Suchergebnisse

International audience ; This article's objective is to highlight the different forms of agriculture present in the Argentinian Pampas, to analyse their logics, in particular in their relationships to the territory, and to discuss the relationships they have with each other. The theoretical framework adopted is that of "territorial pacts". This framework makes it possible to define for each form of agriculture through three dimensions of its local integration into the territory (territorial mediation) and through four dimensions of its integration into institutions (agricultural development model). This theoretical framework was taught and put into practice by a team of 7 or 8 researchers and teacher-researchers and 80 fifth-year students of agronomy within the framework of a 1-week study trip repeated in three consecutive years in Santa Fe province. This is an interesting province for studying this subject because of the historical importance of family farming and the growth of large business farms. The method includes analyses of the agronomist's skills and reflections with students. Three agricultural development models could be distinguished and analysed: business farming, small-scale family farming and conventional farming. These models highlight the roles of technicians, cities, markets, symbolic issues and personal projects. In conclusion, it appears that relationships between these different models are more along the lines of a co-presence and not of a coexistence. The latter would require the construction of a local public space and a profound change in the models' current strategies. Nevertheless, a plural conception—and one that is open to dialogue—of the study programmes of the university faculties of agronomy could be a first step towards coexistence, since it appears that these faculties are at the centre of the tensions arising from co-presence.

Teachers are a mobilised group with a strong tradition of collective action. However, this legacy is currently challenged by socio-demographic and generational change in a context where educational system is going through important institutional transformations. Although recent studies have insisted on strong politicisation of teachers and their maintained involvement in collective action, they have also pointed out their growingly lukewarm attitude towards unions and the professional group. It is during early career, when individuals both learn the trade and get involved in professional collective action, that socialisation can be best observed. This work focuses on the encounter between individual dispositions and professional socialising processes and is based on a longitudinal study implying 112 secondary school beginner teachers in the Paris area in France. We have collected materials through questionnaires and interviews. This work describes respondents'socio-educational backgrounds and their views on teaching, which appear to be very close to those of the generations of teachers who were recruited following the renovation of professional training since the 1990s. It then portraits the difficulties of the beginnings, on training year and afterwards, when beginner teachers are posted on replacement missions or in "difficult" schools in priority education. In such contexts, most respondents take part in collective action, although in specific ways. Individuals participate according to their political background and capacity to settle in one or several mobilised schools. The local space indeed appears as a very effective place of mobilisation whatever the individuals' imported political dispositions. A multiple correspondence analysis and a hierarchical clustering method complete this work, allowing to sort the diversity of individual attitudes to mobilisation into a typology of the forms, temporalities and trajectories of individual mobilisation. A small part of the respondents to the enquiry avert the most ...

Much contemporary discourse around democratization of creativity sees technologies supporting creativity as providing access to universally shared capabilities that are otherwise untapped. This encourages evaluation metrics that assess the emergence or development of those specific capabilities. These accounts often overlook the diversity in human capabilities and work styles. This long-standing focus on identifying universally useful tasks contributes to computational diversity instead of epistemological diversity. In this dissertation, I am interested in exploring an alternative design space: one in which computational support enriches, rather than erases, epistemological diversity, namely the diversity of styles in carrying out the same activity. This tension between diversity and generalizability poses important challenges for design. In this dissertation, I consider the intellectual foundations that undergird much of the contemporary rhetoric about creativity. I argue that the traditional stage-based models of the creative process contribute to a disembodied view that promulgate the understanding that all creative processes, at their core, follow the same structural rules. I suggest that this view is incomplete and propose a reconceptualization of the creative process that takes epistemological diversity into account. To do so, I give two empirical accounts of how creative styles are constructed over time in two different creative settings: one in dance improvisation and another in contemporary music composition and choreography. These case studies surface the shifting roles of technology as people repurpose and manipulate it. I reconceptualize the creative process as continuous acts of re-vision, which foregrounds the craftwork that goes into managing shifting perspectives. This understanding provides insight into the limits and opportunities of creative tools, offering critical reflections on the various roles technology may play in the creative process. ; Une grande partie de la rhétorique contemporaine ...

