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Hong Kong Housing Authority has divested its retail facilities in Public Rental Housing Estate to the Link for a decade. The ongoing change in the management and development of those Shopping Centres since the Link takeover has always been a hot issue discussed in the society. As a commercial entity, the Link is now operating those shopping malls from a pure commercial point of view. The attractiveness of those retail facilities is always the most important consideration for their management in order to achieve a good performance in financial return. As the property portfolio was previously developed by the government as part of the retail facilities to support the day to day needs of the residents in the nearby estates, there was less consideration in profit making. The space was hence not fully utilized before they were sold to the Link. In this paper, we will study what the bases of the Link's decision are on the usage of space in those privatized shopping centres. Would the spatial utilization be changed to maximize the economic potential of those portfolios and if so, would the civic and communal use of those shopping centres be sacrificed. ; published_or_final_version ; Housing Management ; Master ; Master of Housing Management

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has called for and generated massive novel government regulations to increase social distancing for the purpose of reducing disease transmission. A number of studies have attempted to guide and measure the effectiveness of these policies, but there has been less focus on the overall efficiency of these policies. Efficient social distancing requires implementing stricter restrictions during periods of high viral prevalence and rationing social contact to disproportionately preserve gatherings that produce a good ratio of benefits to transmission risk. To evaluate whether U.S. social distancing policy actually produced an efficient social distancing regime, we tracked consumer preferences for, visits to, and crowding in public locations of 26 different types. We show that the United States' rationing of public spaces, postspring 2020, has failed to achieve efficiency along either dimension. In April 2020, the United States did achieve notable decreases in visits to public spaces and focused these reductions at locations that offer poor benefit‐to‐risk tradeoffs. However, this achievement was marred by an increase, from March to April, in crowding at remaining locations due to fewer locations remaining open. In December 2020, at the height of the pandemic so far, crowding in and total visits to locations were higher than in February, before the U.S. pandemic, and these increases were concentrated in locations with the worst value‐to‐risk tradeoff.

The COVID-19 pandemic has called for and generated massive novel government regulations to increase social distancing for the purpose of reducing disease transmission. A number of studies have attempted to guide and measure the effectiveness of these policies, but there has been less focus on the overall efficiency of these policies. Efficient social distancing requires implementing stricter restrictions during periods of high viral prevalence and rationing social contact to disproportionately preserve gatherings that produce a good ratio of benefits to transmission risk. To evaluate whether U.S. social distancing policy actually produced an efficient social distancing regime, we tracked consumer preferences for, visits to, and crowding in public locations of 26 different types. We show that the United States' rationing of public spaces, postspring 2020, has failed to achieve efficiency along either dimension. In April 2020, the United States did achieve notable decreases in visits to public spaces and focused these reductions at locations that offer poor benefit-to-risk tradeoffs. However, this achievement was marred by an increase, from March to April, in crowding at remaining locations due to fewer locations remaining open. In December 2020, at the height of the pandemic so far, crowding in and total visits to locations were higher than in February, before the U.S. pandemic, and these increases were concentrated in locations with the worst value-to-risk tradeoff.

Abstract
World Heritage, a project of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) that aims to protect and preserve tangible and intangible inheritances of mankind, enables the construction of 'distributed, "polycentric" networked economy of cultural production and exchange'. This article focuses on Calle Crisologo in northern Philippines, analysing the ways in which it has been creatively produced as World Heritage Site from postcolonial Vigan's built space. Building on Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, field, and capital and reading ordinances and an architect's plans, I argue that the World Heritage project reconfigures the once local space into a global spectacle. While World Heritage is a western construct and a result of the experience of late modernity, how it is manifested in Calle Crisologo also shows how vernacular modernity developed in Vigan as a colonial city. With the syncretic mixing of cultures in everyday Calle Crisologo as a resource, western modernity, supposed to be unitary and linear in its aims of progress and development, gets deflected.

