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In its introduction, the text presents the basis for a sociology of globalization at affirming that such a phenomenon is comprehensible not only in terms of interdependency and formation of exclusively global institutions but in regard to something within what is national. After overcoming a methodological nationalism it becomes possible to approach a growing number of cases of localization of what is global and others of denationalization of what is national which, meanwhile, opens a wide range of research possibilities in social sciences. Then, a study of global cities as a convenient space to test theoretical assumptions of such a sociology is undertaken since, in those cities, a new transnational geography serving as a space for new transnational politics emerges. ; El texto presenta en la introducción las bases para una sociología de la globalización en la que se afirma que dicho fenómeno es comprensible en términos no sólo de la interdependencia y la formación de instituciones exclusivamente globales sino en relación a algo que también reside en el interior de lo nacional. Al superar el nacionalismo metodológico, es posible entonces abordar un número creciente de casos de localización de lo global y de desnacionalización de lo nacional que, a su vez, abre para las ciencias sociales una amplia gama de posibilidades de investigación. A continuación, se aborda el estudio de las ciudades globales como un espacio propicio para poner a prueba los presupuestos teóricos de esta sociología en la medida en que, a través de aquellas, se crea una nueva geografía transnacional que al mismo tiempo constituye el espacio para una nueva política transnacional.

In its introduction, the text presents the basis for a sociology of globalization at affirming that such a phenomenon is comprehensible not only in terms of interdependency and formation of exclusively global institutions but in regard to something within what is national. After overcoming a methodological nationalism it becomes possible to approach a growing number of cases of localization of what is global and others of denationalization of what is national which, meanwhile, opens a wide range of research possibilities in social sciences. Then, a study of global cities as a convenient space to test theoretical assumptions of such a sociology is undertaken since, in those cities, a new transnational geography serving as a space for new transnational politics emerges. ; El texto presenta en la introducción las bases para una sociología de la globalización en la que se afirma que dicho fenómeno es comprensible en términos no sólo de la interdependencia y la formación de instituciones exclusivamente globales sino en relación a algo que también reside en el interior de lo nacional. Al superar el nacionalismo metodológico, es posible entonces abordar un número creciente de casos de localización de lo global y de desnacionalización de lo nacional que, a su vez, abre para las ciencias sociales una amplia gama de posibilidades de investigación. A continuación, se aborda el estudio de las ciudades globales como un espacio propicio para poner a prueba los presupuestos teóricos de esta sociología en la medida en que, a través de aquellas, se crea una nueva geografía transnacional que al mismo tiempo constituye el espacio para una nueva política transnacional.

29 páginas, 2 esquemas.-- Descargable en: http://works.bepress.com/manuel_fernandez_esquinas/1 ; [ES] Este artículo expone un marco de análisis que ayude a entender las características de la sociología aplicada. A saber, la tarea sociológica que se orienta a resolver problemas prácticos más que a ofrecer nuevas contribuciones al entendimiento de los fenómenos sociales. En la primera parte se realiza una breve historia del concepto y se tratan los problemas que surgen cuando se hacen demarcaciones rígidas con otros tipos de investigación. En la segunda parte se abordan los conocimientos que resultan de la sociología aplicada. Se dibuja un marco conceptual referido a formas organizativas típicas para investigación básica y aplicada, y se define a esta última como un conjunto de condiciones políticas y sociales en que se produce el trabajo sociológico. Dichas condiciones dan lugar habitualmente a descripciones y a generalizaciones empíricas. Son menos frecuentes los resultados que contrastan hipótesis teóricas importantes desde un punto de vista disciplinario. Algunos mecanismos que explican este resultado son: las decisiones metodológicas, los recursos y el tiempo disponible. Finalmente, se tratan los efectos teniendo en cuenta dos procesos relevantes en los modernos sistemas de I+D: los recursos públicos que se invierten en investigación aplicada que producen resultados de carácter a-teórico y escasamente acumulativo, y la desvinculación de la sociología disciplinaria de la práctica relacionada con la toma de decisiones. En las conclusiones se discuten algunas estrategias que contribuyan a superar la división. ; [EN] This paper provides an analytical framework for understanding applied sociology, namely sociological research oriented towards resolving practical problems rather than providing new contributions to our understanding of social phenomena. The first part contains a brief historical account of the concept and addresses the main problems which emerge when sharp distinctions between basic and applied research are made. The second part examines the knowledge resulting from applied sociology. We draw the main dimensions of typical organisational arrangements for doing basic and applied sociological work and analyse applied sociology as a set of social and political conditions where research is produced. These conditions usually give rise to descriptions and, on occasions, to empirical generalisations, whereas results contrasting important theoretical hypotheses from a disciplinary point of view are produced less frequently. Then the article examines some specific mechanisms such as methodological decisions, the availability of resources and time constraints to explain why applied sociology most often produces this kind of cognitive results. Finally, effects related to cognitive and organisational divisions are addressed taking into account two processes in current research systems: the large amount of resources devoted to applied sociological research that result in non-theoretical and non-accumulative knowledge and the decoupling of disciplinary sociology from the practical world of policy making. To conclude, some strategies for bridging this gap are discussed. ; Peer reviewed

