The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the UN General Assembly in 2015 represents the latest attempt by the international community to live up to the challenges of a planet that is out of control. Sustainable Development Goal 11 envisages inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities around the world by the year 2030. This globally agreed vision is part of a trend in international policy toward good urban governance, and now awaits implementation. Fourteen original contributions collectively examine how this global vision has been developed on a conceptual level, how it plays out in various areas of (global) urban governance and how it is implemented in varying local contexts. The overarching hypothesis presented herein is that SDG 11 proves that local governance is recognised as an autonomous yet interrelated part of the global pursuit of sustainable development. The volume analyses three core questions: How have the normative ideals set forth in SDG 11 been developed? What are the meanings of the four sub-goals of SDG 11 and how do these relate to each other? What does SDG 11 imply for urban law and governance in the domestic context and how are local processes of urban governance internationalised? The Globalisation of Urban Governance makes an important scholarly contribution by linking the narrative on globalisation of good urban governance in various social sciences with legal discourse. It considers global governance and connects the existing debate about cities and their place in global governance with some of the most pertinent questions that lawyers face today.
Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes wurde untersucht, wie sich die stärkere Ausrichtung des Rehabilitations- und des beruflichen Teilhaberechts durch das Neunte Buch Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB IX) auf die Belange und Bedürfnisse behinderter Frauen auswirkt. Hierzu werden zunächst die frauenfördernden Dimensionen und einzelne gesetzliche Regelungen beleuchtet. Es folgen Ausführungen zum methodologischen Zugang und Verständnis, wobei das Konzept des "Lebensentwurfs", das Lebensweltkonzept und die Biografieforschung als zentrale Kategorien in den Mittelpunkt gestellt wird. Auf der Grundlage von empirischen Erhebungen in den Bundesländern Baden-Württemberg und Nordrhein-Westfalen, in zwei neuen Bundesländern - Sachsen und Sachsen-Anhalt -, erfolgt eine exemplarische bundesweite Bestandsaufnahme von (frauengerechten) Modellen, Angeboten und Programmen. Außerdem wurden Teilnehmerinnen an Maßnahmen der Berufsbildungswerke in diesen Bundesländern schriftlich befragt. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass bestimmte Gruppen von Frauen mit Behinderung bisher nicht im Blick der Verantwortlichen sind. Sie treten weder in der Beratung, noch in Einrichtungen der beruflichen Rehabilitation, in Qualifizierungen und Umschulungen in Erscheinung. Es sind vor allem alleinerziehende Frauen, Migrantinnen, Frauen ohne Ausbildung, ältere Frauen über 50 Jahre, Frauen aus ländlichen Regionen. Im Rahmen von Modellprojekten werden Konzepte erprobt, die einen niedrigschwelligen Einstieg in Qualifizierung und Beratung bieten und die sozialräumlich ausgerichtet sind. Um den spezifischen Gruppen Teilhabemöglichkeiten zu erschließen, besteht noch erheblicher Bedarf nach konzeptioneller Weiterentwicklung und praktischer Erprobung. Zum Abschluss wurden schließlich länderübergreifende Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen unterbreitet, die Handlungsbedarfe benannt, die nach Paragraph 66 des SGB IX in den Bericht einfließen sollen, den die Bundesregierung den gesetzgebenden Körperschaften über die Lage von Frauen und Männern mit Behinderung sowie die Entwicklung ihrer Teilhabe vorzulegen hat. (IAB)
'Zur Hälfte seiner Amtszeit scheint Präsident George W. Bush, wie die Kongreßwahlen vom 5. November zeigten, seine innenpolitische Position konsolidiert zu haben. In der Wirtschaftspolitik bewies er nach innen durch seine Steuersenkungspolitik und nach außen durch die 'Fast-Track'-Ermächtigung des Kongresses Handlungsfähigkeit. In der Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik definierte er seit dem 11. September 2001 die weltweiten Aufgaben der USA so extensiv, ja geradezu imperial, wie nur wenige Präsidenten vor ihm. Wissenschaftler der SWP haben anlässlich der ersten Hälfte der Amtszeit von Präsident George W. Bush im Rahmen eines Kolloquiums Bilanz gezogen'. (Autorenreferat). Inhaltsverzeichnis: Sicherheitspolitik - Peter Rudolf: Ein neues strategisches Paradigma (7-10); Klaus-Dieter Schwarz: Militärstrategie und Streitkräfte (11-14); Oliver Thränert: Rüstungskontrollpolitik (15-19); Ulrich Schneckener: Internationale Bekämpfung des Terrorismus (20-25); Peter Schmidt: NATO-Politik: das Bündnis im Wechselbad amerikanischer Politik (26-32). Innen-, Wirtschafts- und Umweltpolitik - Josef Braml: Machtpolitische Stellung des Präsidenten als Schutzpatron in Zeiten nationaler Unsicherheit (35-39); Jens van Scherpenberg: Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Wirtschaftspolitik (40-45); Friedemann Müller: Umweltpolitik (46-50). 'Neue Partner', alte Konflikte - Muriel Asseburg: Der Nahostkonflikt: neue Prioritäten, reduziertes Engagement (53-56); Hannes Adomeit, Olga Alexandrova: Die USA und Rußland (57-61); Gudrun Wacker: Die USA und China: zwischen Konkurrenz und Partnerschaft (62-65); Kay Möller: Die USA und Nordkorea: zurück auf Los (66-69).