International audience ; This paper examines inhabitants' reactions to Housing Renovation, an urban policy launched in February 2017 in Moscow by the Mayor of the Russian capital. It targets a typical soviet urban stratum: the khrushchevian piatietajki (five-story buildings), residential blocks built between the late 1950s and early 1960s. The study was carried out in an Eastern muscovite district and based on interviews with inhabitants and quantitative data (voting results). The work advances that the uniform and inert vision of the piatietajki conveyed through the municipal speech is at odds with inhabitants' resistances to renovation. Renovation objectors appropriate inhabited space from the bottom, against the top-down program. Yet inhabitants' diverging interests against Renovation brought about divides between "the pro" and the "anti" that the vote organized by the municipality has intensified. ; Cet article analyse les réactions habitantes à la politique de « Rénovation du logement » annoncée en février 2017 à Moscou par le maire de la capitale russe, visant la démolition d'une strate urbaine soviétique emblématique : les piatietajki (immeubles à cinq niveaux) khrouchtchéviens, des immeubles d'habitation construits entre la fin des années 1950 et le début des années 1960. Par une étude menée dans un district de l'Est moscovite, fondée sur des entretiens avec les habitants et des données quantitatives (résultats d'un vote), on montre que la vision uniforme et inerte des piatietajki véhiculée par le discours municipal est contredite par les résistances habitantes à la rénova- tion. Des opposants au programme s'approprient l'espace habité « par le bas » contre le programme conçu d'en haut. Cependant, les intérêts divergents des habitants face à la rénovation entrainent des clivages entre les « pour » et les « contre » que le vote organisé par la municipalité a exacerbés.

International audience ; This contribution advances a theoretical-methodological proposal for the study of ecological prefiguration, which is a form of environmental activism inspired by ecologism and characterized by an interstitial vision of social change conducive to the creation of alternative, socially and ecologically sustainable local economies. After a discussion of the current approaches to ecological prefiguration as «ecotopia» and «new environmentalism of everyday life», the article introduces an "ontological politics" perspective, centered upon, on the one hand, the analysis of the alternative value practices "performed" in prefigurative initiatives and, on the other hand, the imaginaries that relate them to a vision of ecological society. The focus on the ontological dimension shows that what is at stake in ecological prefiguration is not so much the realization of an anticipated future in the present but rather the disclosure of a potential of ontological alternative that is already inherent in the present, and whose activation allows to open a space for the radical imagination of the future. At the same time, as we discuss starting from the case of the "ecotopian" movement of permaculture, this perspective provides some interpretative keys to understand the different "transgressive" potential of ecological prefiguration initiatives. ; L'articolo avanza una proposta teorico-metodologica per lo studio della prefigurazione ecologica, cioè quel tipo di attivismo ambientalista ispirato dall'ecologismo e caratterizzato da una visione interstiziale del cambiamento sociale, che si concretizza nella creazione di economie locali alternative, socialmente ed ecologicamente sostenibili. Dopo una discussione dei principali approcci alla prefigurazione ecologica come «ecotopia» e come «nuovo ambientalismo del quotidiano», l'articolo presenta una prospettiva di "politica ontologica", incentrata, da un lato, sull'analisi delle pratiche alternative del valore "performate" nelle iniziative di prefigurazione ...

Graphene has proven to be useful in biosensing applications. However, one of the main hurdles with printed graphene-based electrodes is achieving repeatable electrochemical performance from one printed electrode to another. We have developed a consistent fabrication process to control the sheet resistance of inkjet-printed graphene electrodes, thereby accomplishing repeatable electrochemical performance. Herein, we investigated the electrochemical properties of multilayered graphene (MLG) electrodes fully inkjet-printed (IJP) on flexible Kapton substrates. The electrodes were fabricated by inkjet printing three materials – (1) a conductive silver ink for electrical contact, (2) an insulating dielectric ink, and (3) MLG ink as the sensing material. The selected materials and fabrication methods provided great control over the ink rheology and material deposition, which enabled stable and repeatable electrochemical response: bending tests revealed the electrochemical behavior of these sensors remained consistent over 1000 bend cycles. Due to the abundance of structural defects (e.g., edge defects) present in the exfoliated graphene platelets, cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the graphene electrodes showed good electron transfer (k = 1.125 × 10−2 cm s−1) with a detection limit (0.01 mM) for the ferric/ferrocyanide redox couple, [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4, which is comparable or superior to modified graphene or graphene oxide-based sensors. Additionally, the potentiometric response of the electrodes displayed good sensitivity over the pH range of 4–10. Moreover, a fully IJP three-electrode device (MLG, platinum, and Ag/AgCl) also showed quasi-reversibility compared to a single IJP MLG electrode device. These findings demonstrate significant promise for scalable fabrication of a flexible, low cost, and fully-IJP wearable sensor system needed for space, military, and commercial biosensing applications.