The aim of this article is to argue about the transition from the risk society to the uncertainty society. In view of the fact that the pandemic from Covid 19 has shown that vulnerability could potentially become a permanent condition, it is appropriate to try to configure uncertainty by choosing a different epistemological key, capable, both to question some of the paradigms on which the organization of the current economic and social systems in industrialized countries insists and to define meanings usefull to build new models of global behavior. Without incurring the error of associating uncertainty with indeterminacy, the challenge inherent in the proposal of a sociology of uncertainty consists in a proof of refutability towards any kind of functionalist logic. Both with respect to analyzes supported by causal relationships and with reference to forms of cognitive rationality focused on the automatic absolutism of numbers, the sociology of uncertainty represents the heuristic bet in opposition to the determinism of any "simple" typology of rational thinking. Through the critical review of the dialectic within which risk sociology has elaborated most of its key concepts and suggested them to other disciplines, the sociology of uncertainty acquires an interesting interdisciplinary value. In addition to providing a meaningful and dynamic interpretation of reality, its interdisciplinary value is essential for assigning a specialized role to social research. Especially with regard to applied sociology, the issue of uncertainty allows to broaden the heuristic horizon and to combine sociology and economy to adopt an approach capable of keeping together the analysis of forms and processes of socialization with that of environmental problems and territorial, and to address the issue of the reduction of inequalities through solutions that guarantee the widening of participation and the increasing of deliberative practices. Upon a methodological approach based on much more awareness, the goal is the promotion of social learnig. This last is foundamental to allows sociology of uncertianty is the management of vulnerabilities in the view either of understanding and interpretation of social phenomena and of defining of local and global policies ; L'intento di questo articolo è argomentare sull'opportunità di un passaggio dalla società del rischio alla società dell'incertezza. In considerazione del fatto che la pandemia da Covid 19 ha dimostrato che la vulnerabilità potrebbe potenzialmente diventare una condizione permanente, è opportuno provare a configurare l'incertezza tramite la scelta di una diversa chiave epistemologica, in grado, tanto di mettere in discussione alcuni dei paradigmi sui quali insiste l'organizzazione degli attuali sistemi economici e sociali nei paesi industrializzati, quanto di procedere all'individuazione di significati intorno ai quali costruire nuovi modelli di comportamento globale. Di conseguenza, la sfida insita nella proposta di una sociologia dell'incertezza, senza in alcun modo incorrere nell'errore di associare l'incertezza con l'indeterminatezza, consiste in una prova di confutabilità nei confronti di ogni genere di logica di matrice funzionalista. Cosicché, sia rispetto alle analisi supportate da relazioni causali sia in riferimento a forme di razionalità cognitiva incentrate sull'automatico assolutismo dei numeri, la sociologia dell'incertezza rappresenta una scommessa euristica in opposizione al determinismo di qualsiasi tipologia pensiero raziocinante e, per così dire, necessariamente spiegazionista. Attraverso una revisione critica degli ambiti dialettici entro i quali la sociologia del rischio ha elaborato gran parte dei suoi concetti - chiave e li ha suggeriti ad altre discipline, la sociologia dell'incertezza acquista un valore interdisciplinare. Oltre che per fornire una interpretazione significativa e dinamica della realtà, il valore interdisciplinare è essenziale per assegnare alla ricerca sociale un ruolo specialistico. Soprattutto per quanto riguarda la sociologia applicata, il tema dell'incertezza permette di allargare l'orizzonte euristico e di combinare sociologia ed economia per adottare un approccio capace di tenere insieme l'analisi delle forme e dei processi di socializzazione con quello dei problemi ambientali e territoriali, e di affrontare la questione della riduzione delle disuguaglianze attraverso soluzioni che garantiscano l'ampliamento della partecipazione a la diffusione delle pratiche deliberative nei contesti di vita. Tale approccio metodologico di fonda su un incremento di consapevolezza. Per meglio dire, esso promuove la consapevolezza come traguardo intorno al quale organizzare gli stili di vita e le condizioni di benessere sociale. Nell'auspicio che la consapevolezza possa permettere l'adozione di strumenti utili a mettere su un piano di verità i fatti così come sono e non come ci piacerebbe che fossero, la sociologia dell'incertezza, non solo confronta con la dimensione della vulnerabilità, ma trae da essa informazioni al fine di affrontare con maggiore solidità empirica e rigore metodologico la comprensione e interpretazione di fenomeni e processi sociali, ovvero anche per fornire contenuti a misure locali di governance cosi come per la definizione di strumenti per policies economiche e politiche a livello globali.