L'éclatement du système de Bretton-Woods amène à se questionner sur la pérennité d'une nouvelle théorie de la valeur. C'est la consécration définitive de la pensée de Georg Friedrich Knapp, l'avènement des monnaies fiduciaires étatiques, dénuées de valeur intrinsèque, et, parallèlement, le balbutiement de l'inflation des conflits armés à travers le monde, internes comme externes, voyant l'émergence de nouveaux types de conflits irréguliers. Les campagnes et soulèvements de populations sont plus nombreux, ils sont également bien plus couteux. Pour le seul Afghanistan, de 2001 à 2017, les États-Unis auraient dépensé environ 840 milliards de dollars, soit 4,85 fois plus, en tenant compte de l'inflation, que dans le plan Marshall pour la reconstruction de l'Europe après 1945. D'après Joseph Stiglitz et Linda Bilmes, ce chiffre passerait, en incluant les coûts cachés, à 3 000 milliards de dollars pour le conflit en Irak, soit 103,59 % du budget américain déployé durant le second conflit mondial. On comprend que l'inconvertibilité et la pratique d'un régime monétaire de cours forcés permettent l'entretien d'une économie de guerre, par inflation fiduciaire artificielle et entretenue par la puissance étatique. Toutefois, qu'en serait-il dans un environnement à commutation de paquets, ou des actifs virtuels stockés sur support électronique permettraient à une communauté d'utilisateurs les acceptant en paiement de réaliser des transactions sans avoir à recourir à la monnaie légale ?Dans le cadre de notre recherche, plaçons-nous aux antipodes de la thèse de Jean Tirole, spécifiant que les monnaies cryptographiques ne remplissent pas toutes les fonctions d'une monnaie. Si cette théorie trouve éminemment à s'appliquer dans la conception d'un marché institutionnalisé du commerce traditionnel, notamment en raison de l'il-liquidité relative des moyens de paiement, suggérons la possibilité de la réfuter, par l'analyse factuelle du champs d'application de ces devises au sein d'un environnement spécifique, dans notre analyse, les cryptomarchés. En considérant le Bitcoin comme monnaie cryptographique de référence, celle-ci, par création monétaire suivant un schéma logarithmique, neutre et décentralisé, doté d'un désir mimétique du processus historique de la découverte de l'or afin d'éviter l'hyperinflation, ne pourrait voir son caractère d'intermédiaire des échanges écarté par la doctrine. De manière plus pragmatique, elle représente le seul moyen de paiement dans cet environnement, et la sécurité du protocole de stockage et de transmission d'informations sans organe de contrôle, est nécessairement à l'origine d'un critère de confiance.Alors que le dilemme de Triffin conduirait à penser que tout système monétaire international assis sur une devise clé unique, en l'occurrence le dollar, serait instable, essayons-nous à une expérience de pensée. Les enseignements de la construction européenne et de la politique d'unification du marché monétaire laissent suggérer l'intuition d'une interdépendance vectrice de paix sociale. On retrouve, au sein de notre raisonnement, à l'échelle, les souhaits exprimés par Robert Mundell concernant le besoin impérieux d'imprimer un caractère universel à la monnaie. Toutefois, considérons que l'humain soit, par nature, en position de rejet de toute sujétion juridique ou de fait, on comprend pleinement que le système de Bretton-Woods portait en lui les germes de sa destruction, la distribution des ressources opérée par les États-Unis, opacifiant les relations et conduisant à l'effritement de la confiance mutuelle. En instrumentalisant une législation monétaire internationale fondée sur une monnaie nationale, le dollar ne jouait plus un simple rôle de modérateur et de garant des accords entre les différents partenaires commerciaux, mais vidait de toute substance les organisations financières des états parties. Portons notre thèse différemment, les mutations contemporaines de la monnaie et l'émergence des actifs virtuels pourraient-elles être assimilées à la résurgence d'une valeur intrinsèque, générée par le capital au moyen de la preuve de travail demandée dans les protocoles de consensus Blockchain ? Dans cette conception, nous pourrions réalistement considérer probable, l'émergence d'un système monétaire international résolument fiable et égalitaire, à l'origine d'une consécration de la paix sociale par la mutation énergétique de la monnaie. Il devient alors fondamental de s'interroger sur l'effet paradoxal introduit par ce changement de paradigme, et, une recherche approfondie devra converger vers l'apparition d'un modèle mettant en œuvre les incidences contradictoires de la désétatisation de la masse monétaire.
