică. • Inter-School Sport Contests from Blaj that took place during the Inter-War Period. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 21-26 ; Dionisie Vladimir Turcu ; File din istoria sportului școlar interbelic la liceul "Andrei Şaguna" din Braşov. • Snippets From The History of Interwar School Sport at "Andrei Șaguna" High School Of Brașov. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 27-33 ; STUDII LITERARE • LITERARY STUDIES »» Bogdan Creţu ; Povestea poveştilor sau desacralizarea sacrului. • "Povestea poveștilor" or the The Desacralization of the Sacred. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 34-39 ; Ovio Olaru ; Forever postmodern. Importul unui concept. • Forever Postmodern. Importing a Concept. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 40-46 ; Andreea-Maria Preda ; L'évasion impossible de Lena Constante – résistance et remémoration. • The Impossible Escape. The Political Prison for Women in Miercurea Ciuc 1957-1961" by Lena Constante – resistance and remembrance. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 47-51 ; Daniela Moldoveanu ; Max Blecher' Symbolic Embodiment of Textual Identity. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 52-56 ; Dragoş Varga ; A Cultural Obsession: the Foundation of Roumanian Clacissism. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 57-60 ; Anca Pirnoiu ; Empowering The Self: The Authority Of Identity in Matei Călinescu's "Un Fel de Jurnal". În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 61-65 ; Maria Fărâmă ; Fatalism şi mrejele (ne)istoricului în romanele "Laur" şi "Aviatorul" de Evgheni Vodolaykyn. • Fatalism and (Non)Historical Vision in "Laurus" and "The Aviator" by Eugene Vodolazkin. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 66-72 ; ŞTIINŢELE LIMBII • LANGUAGE SCIENCES »» Radu Drăgulescu ; O cercetare calitativă asupra învăţării limbii române ca limbă străină în context endo-lingvistic. • A Qualitative Research on Learning Romanian as a Foreign Language in Endo-linguistic Context. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 73-81: Laodamia Dascăl ; Power In Media Discourse and Media Structures: Power Relations in the Standardizing of Gender Representations in Romanian Mass Publishing. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 82-89 ; Oana-Maria Bîrlea ; The Transfer Of Power In Japanese Advertising Discourse. În: Revista Transilvania - serie nouă ; anul XLVII (CLI) ; nr. 1 ; 2019 ; p. 90-96.

The trans-ethnic voting ant the current cooperation between the Saxon and the Romanian communities in Sibiu/Hermannstadt could easily make believe in a perennial peaceful cohabitation. But the ethnic relations at the beginning of the XXth century are rather dissimilar, since they are marked by the strong affirmation of the Romanian community - especially by its political and cultural values - in the cadre of a multi-ethnic state - as Austria-Hungary - and of a Saxon dominated city - as Sibiu/Hermannstadt. The conflict between elites is pointed out by the prejudices enounced and by the symbolic weight of the disputes. More deeply, there is a conflict between two diverging political projects: the preservation of autonomy and of collective rights by the Saxon community, and the political, economic and cultural integration of the city into the recently made Romanian National state, in the aftermath of the Paris Peace Treaties. The two political projects originate -in fact- into distinctive models of citizenship: an exclusive citizenship, promoted by the Saxon community as a heritage from the Middle Ages; an integrative citizenship, preferred by the Romanian state in order to obtain a full allegiance from the new citizens. Since Romania has unexpectedly become a multi-ethnic state and minorities were more educated, urbanized and politically active, supporting the Romanian element became vital. The unsuccessful political strategies of Romanian elites, before 1920 -and of Saxon elites afterwards- lead to external sources of power: the Romanian National state and Nazi Germany. Whether Romanian authority proves to be quite successful, the German influence has disastrous consequences for the Saxon community. The persecutions and vexations following the German defeat in 1945 mark out the beginning of the great migration for the German community in Transylvania, following eight hundred years of coexistence.

The parish registers of civil status, although the main sources of documentation for historical demography, are used with significant results by the other sciences such as history, ethnography, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, etc.. The perspectives of approaching the rural community and family have expanded considerably using these sources of ecclesiastical origin documentaries. The first researchers who refer to a systematic methodology that uses the parish registers of civil status as documentary sources for the completion of demographic data suggest the use of other sources, hitherto unused for this purpose. They will apply a new method, a modern innovation, the stripping and analysis of parish registers of civil status within the meaning of the reconstruction of demographic events (birth, marriage, death).
The family reconstitution method, by analyzing the parish registers of civil status proposed by L. Henry and M. Fleury, has revolutionized the field of study dealing with people. Louis Henry believes that the parish registers of civil status is the ultimate source of information for the pre-state period and this is precisely the reason for which he proposes restoring the family's biological life. Church registers are only able to give us an insight into the family in rural areas, at least for the second half of the XIX century. Church documents, the fundamental sources for researching family life, are of two categories: 1. civil status registers and annual reports of the parishes, 2. Church authorities funds, documents and minutes recorded by the bishops. These documents are complex sources for the researcher interested in historical demography, social history, and the economic history of toponymy, birthdays, etc.
Processing the data contained in these records requires a specific methodology. They allow us to observe trends that have occurred on the long-term demographic events such as: birth, marriage or death. These records are presented for a long time as their only source of documentation regarding civil status and demographic events in the life of most people. Researching these records can unveil important features of natural population movement, the phenomenon of birth, of marriage, the divorce or death. Then, an analysis of form and content of these registers can capture the cultural universe of the priests who fill these records.
These Church documents proved to be important, especially where other documentary sources (mainly those in the category of records made by the state) have proved insufficient, incomplete and unclear. The parish registers of civil status in this case are suitable for both a qualitative analysis, and a quantitative one at the level of local communities. Beyond their usefulness and significance of documentary source, these documents should be regarded as being subjective because they were managed by priests (every priest is then an exponent to promote demographic and confessional "realities" and such realities were viewed from the perspective of his own religious convictions). The parish registers, however, prove to be the only documents that allow us to penetrate the privacy of individuals in each community. A documentary is also undeniably a good dowry that researchers should promote and use in their research not only locally but also to verify and demonstrate certain behaviours and overall trends.