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Indonesia's Tourism Law No. 10 of 2009 states that tourism development needs to integrate diversity, culture and nature uniqueness, and demands. As a popular tourist destination, Badung Regency (Bali, Indonesia) shows similar tourism development across its tourist attractions. Therefore, it is necessary to make a breakthrough in alternatives, including a tourist village. This study aimed to analyze the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), including data, standards, policies, technology, and human resources, to promote tourism villages in the area. The WebGIS-based Tourism Geoportal is a technology built to inform tourists, local communities, tourism associations, and local governments. The results showed that, as yet, the Badung Regency Government was not entirely ready to implement SDI to promote tourism villages. Overall, no standards and policies are governing SDI. In addition, the human resources are limited and not specially trained to organize and operate SDI. The available data are relatively complete but are missing metadata and lacking information on attribute data. Testing of the geoportal as a promotional tool for the tourism villages resulted in an agreement on the benefits of SDI to support the development of tourist villages and the importance of establishing local regulations and standards and improving the quality of human resources.

Many countries throughout the world believe they can benefit both economically and environmentally from better management of their spatial data assets, enabling them to access and retrieve complete and consistent datasets in an easy and secure way. This has resulted in the development of the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) concept at various political and/or administrative levels. The SDI concept has been represented by different descriptions of its nature, however, currently these demonstrate an overly-simplistic understanding of the concept. The simplicity in existing definitions has been slow to incorporate the concept of an integrated, multilevelled SDI formed from a hierarchy of inter-connected SDIs at corporate, local, state/provincial, national, regional (multi-national) and global (GSDI) levels. Failure to incorporate this multidimensionality, and the dynamic mechanistic and functional roles of the SDI have rendered many descriptions of SDI inadequate to describe the complexity and the dynamics of SDI as it develops,and thus ultimately constrain SDI achieving developmental potential in the future. As a result, the objective of this paper is to demonstrate the fitness and applicability of Hierarchical Spatial Reasoning (HSR) as a theoretical framework to demonstrate the multi-dimensional nature of SDIs. It is argued that by better understanding and demonstrating the nature of an SDI hierarchy, any SDI development can gain support from a wider community of both government and nongovernment data users and providers. The findings presented in this paper build on the authors experiences in Regional SDI (multi-national) development and HSR.

The ability to cope with the complexity surrounding the coastal zone requires an integrated approach for sustainable socio-economic development and environmental management. The concept of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) was advanced in response to this. In line with the success story of spatial data infrastructure (SDI), initiatives are currently emerging to develop SDI for marine and coastal environment. The aim of this paper is to review emerging initiatives so as to identify the problems faced with implementation and discuss the way forward. The result may support stakeholders, policy makers, academia, and the government to leverage on the experience of others for a robust and sustainable policy and action plans on coastal management.Keywords: Coastal SDI, Integrated Coastal Zone Management, environmental protection, spatial planning.

The development of a European Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) officially started with the entry into force of the INSPIRE Directive in 2007. INSPIRE's implementation phase should be completed by the European Union (EU) and its member states at the end of 2021: a pivotal point to evaluate INSPIRE's current governance and explore future scenarios. First, INSPIRE's governing system is evaluated through an online survey by its involved stakeholders. Second, these results are applied in an agent-based model to explore potential governance scenarios and strategies. The results show that strong aspects of INSPIRE's governing system are the supported vision and its formal structures, such as standards, technology and roles and responsibilities. Weak aspects are the access to resources, especially budget and time resources, and data use. The agent-based simulations show that INSPIRE is probably more constrained by its budget resources than its current dominant hierarchical interaction mix, although a combination of adaptive governance and continuous budget proved the most sustainable governance scenario.

Las Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales (IDE) son herramientas que deben permitir, siguiendo los lineamientos emitidos por los diferentes gobiernos que lo implementen, que tanto las instituciones oficiales como las organizaciones y la sociedad en general puedan acceder a la información georreferenciada oficial, con las condiciones que institucionalmente se determinan para cada tipo de usuarios. Estas herramientas, pretenden ser operativas y cumplir con los estándares nacionales e internacionales que faciliten el acceso, de manera interoperable, a la información geográfica (IG) generada por las diferentes instituciones oficiales. Tras más de trece años de trabajo para poner en marcha la IDE de Argentina se observan muchas desigualdades entre las diferentes jurisdicciones adheridas al proyecto. Es difícil crear la IDE nacional si las instituciones no desarrollan previamente su IDE. El establecimiento de la IDE nacional supone un cambio de paradigma en la gestión y utilización de la IG permitiendo alcanzar la democratización en el uso de este tipo de información. ; A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is a set of tools that, by complying with the guidelines issued by the different governments that implement it, should allow both official institutions and organizations, as well as society in general, to have access to official geo-referenced information, under conditions which are institutionally determined for each type of user. These tools intend to be operative and meet national and international standards that facilitate access, in an interoperable way, to the geographic information (GI) generated by the different official institutions. After having worked more than thirteen years to launch the SDI in Argentina, many inequalities are observed among the different jurisdictions adhering to the project. It is difficult to create a national SDI if the institutions do not previously develop their own SDIs. Establishing the national SDI implies a change of paradigm in the management and use of the GI, which allows democratization to be achieved in the use of this type of information. ; A Infraestrutura dos Dados Espaciais (doravante IDE) são ferramentas que devem permitir, seguindo os alinhamentos emitidos pelos diferentes governos que o implementem, que tanto as instituições oficiais quanto as organizações e a sociedade em geral possam ter acesso à informação geo-referencial oficial com as condições que institucionalmente se determinam para cada tipo de usuário. Estas ferramentas pretendem ser operativas e cumprimentar com os padrões nacionais e internacionais que facilitem o acesso, de forma Interoperável, à Informação Geográfica (GI) gerada pelas diferentes instituições oficiais. Após treze anos de trabalho para implementar a IDE da Argentina se observam muitas desigualdades entre as diferentes jurisdições aderidas ao projeto. É difícil criar a IDE nacional se as instituições não desenvolvem previamente seu IDE. O estabelecimento da IDE nacional supõe uma mudança de paradigma na gestão e utilização da IG permitindo alcançar a democratização no uso deste tipo de informação.

Spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) at various levels (global, regional national, local and corporate) are being developed by and in countries around the world. We assess here the SDI developments in three African countries, Ghana, Namibia and South Africa, using the SDI models developed by the Commission on Geoinformation Infrastructures and Standards of the International Cartographic Association (ICA), focusing on the stakeholders and their roles: the Policy Maker, Producer, Provider, Broker, Value-Added Reseller (VAR) and End User. SDI development in all three countries has involved a variety of stakeholders and has taken a long time, waxing and waning depending on the availability of funding and the commitment of the stakeholders, particularly the Policy Makers. This research on the similarities and differences of the SDI stakeholders in Ghana, Namibia and South Africa improves the understanding of SDI development and we hope that the results can help other countries with their own SDI developments. Based on our work, we make recommendations for refining the ICA's stakeholder typology. ; A grant of the South Africa-Namibia Joint Technical Research Partnership Programme Bilateral Agreement. ; http://ijsdir.jrc.ec.europa.eu ; am2018 ; Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Information Management, specialization in Geographic Information Systems ; The Agenda 2030 challenges the countries to use and produce new spatial data to support the path to Sustainable Development (SD). This requires development and adoption of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), and the production of new relevant spatial data to support implementation, monitoring and reporting the progress on the targets on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The importance of access to spatial data for development and resource management is widely acknowledged worldwide. Unrestricted, reliable and efficient access to accurate, timely, and upto- date spatial data may be achieved through a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). Thus, most developed countries implemented and continue to develop their SDI. The Ecosystem Service (ES) is also crucially for SD and the concept needs to be expressed and communicated effectively to be successfully integrated into decision making. This study assessed the challenges and opportunities on SDI development and analyzed the documents relevant to LUP process and implementation. On the SDI, we identified and characterized through a survey the government institutions producing, sharing, and using spatial data in the country to estimate their potential contribution to the development of the Mozambican SDI. On the integration of ES into LUP, we conducted a review of relevant documents to Mozambique's spatial planning by performing a content analysis based on ES categories. Based on the possible contribution of the institutions producing and using spatial data, we proposed an SDI for Mozambique based on four pillars: i) organizational framework; ii) legal framework; iii) technical framework; and iv) accessibility. The periodical revision of tools and participatory approaches in LUP opens opportunities for integrating ES into LUP processes. This integration could be achieved by establishing a SEA legal framework based on LUP and Environment legal frameworks assisted by a set of common planning tools that consider ES as an additional indicator applied to spatial planning in Mozambique.