The data was used in conducting research on Sexual Orientation and Gender-Identity (SOGI) Laws That Support and/or Limit International Development conducted by Thomas S. Serwatka. A sexual orientation and gender identity legal index (SOGI-LI) was developed for 185 countries where data were available for 2018 [see Column C]. The author used data from the 11th and 13th editions of the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersexual Association's State-Sponsored Homophobia Reports (Carroll 2016; Mendos 2019). Using the data from ILGA, the initial version of the Sexual Orientation and Gender-Identity-Legal Index (SOGI-LI) was constructed. It was supplemented by information on transgender 2019 annual report LGBT rights by country (Wikipedia's 2019 update) [See Column E]. Sub-scores are listed in columns M-S. Democracy Index 2018 The Economist Intelligence Unit (2019) provides an indexed score on the democratic rule for 167 countries (See Column F) of which 151 were included in the current study on 185 nations. The Democracy Index scores could range from 0 to 10 points and were based on five subscales listed in columns U-Y. World Happiness Report The World Happiness Report was first published in April 2012, with the support of the United Nations (Helliwell et al. 2019). The survey is administered to at least 1,000 and up to 3,000 participants from each of 150 countries across the globe. The single question survey asks respondents to rate their level of happiness over the past year: Please imagine a ladder, with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top. The top of the ladder represents the best possible life for you and the bottom of the ladder represents the worst possible life for you. On which step of the ladder would you say you personally feel you stand at this time? [National Scores in Column G] Scores represent a three-year rolling average. In post-hoc analyses, the responses are found to strongly relate to GDP per-capita, social support systems, healthy life expectancy, freedom to make life choices. [Correlated data tracked in columns Z-AE] Per-capita GDP Data on the 2018 per-capita GDP for 171 of the countries included in the study were downloaded from Knomea, which drew the data from The World Bank (2018) [Column H] Educational Level Data on the educational levels for 138 of the 185 nations under study were drawn from the World Data Atlas (2017). These data are presented as the percentage of the adult population that had completed a tertiary (post-secondary) education program [Column I]. Religious Freedom For this study, religious freedom was assessed using Pew Research Center's Religion Restrictions Index Scores (2019). There are two scales – Government Restriction Index (GRI) [Column J] and Social Hostilities Index (SHI) [Column L]. Each yields a separate score ranging from 0 to 10, with 0 representing the fewest governmental restrictions or the fewest reported incidences of social hostilities. The data used to score each country were drawn from 21 different sources. Degree of Religiosity The results of a Gallup survey in which respondents were asked whether religious beliefs were an important part of the individual's daily life were used to assess religiosity in each country [Column K]. The poll takers interviewed 1,000 people from each country, face-to-face or by telephone. Predominant Major Religious Group The major religions in each country were drawn from the Pew Research Center (2012). For the current study, 50% or more of the population had to declare following the same religion for it to be selected as a possible predominant faith. In addition, religions with 50% or more followers had to be at least 20% higher than the next most often selected religion. Possible options were Christian (n=110 countries), Muslim (n= 43), Buddhist (n=7), Hindu (n= 2), Judaism (n= 1), or indigenous faith (n= 1). [Column D] Geographic Data appear in columns A and B