Based on an ethnographic approach conducted over a long period of time in associative groups in a district of Lille and a district of Berlin, this thesis questions what favours or hinders the political mobilisation of inhabitants from the working classes. By studying partnership interactions with institutions, it shows how the latter promote docile and deconflictualized participation. Obliged to comply with the requirements of professionalism and conviviality (notably through "politique de la ville" in France and "quartiersmanagement" in Germany), the majority of professionals and participants in associations find themselves in a situation of subordination that does not say its name. By following the chains of prescription, constraints and resistance, this thesis shows the logics contributing to neutralize the potential of politicization of the associative backstage, and more generally to make working-class neighbourhoods environments not very conducive to political mobilization. It nevertheless studies the conditions and processes from which politicization dynamics emerge at the confines of associative spaces. Furthermore, the investigation among activist groups highlights both the conditions and results, but also the dilemmas and limits of the politicization work they carry out. In conclusion, it emphasizes the fact that politicization in neighbourhoods depends on opening up contexts to collective discussion and appropriation by the inhabitants. It also shows the value of a critical interactionist approach to uncover these phenomena. ; À partir d'une approche ethnographique conduite sur le temps long dans des groupes associatifs d'un quartier de Lille et d'un quartier de Berlin, cette thèse interroge ce qui favorise ou fait obstacle à la mobilisation politique des habitant.es issus de classes populaires. En étudiant les interactions partenariales avec les institutions, elle montre comment ces dernières promeuvent une participation docile et déconflictualisée. Tenus de se conformer aux exigences de ...

Emblematic sectors of the coasts of western France and peri-urban areas, vegetable production and farming are undergoing some major transformations : agribusiness integration, internationalization of markets, phytosanitary regulation, increased need for hired labor, installation outside the family-owned organisation, development of organic farming and short food supply chain food territorialization.Faced with the recent changes impacting this historically diversified productive sector, this social geography work is based on a typology of farms at the scale of Lower Normandy, resulting from the multivariate statistical analysis of the Agricultural Census, and complemented by a regional press review. The field survey complements the methodological approach in order to link the structural study to the functional analysis of farming systems. The results constitute a prerequisite for the analysis of the sectors through the localized coordination of market gardening and vegetable farms in the form of zones (peri-urban productions) or (micro) agricultural production basins (Créançais and Val de Saire, Baie du Mont-Saint- Michel, Lingreville, Plaine de Caen and Perche Ornais). Complementedby field surveys, the diachronic and systemic analysis of these localized agrifood systems reveals varied productive trajectories between adaptation, crisis, reconversion and emergence. These dynamics arise from the interrelationships between local agricultural worlds, rural and urban worlds which take place at different scales, from the localized production region to the political region, and according to national and supranational political and economic frameworks.The thesis analyzes vegetable basins or market production areas as a constituent element of different types of localized social spaces. The socio-territorial configurations identified define contexts of socialization with different class relations. Based on interviews, direct and participatory observations and ethnographic immersions, the thesis sheds light on the ...

The dissertation discusses the use of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in poverty action. RCT proponents claim that this impact evaluation method, inspired from clinical trials, enables to identify the most efficient poverty-reduction interventions. The dissertation questions this experimental approach to poverty (recently rewarded by the Nobel memorial prize in economics). The thesis main contention is that RCTs produce a micropolitics of poverty. They proceed through the epistemic and political fragmentation of the world. They define a patchy, discontinuous space in which global poverty can be analyzed according to a standardized protocol, and within which poverty action can be contained. Empirically, the dissertation is based on the ethnographic account of an RCT, in East Africa. ; La thèse discute l'utilisation des expérimentations contrôlées randomisées en économie du développement. Selon ses promoteurs, cette méthode d'évaluation d'impact, inspirée des essais cliniques, permet d'identifier les interventions les plus efficaces de lutte contre la pauvreté. La thèse interroge cette approche expérimentale de la pauvreté et fait la proposition suivante : les expérimentations randomisées contrôlées produisent une micropolitique de la pauvreté. Elles produisent des fragments du monde, à l'intérieur desquels le problème de la pauvreté globale est confiné, à la fois sur un plan analytique et sur un plan politique. En dramatisant l'importance d'évaluer rigoureusement, les expérimentations contrôlées randomisées ont accentué certaines explications causales (micro, locales, comportementales) de la pauvreté au détriment d'autres (structurelles, globales, historiques), laissées dans l'ombre parce qu'elles ne sont pas solubles dans le dispositif expérimental. L'enquête, ainsi restreinte aux pauvres et à leur environnement immédiat, exclut de l'espace des causes le rôle des pays riches, d'où sont formulées les politiques de lutte contre une pauvreté pourtant dite « globale ». Empiriquement, la thèse s'appuie sur ...