"This is our report of the Management Audit of the Department of Central Management Services' Administration of the State's Space Utilization Program. The audit was conducted pursuant to Legislative Audit Commission Resolution Number 126, which was adopted December 11, 2002. This audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and the audit standards promulgated by the Office of the Auditor General at 74 Ill. Adm. Code-420.310. The audit report is transmitted in conformance with Section 3-14 of the Illinois State Auditing Act."--Cover letter. ; "February 2004" ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Increased investment in East Java have boosted the intensification of utilization of space, to control the high rate of space intensification of utilization by local government officials. Specifically, they put control to it by using space Permit Spatial usage permit which further abbreviated as IPR is the permission required in the use of space activities in accordance with the provisions of the legislation. IPR which become the authority of East Java province is a Region of Space Utilization Permits of High Control Zone of a Regional Scale. During IPR process in the beginning of 2010, both the process of issuing of the permit and post publication of IPR, there are several obstacles that occur, among other administrative barriers or technical constraints that cause IPR cannot published even revoked the validity period. This research was a form of socio-legal research legal analyze of IPR implementation. Based on the results of the analysis existence of synchronization rules in this National Spatial Plan, provinces and district / city, as well as the importance of monitoring and evaluation of the institutional role of the IPR has been published in order to keep the consistency with the physical condition of the field

PurposeDigital and information technologies (IT) are becoming silently pervasive in old-fashioned real estate markets. This paper focuses on three important avenues for the diffusion of IT in commercial real estate: online brokerage and sales, the commoditization of space and Fintech in mortgage and equity funding. We describe the main new markets and products created by this IT revolution. The focus is on the pioneering US market, with some attention devoted to the specific firms and institutions taking these innovations into the mainstream. We also carefully analyze the economic underpinnings from which the new technologies can expect to generate cash flows, thus becoming viable—or not. Finally, we discuss their likely impact on established players in the commercial real estate arena.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the author chooses to focus on three separate arenas where the IT revolution—sometimes referred to as Proptech, as applied to real estate—is having discernible impacts: sales and brokerage, space commoditization and online finance platforms. The author invites the reader to think seriously about the economic fundamentals that may—or may not—sustain new business models in Proptech. Real estate economists and investors alike need to be critical of new business models, especially when they are being aggressively marketed by their promoters. Trying to avoid any hype, the author provides thoughts about the likely impact of the innovations on their markets, guided by economic and finance theory, and previous experience.FindingsThe author evaluates the evolution of commercial real estate brokerage. While innovations will, no doubt, have an impact on the ways in which we buy and lease commercial properties, the lessons from the housing market should make us skeptical about the possibility of the new technologies dramatically facilitating disintermediation in this market. In fact, new oligopolies seem to be emerging with regard to market data provision.Practical implicationsProptech will change some aspects of the real estate industry, but not others!Originality/valueAs change pervades the property industry, only a relatively few research pieces are illustrating or—more importantly—providing insights about the likely economic and financial impacts of IT penetration. Similarly, only a few papers have so far addressed the economic viability of the alternative business models of tech startups targeting real estate markets and transactions.

Some countries have already finished or are progressing toward a transition to Digital Television (DTV). In particular, the US and UK have conducted technical analyses of white space, and its management strategy is under review. They are also working on determining what kind of service could be used for white space. According to this trend, a special research team led by the Japanese government was formed to study DTV white spaces utilization, and its study was conducted at the end of July 2010 [1]. In Korea, a study was recently begun on Cognitive Radio (CR) that could be applied for white spaces. However, no official research is being conducted to quantify the available spaces and their management strategy depending on the service applications. In this paper, we propose an appropriate spectrum management scheme for white space in Korea considering the results of a survey, Spectrum Requirement According to DTV Transition, and an iconography review based on tentatively assigned DTV channels around three DTV pilot test areas, Uljin, Danyang, and Gangjin.