Often development focus has been on measuring and analyzing poverty in order to reduce poverty. While the poor face future prospects of being perpetually trapped in poverty, the nonpoor also are vulnerable to poverty. Vulnerability has been particularly recognized in the wake of the impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that is likely to yield declines in incomes because of reduced economic activities. In this study, we provide an updated profile of the poor in the Philippines, as well as various segments of the income distribution, based on the 2018 Family Income and Expenditure Survey. We follow the typology of the low, middle and high income classes proposed in previous research reports, and simulate the likely effects of contractions in per capita income on poverty and the entire income distribution amid the coronavirus pandemic. In estimating the impact of COVID-19 on poverty, and the income distribution, data are not available at this time. The study makes use of simulation scenarios and assumptions. We find that in a (medium case) scenario of declines of incomes by 10 percent across the entire income distribution, the number of poor Filipinos can increase by 5.5 million, but with the emergency financial subsidies (i.e., the social amelioration program and the small business wage subsidy in. place) that targeted 90 percent of households, the worsening of poverty conditions has been managed so that only 1.5 million would fall into poverty, i.e., 4 million less than expected number of Filipinos falling into poverty. These simulation results are consistent with nowcasting exercises of IFPRI and the World Bank on poverty amid COVID-19 that assume a global GDP contraction of 3 percent. Further, low-income classes would, on average, transition only a quarter year more than the baseline of 21.25 years for this (medium-case) scenario if after the pandemic (and an assumed V-shaped economic recovery), their incomes would have a constant annual growth of 2.5 percent. However, under tougher conditions of income contractions of 20 percent with social protection cash assistance, we simulate that the average time for low income Filipinos to move up into middle income class would increase by three years from baseline figures. Under a protracted recovery, we would thus expect a longer period to transition. These results, though relying on simulation scenarios and simplistic assumptions, are helpful in illustrating the importance of government efforts to provide social protection not only for the poor but also for segments of the income distribution that could likely to fall into poverty given income contractions from reduced economic activities during this COVID-19 pandemic. The study also discusses various policy and data issues, recommending that the Philippine Statistics Authority start reviewing its official poverty measurement system, including the current use of income over expenditure as the poverty metric, as well as the poverty line setting methodology given the changes in income and expenditure patterns in the past decade (prior to the onset of COVID-19) that improved living conditions.
On 5 March, the World Bank released a report entitled Taking the Pulse of Poverty and Inequality in Thailand. This report was keenly anticipated, as the past decade has seen mounting concern over economic inequality in the country. In the event, findings concerning poverty presented in the report proved as noteworthy as the light that it shed on inequality. They indicated that 2016 and 2018 saw increases in poverty in Thailand. These increases, coming in the absence of major shocks, suggest troubling vulnerability to falling into poverty among important segments of the population. That vulnerability highlights structural issues of a kind that, in other contexts, analysts associate with conditions of precarity, though the March 2020 World Bank report does not use that term. Nor does that report draw on scholarship on Thailand's political economy. Despite the country's having reported the first confirmed case of Covid-19 outside China more than six weeks before the release of Taking the Pulse of Poverty and Inequality in Thailand, the report fails to address the implications of the pandemic for Thailand. Nonetheless, as the country looks toward "recovery" from the economic impact of the coronavirus, both understanding the findings of the report in the broadest possible perspective and asking whether it is not time to talk about precarity in this upper middleincome Southeast Asian economy are essential.