Henri LefebvreTraducción: Roy Alfaro VargasLefebvre presenta en este artículo una reflexión alrededor del marxismo y de la definiciónque la sociología adquiere en su ligamen con el primero. Se explica además brevemente elmétodo dialéctico, en cuanto fundamento del desarrollo de la sociología que permite unificarel rol de las ciencias sociales, en la comprensión de la totalidad (en este caso francesa).Asimismo, Lefebvre establece una serie de vínculos entre la Sociología y la Etnografía, laEconomía Política, la Psicología y la Política, con el fin de aprehender las contradiccionesque caracterizan la realidad social y fundar así una sociología científica. ; Lefebvre presents, in this article, a reflection around Marxism and the definition that thesociology acquires in relation to the former. Also it briefly explains the dialectical method,insofar as it is the basis for the development of a sociology that permits to unify the roleof the social sciences in the comprehension of the totality (in this case, the French totality).In the same way, Lefebvre sets up an ensemble of links among the Sociology and theEthnography, the Political Economy, the Psychology and the Politics, so as to apprehendthe contradictions that characterizes the social reality and, thus, to establish a scientificsociology.

Este estudio evalúa la utilidad y pertinencia de la sociología política platónica, sistematizando los conceptos teóricos subyacentes sobre el cambio político presentes en el libro octavo de la República. Analizamos, primeramente, al estado como idea desde el cual se clasifican las demás formas políticas. Continuamos con la visión del hombre como un ser anímicamente dividido y sujeto a diferentes fuerzas. Finalmente, estudiamos los elementos teóricos transformadores de los regímenes vistos estos desde su forma eidética. Destacamos: la visión cíclico-vital, el cambio interno y la contradicción. En la conclusión destacamos el valor del modelo teórico racional y de ver los regímenes como procesos. ; This essay assesses the usefulness and pertinence of Plato's political sociology, systematizing the subjacent theoretical concepts about political change in the book eight of the Republic. Firstly, we analyze the State as an idea able to measure the other political forms. We continue with his portrait of man as a being with a divided soul and driven by different forces. Finally, from an eidetic standpoint, we study the theoretical elements that bring about the political change. We underscore: the idea of the cycle, the internal transformation and the contradiction. In the conclusions we reflect on the value of the theoretical model and in the study of the political regimens as processes. ; 119-150 ; ortizmar@telcel.net.vet ; anual

Notas acerca de la evolución del folclore, en líneas generales, a partir del siglo XVII hasta la actualidad. Diversas razones, económicas y políticas, inciden hoy en un nuevo auge otorgado a la tradición folclórica. Ésta constituye, según el autor, el último instrumento de resistencia frente a la pérdida de la identidad cultural local, comarcal o regional. ; We present some notes about the evolution of folklore, along general lines, from the XVII century until the present. Diverse economic and political reasons have given new interest to folk tradition. Folklore, according to the author, is the last intrument of resistance against the loss of local and regional cultural identity. ; Grupo de Investigación Antropología y Filosofía (SEJ-126). Universidad de Granada

Resumen: Sobre este punto la sociología chilena en la década de los 80 intentó entender su presente (la dictadura militar), mientras que los historiadores de la nueva historia social chilena estaban más preocupados por el siglo XIX, enfocándose en la historia del movimiento obrero, peonal, campesino, del XIX, para responder a aquella tesis conservadora que apuntaba a que el golpe de Estado fue producto de la radicalización de la izquierda.Palabras clave: sociología; historia; política; derecha; Chile. Abstract: Chilean sociology in the 1980s tried to understand its present (the military dictatorship), while the historians of the new Chilean social history were more concerned about the 19th century, focusing on the history of the workers, peasants', workers movement, XIX, to respond to that conservative thesis that pointed to the coup d'etat was the product of the radicalization of the left.Keywords: sociology; history; politics; right; Chile.