In accordance with the government's scorched-earth policy, on November 12, 1938, a devastating fire was started in the city of Changsha, China. This military strategy calls for the intentional burning and destruction of all valuable resources, such as buildings, food, and transportation infrastructure, to prevent the invading enemy from utilizing them. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the governor of Changsha followed instructions from the Nationalist government to execute this scorched-earth policy. Yet officials mistakenly initiated the fire too quickly and destroyed the more-than-three-thousand-year-old city. In this fire, thousands of people lost their lives, and the majority of the city's buildings were destroyed. Referred to today as the Changsha Fire of 1938, or the Wenxi Fire, this event left Changsha one of the most damaged cities during World War II, alongside Stalingrad, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. Zhongshan Pavilion is one of the few architectural structures that survived the 1938 Wenxi Fire. As technology widely applied in cultural preservation, photogrammetry can play a significant role in preserving this structure for future generations. Yet this project intends to further the conversation about the role of photogrammetry in memory preservation by considering the Zhongshan Pavilion as a heterogeneous site. The resulting virtual 3-D model opens new potentialities in challenging historical narratives that are told in the singular voice (the state's) as presented at the physical site in Changsha. Rather than following the path of criticizing digitalization as an extension and magnification of fragmentedness and rootlessness, the constructed virtual 3-D model of Zhongshan Pavilion may expand the fixed and structured memory preserved in the physical location and bring vitality to the preservation of multiple memories in a new kind of public space.

The inclusive trends of the mainstream of the education system in the Czech Republic not only affect legislative and economic changes, but the quality education platform is also determined by the arrangement of normal conditions in such a way as to create adequate space for all participating individuals. The key role of quality education in inclusive education is played by both the guidance system and the pedagogical and non-pedagogical staff of individual schools. Qualitatively Oriented Research of the Student Grant Competition of the Palacký University in Olomouc "Research of inclusion in individuals with special needs" (IGA_PdF_2019_024) builds on several years of research of the Institute of Special and Educational Studies. From the methodological point of view the qualitative design of the research was chosen. The research uses qualitative methods of data collection - in the form of semi-structured interviews. The individual data obtained from the research sample were transcribed and the data processed using the open coding technique in R Core (R Core Team, 2019). The research sample consisted of special educators, educational advisors and class teachers at the second stage of primary schools in the Czech Republic and contained interviews from 20 respondents in each category. Although the results of the research have shown the overall coherence of the system of care for individuals with special educational needs, this is largely influenced by the lack of awareness among individual school staff about the competences of all stakeholders in education. The individual settings of individual schools make it difficult to identify the general characteristics of an ideal model of collaboration between teaching staff, but despite this high variability, the core needs of all groups have been identified, which can be divided into administrative matters, mutual relations and communication.

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the development of remote sensing satellites and has now formed satellite series such as meteorological satellites, ocean satellites, resource satellites and environmental disaster reduction satellites. At the same time, many commercial space programs have been put forward or implemented in China in recent years. As the first commercial-oriented multi-means and high-resolution optical remote sensing satellite constellation in China, "Superview-1" satellite constellation is undoubtedly one of the outstanding representatives. In the implementation of digital orthophoto map project, how to deal with large data of remote sensing image in large area quickly and accurately is a difficult problem we are facing to be solved urgently. PCI geographic imaging accelerator (GXL) system plays an important role in the production of digital orthophoto image by virtue of its advantages in mass image processing. This paper briefly introduces the structure and advantages of "Superview-1" satellite constellation, introduces in detail the production process and the key technologies of "Superview-1" satellite constellation image by GXL system, and carries out research on computational efficiency comparison and production test by GXL system. In this paper, the advantages of this software system in the production of tremendous amount of satellite remote sensing image data are analyzed. At the same time, in the existing engineering practice, due to the limitation of current data scale and production mode, the software system still has some obscure shortcomings. Under the background of natural resources, the amount of remote sensing data will continue to increase substantially in the future. By analyzing these shortcomings, this paper combines the traditional production mode with the background of remote sensing data in the new era, and puts forward some reasonable and useful suggestions.