This guide to small area estimation aims to help users compile more reliable granular or disaggregated data in cost-effective ways. It explains small area estimation techniques with examples of how the easily accessible R analytical platform can be used to implement them, particularly to estimate indicators on poverty, employment, and health outcomes. The guide is intended for staff of national statistics offices and for other development practitioners. It aims to help them to develop and implement targeted socioeconomic policies to ensure that the vulnerable segments of societies are not left behind, and to monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals.
As the world grapples with the COVID-19 pandemic, the threat of natural hazards still looms large. How will humanitarian response to a major natural hazard be affected during the COVID-19 pandemic? As the monsoon season begins in the Asia-Pacific, particularly in the South West Pacific and Southeast Asia, this is a scenario that countries face. The overlapping effects of a pandemic and a natural hazard can compound socio-economic vulnerabilities in countries. While the current focus is on managing the COVID-19 pandemic, governments and communities also need to be prepared for concurrent natural hazards. This NTS Insight explores the effects of concurrent pandemic-disaster events, and how they threaten states and societies in the Asia-Pacific. This Insight demonstrates the potential challenges of dual crises on societies and vulnerable populations. It argues that the current situation calls for a broader and deeper localisation of the humanitarian system, one that places human security as its core organising principle unlike the backseat it currently takes today. To this end, it argues that inter-regional cooperation can further localisation through the experience of the South West Pacific where human security is articulated as national security and the cooperation in Southeast Asia on disaster response which builds national capacity. With overseas travel and supply chain restrictions severely hampering the movement of relief items and international humanitarian workers, the need to empower and strengthen local humanitarian actors becomes even more pressing.
This paper is about how to improve the wellbeing of children living in poverty. We propose a framework for thinking about child poverty that supplements a focus on resource adequacy with insights from Amartya Sen's capability approach to wellbeing.
International audience By wishing to question the way in which the notion of landscape is mobilized (or could be mobilized) in the actions with a socio-spatial aim carried out in tropical territories, this issue 21 of the journal Projets de paysage has a double objective. On the one hand, it is about exploring tropical realities from the landscape entry, thus testing a notion situated between spatialized materialities and cultural representations and considered as the visible expression of intertwined biophysical processes and social practices. On the other hand, the aim is to contribute to the development of a socio-spatial engineering in these tropical territories, which is both interdisciplinary and intercultural, based on the consideration of local knowledge and know-how, on the co-understanding of the situations encountered and the associated behaviours, and on the co-elaboration of responses adapted to the specific issues encountered there. By proposing a new interpretative framework, this issue 21 of the journal Projets de paysage invites to rethink the landscape action carried out, intentionally or not, in tropical territories. By qualifying these territories as tropical, rather than Southern, it induces the taking into account of the environmental dimension of the socio-spatial situations approached in the same way as their social, economic or cultural dimensions. In fact, it is a question of questioning a landscape as a means of thinking globally, in the double dimension of the social and the ecological, what we often continue to treat separately. It thus becomes possible to pay attention to the complexity of phenomena, to their multiple temporalities and to the very existence of different arrangements between humans and non-humans. ; En souhaitant interroger la façon dont la notion de paysage est mobilisée (ou pourrait l'être) dans les actions à visée sociospatiale conduites dans les territoires tropicaux, ce numéro 21 de la revue Projets de paysage affiche un double objectif. Il s'agit, d'une part, ...
Why do some societies fail to adopt more efficient institutions? And why do such failures often coincide with cultural movements that glorify the past? We propose a model highlighting the interplay—or lack thereof—between institutional change and cultural beliefs. The main insight is that institutional change by itself will not lead to a more efficient economy unless culture evolves in tandem. This is because institutional change can be countered by changes in cultural values complementary to a more "traditional" economy. In our model, forward-looking elites, who benefit from a traditional, inefficient economy, may over-provide public goods that are complementary to the production of traditional goods. This encourages individuals to transmit cultural beliefs complementary to the provision of traditional goods. A horse race results between institutions, which evolve towards a more efficient (less traditional) economy, and cultural norms, which are pulled towards "tradition" by the elites. When culture wins the horse race, institutions respond by giving more political power to traditional elites—even if in doing so more efficient institutions are left behind. We call the interaction between these cultural and institutional dynamics a cultural revival.
A power point presentation by the Asian Development Bank regarding the funding operations and green bond framework in Asia and the Pacific to achieve a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty.
