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In 1959, in response to pressure from multistate business and over the protest of state tax authorities and others, Congress passed Public Law 86-272 limiting the power of state and local governments to tax net income derived from interstate commerce.' The provisions of Public Law 86-272, briefly stated, prohibit state or local governments from imposing net income taxes on sellers of tangible personal property whose business activities in the state are limited to one or more of the following:. solicitation of orders for sales of tangible personal property by the seller or his own representative when the orders are sent outside the taxing state for approval or rejection and are filled by shipment or delivery from a point outside that state;. solicitation of orders for the sale of tangible personal property by the seller or his own representative for the benefit of a prospective customer of the business, which orders are sent out of the state for acceptance, and are filled from a point outside the taxing state;. sales or solicitation by "independent contractors" who represent more than one principal and who hold themselves out as"independent contractors" in the regular course of their business. In contrast to the permitted activities of the taxpayer itself, the independent contractor may complete a sale and maintain an office within the taxing state without subjecting the out-of-state seller to tax liability, so long as the independent contractor's activities on behalf of the taxpayer consist solely of making sales or soliciting orders for sales of tangible personal property. Judicial application of the "independent contractor" exemption, however, will not be analyzed in this article.

In recent years, state and local governments have increasingly sought to regulate solicitation on behalf of religious groups. Predictably, these governments are using existing laws and also enacting new laws for this purpose. Such tactics can be seen as part of a growing effort by government to regulate and monitor the actions of all religious groups. Implicit in this growing trend toward regulation of religious activities is the arrogation by state and local officials and lawmakers of the authority to decide what is "religion" and therefore exempt from regulation. Particularly significant is the impact of statu tory regulation on the fundraising and other activities of both traditional and nontraditional churches. The increased regula tion of religious solicitation touches a longstanding tension in American life involving the separation of church and state, and invokes three central themes: our money, our privacy, and our faith. Not surprisingly, the courts are now being asked to review the constitutionality of statutes that regulate religious solicitation and are being asked to balance the interests involved. Most laws and regulations currently used to regulate religious solicitation are constitutionally infirm. They are either too vague to protect against arbitrary or capricious enforcement by public officials, or they place officials in the position of deciding what is religious and what is secular activity. The use of traditional time, place, and manner regulations—and sparing use of the existing criminal fraud law—are better means of curbing abuse in religious solicitation, and will prevent dangerous blurring of the boundary between church and state.

In recent years, state & local governments have increasingly sought to regulate solicitation on behalf of religious groups. The impact of regulation on fund raising & other activities of both traditional & nontraditional churches is a particularly significant issue, as it touches on a longstanding source of tension in US life involving the separation of church & state, & invokes the central themes of money, privacy, & faith. Most laws used to regulate solicitation are constitutionally infirm; they too often allow for arbitrary enforcement or interpretation by public officials, who become placed in the position of deciding what is religious & what is secular activity. It is suggested that abuse in religious solicitation will be more effectively curbed through the use of traditional time, place, & manner regulations not requiring the use of official discretion. Through the use of these regulations, a dangerous blurring of the boundary between chuch & state will be prevented. Modified HA.

An empirical test is provided of the hypothesis that the application of social pressure increases voluntary contributions toward the provision of collective consumption goods. A multiple regression model is specified & tested on contributions data for a cross-section of individuals donating to six health charities. Solicitations appear to increase contributions, relative to such impersonal solicitations as media advertisements & mail campaigns. Among personal solicitations, those made by friends, & perhaps those made by workplace acquaintances, are more effective than requests by strangers. 3 Tables. AA.

VIEWED FROM THE AUTHOR'S PERSPECTIVE, THE ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE FEASIBILITY OF STANDARDIZING COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY PROCUREMENT FOR STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT. THE EVOLUTION OF DATA PROCESSING CONTRACTS IS ALSO DISCUSSED, AS WELL AS GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING A STANDARD INVITATION FOR BID SOLICITATION DOCUMENT.

It has been thirteen years and a half years since L'Harmattan published my work "Le désir amputé" on the sexual experience of the Christian woman in a traditional Lebanese society, and fifteen and a half years since it has been submitted as a PhD thesis. Ever since, solicitations concerning the same theme at meetings, in periodicals … have been at the origin of further publications on sexual education, the male/female relationship, the experience of the body, etc …

Cover; Title; Copyright; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Introduction; Liber Constitutionurn sive Lex Gundobada (Book of Constitutions or Law of Gundobad); Preface; I. Of the Privilege of Bestowing Gifts Permitted to Fathers, and Concerning Royal Gifts and Gratuities.; II. Of Murders.; III. Of the Emancipation of Our Slaves.; IV. Of Solicitations and Thefts.; V. Of Those Who Strike Others with Lash or Rod, with a Kick, or with a Blow of the Fist.; VI. Of Fugitives.; VII. Of Slaves (Servi) and Serfs (Originarii) Who Are Accused of Crimes

Hearings held Mar. 25- 1975. ; "Serial no. 94-17," pt. 1; "Serial no. 94-18," pt. 2. ; William (Bill) Clay, subcommittee chairman. ; pt. 1. March 25, April 8, 9, 10, 1975. -- pt. 2. April 14, 15, 19, May 2, 3, and June 13, 1975. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In Alderwood Associates v. Washington Environmental Council, the Washington Supreme Court reversed a temporary restraining order forbidding the defendant's solicitation or demonstration on plaintiff's privately owned shopping mall. Although there was no majority opinion because the court split four-one-four, the result of the several opinions is that the Washington constitution now bars private as well as state action that interferes with the gathering of initiative signatures on certain private property. However, four justices also concluded that the free speech sections of the Washington constitution restricts private as well as state action. The Alderwood result is desirable, but could have been reached without an abandonment of the state action requirement. Such an abandonment, although subscribed to by less than a majority, strays from principled constitutional analysis and inhibits further reasoned development of the state constitution.

A demonstration of the use of probit analysis, a statistical technique which circumvents the ways in which dichotomous dependent variables violate the assumptions of the classical regression model which are crucial to the interpretation of the estimates produced by the regression technique. As an illustration, probit analysis is applied to survey data to produce some valuable measures of the effect of precinct level campaigning in a municipal election. The probit model is applied to data estimating the effect of precinct-level personal contact campaigning (door-to-door canvass & telephone solicitation) on voter behavior. The data analyzed come from a sample of the 3 competitive City Council districts from Rochester, NY's 4 districts in 1967. The results indicate that personal contact campaigning in a municipal election has substantially the same effect as it does in nat'l elections. M. Duke.

Many difficulties faced by pollution control agencies in Europe & the US have been faced by the California Coastal Commission. A review of three of the six regional commissions' successes in significantly altering land use decisions regarding coastal development between 1973 & 1975 shows the ability of a central government agency to reform resource use patterns established by market factors & local government: overall background on the commissions is provided; specific permit decisions are analyzed; the permit review process is modeled & variances are explained; implementation problems are examined; & tentative reasons for the commissions' effectiveness are offered. Clear policy directives, reliance on the state commission to make critical decisions, & solicitation of public participation are all seen as successful methods of structuring policy implementation. A highly committed staff, commissioners strongly supportive of the commissions' objectives, & effective monitoring by environmental groups are also important. 3 Tables, 2 Figures, 10 References. J. Weber.