27 pags., 2 figs. ; Quantum field theory in curved spacetimes suffers in general from an infinite ambiguity in the choice of Fock representation and associated vacuum. In cosmological backgrounds, the requirement of a unitary implementation of the field dynamics in the physical Hilbert space of the theory is a good criterion to ameliorate such ambiguity. In- deed, this criterion, together with a unitary implementation of the symmetries of the equations of motion, leads to an equivalence class of unitarily equivalent quantizations that, even though it is still formed by an infinite number of Fock representations, is unique. In this work, we apply the procedure developed for fields in cosmological settings to analyze the quantization of a scalar field in the presence of an external electromagnetic classical field in a flat background. We find a natural Fock representation that admits a unitary implementation of the quantum field dynamics. It automatically allows to define a particle number density at all times in the evolution with the correct asymptotic behavior, when the electric field vanishes. Moreover we show the unitary equivalence of all the quantizations that fulfill our criteria, so that they form a unique equivalence class. Although we perform the field quantization in a specific gauge, we also show the equivalence between the procedures taken in different gauges. ; Financial support was provided by the Spanish Government through the projects FIS2017- 86497-C2-2-P (with FEDER contribution) and FIS2016-78859-P (AEI/FEDER,UE). AGMC acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports, Spain (Grant No. FPA2017-83814-P), the Xunta de Galicia (Grant No. INCITE09.296.035PR and Conselleria de Educacion), the Spanish Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Programme CPAN (CSD2007-00042), Maria de Maetzu Unit of Excellence MDM2016-0692, and FEDER.

The unique perspective of Black Christians is essential in leading racial reconciliation efforts within American evangelicalism. This dissertation will use W.E.B. Du Bois's notion of "double consciousness," articulated in his classic work, The Souls of Black Folk, as a framework to examine whether Black Christians, namely the Black Church and Black evangelicals, should use their unique position to lead the truthful examination necessary for authentic healing and racial reconciliation within the American Evangelical Church. Du Bois observed that African Americans exist in duality—as both insider and outsider—and, as a result, are positioned to offer a distinctive critique of American life. Similarly, the Black Church and, to some degree, Black evangelicals have never been fully embraced by the evangelical mainstream and occupy a unique space within American Christianity that allows them to speak authoritatively in efforts around racial reconciliation. The Black Church and Black evangelicals are fluent in mainstream evangelical orthodoxy and orthopraxy, but are also in touch with the pain that exists at the margins of American church life and culture. Believing traditional definitions of reconciliation to be inadequate, this dissertation will articulate a new, theopolitical framework for directing reconciliation efforts. This new framework incorporates elements of biblical and political conceptions of reconciliation. This study concludes that while the reality of sin ultimately prevents the full expression of racial reconciliation, American evangelicalism must continue to press toward it under the leadership of Black Christians. The earnest seeking of reconciliation can itself contribute to a degree of harmony and healing. The theopolitical framework of reconciliation articulated in this work provides important elements for consideration in the effort, including opportunities for truth-telling, collectivism, contextualization, and reparations.

Climate warming in alpine regions is changing patterns of water storage, a primary control on alpine plant ecology, biogeochemistry, and water supplies to lower elevations. There is an outstanding need to determine how the interacting drivers of precipitation and the critical zone (CZ) dictate the spatial pattern and time evolution of soil water storage. In this study, we developed an analytical framework that combines intensive hydrologic measurements and extensive remotely-sensed observations with statistical modeling to identify areas with similar temporal trends in soil water storage within, and predict their relationships across, a 0.26 km 2 alpine catchment in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Repeat measurements of soil moisture were used to drive an unsupervised clustering algorithm, which identified six unique groups of locations ranging from predominantly dry to persistently very wet within the catchment. We then explored relationships between these hydrologic groups and multiple CZ-related indices, including snow depth, plant productivity, macro- (10 2 ->10 3 m) and microtopography (<10 0 -10 2 m), and hydrological flow paths. Finally, we used a supervised machine learning random forest algorithm to map each of the six hydrologic groups across the catchment based on distributed CZ properties and evaluated their aggregate relationships at the catchment scale. Our analysis indicated that ~40–50% of the catchment is hydrologically connected to the stream channel, lending insight into the portions of the catchment that likely dominate stream water and solute fluxes. This research expands our understanding of patch-to-catchment-scale physical controls on hydrologic and biogeochemical processes, as well as their relationships across space and time, which will inform predictive models aimed at determining future changes to alpine ecosystems.