Over the past decade, the public awareness and availability as well as methods for the creation and use of spatial data on the Web have steadily increased. Besides the establishment of governmental Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs), numerous volunteered and commercial initiatives had a major impact on that development. Nevertheless, data isolation still poses a major challenge. Whereas the majority of approaches focuses on data provision, means to dynamically link and combine spatial data from distributed, often heterogeneous data sources in an ad hoc manner are still very limited. However, such capabilities are essential to support and enhance information retrieval for comprehensive spatial decision making. To facilitate spatial data fusion in current SDIs, this thesis has two main objectives. First, it focuses on the conceptualization of a service-based fusion process to functionally extend current SDI and to allow for the combination of spatial data from different spatial data services. It mainly addresses the decomposition of the fusion process into well-defined and reusable functional building blocks and their implementation as services, which can be used to dynamically compose meaningful application-specific processing workflows. Moreover, geoprocessing patterns, i.e. service chains that are commonly used to solve certain fusion subtasks, are designed to simplify and automate workflow composition. Second, the thesis deals with the determination, description and exploitation of spatial data relations, which play a decisive role for spatial data fusion. The approach adopted is based on the Linked Data paradigm and therefore bridges SDI and Semantic Web developments. Whereas the original spatial data remains within SDI structures, relations between those sources can be used to infer spatial information by means of Semantic Web standards and software tools. A number of use cases were developed, implemented and evaluated to underpin the proposed concepts. Particular emphasis was put on the use of established open standards to realize an interoperable, transparent and extensible spatial data fusion process and to support the formalized description of spatial data relations. The developed software, which is based on a modular architecture, is available online as open source. It allows for the development and seamless integration of new functionality as well as the use of external data and processing services during workflow composition on the Web. ; Die Entwicklung des Internet im Laufe des letzten Jahrzehnts hat die Verfügbarkeit und öffentliche Wahrnehmung von Geodaten, sowie Möglichkeiten zu deren Erfassung und Nutzung, wesentlich verbessert. Dies liegt sowohl an der Etablierung amtlicher Geodateninfrastrukturen (GDI), als auch an der steigenden Anzahl Communitybasierter und kommerzieller Angebote. Da der Fokus zumeist auf der Bereitstellung von Geodaten liegt, gibt es jedoch kaum Möglichkeiten die Menge an, über das Internet verteilten, Datensätzen ad hoc zu verlinken und zusammenzuführen, was mitunter zur Isolation von Geodatenbeständen führt. Möglichkeiten zu deren Fusion sind allerdings essentiell, um Informationen zur Entscheidungsunterstützung in Bezug auf raum-zeitliche Fragestellungen zu extrahieren. Um eine ad hoc Fusion von Geodaten im Internet zu ermöglichen, behandelt diese Arbeit zwei Themenschwerpunkte. Zunächst wird eine dienstebasierten Umsetzung des Fusionsprozesses konzipiert, um bestehende GDI funktional zu erweitern. Dafür werden wohldefinierte, wiederverwendbare Funktionsblöcke beschrieben und über standardisierte Diensteschnittstellen bereitgestellt. Dies ermöglicht eine dynamische Komposition anwendungsbezogener Fusionsprozesse über das Internet. Des weiteren werden Geoprozessierungspatterns definiert, um populäre und häufig eingesetzte Diensteketten zur Bewältigung bestimmter Teilaufgaben der Geodatenfusion zu beschreiben und die Komposition und Automatisierung von Fusionsprozessen zu vereinfachen. Als zweiten Schwerpunkt beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit der Frage, wie Relationen zwischen Geodatenbeständen im Internet erstellt, beschrieben und genutzt werden können. Der gewählte Ansatz basiert auf Linked Data Prinzipien und schlägt eine Brücke zwischen diensteorientierten GDI und dem Semantic Web. Während somit Geodaten in bestehenden GDI verbleiben, können Werkzeuge und Standards des Semantic Web genutzt werden, um Informationen aus den ermittelten Geodatenrelationen abzuleiten. Zur Überprüfung der entwickelten Konzepte wurde eine Reihe von Anwendungsfällen konzipiert und mit Hilfe einer prototypischen Implementierung umgesetzt und anschließend evaluiert. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf einer interoperablen, transparenten und erweiterbaren Umsetzung dienstebasierter Fusionsprozesse, sowie einer formalisierten Beschreibung von Datenrelationen, unter Nutzung offener und etablierter Standards. Die Software folgt einer modularen Struktur und ist als Open Source frei verfügbar. Sie erlaubt sowohl die Entwicklung neuer Funktionalität durch Entwickler als auch die Einbindung existierender Daten- und Prozessierungsdienste während der Komposition eines Fusionsprozesses.

The system dynamics technique has been demonstrated to be a proper method by which to model and simulate the development of spatial data infrastructures (SDI). An SDI is a collaborative effort to manage and share spatial data at different political and administrative levels. It is comprised of various dynamically interacting quantitative and qualitative (linguistic) variables. To incorporate linguistic variables and their joint effects in an SDI-development model more effectively, we suggest employing fuzzy logic. Not all fuzzy models are able to model the dynamic behavior of SDIs properly. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate different fuzzy models and their suitability for modeling SDIs. To that end, two inference and two defuzzification methods were used for the fuzzification of the joint effect of two variables in an existing SDI model. The results show that the Average–Average inference and Center of Area defuzzification can better model the dynamics of SDI development.

En este artículo se evalúa la necesidad de una IDE para la gestión pública de las tierras en Venezuela, mediante el inventario de las principales instituciones gubernamentales y organizaciones comunitarias del país que son productoras y consumidoras de datos geo-espaciales y la identificación de sus actividades en el ámbito geográfico. Se hace una revisión de las principales IDE de Iberoamérica, identificando sus características y componentes principales, como marco para la revisión de los componentes IDE existentes en las instituciones públicas de Venezuela vinculadas con esta iniciativa. Finalmente se evalúa el grado de preparación del país para el desarrollo de una IDE, mediante la aplicación de un Índice de Alistamiento (Readiness Index), que es un indicador cuantitativo basado en un modelo de Lógica Difusa-compensatoria, y su comparación con los Índices de otros países de la región iberoamericana. - In this article the need of an SDI for the public management of Venezuela's land is assessed by means of an inventory of the main governmental institutions and community organizations involved in geospatial producing/consuming, and by the identification of their activities in the geographic field. The main Latin American SDIs are reviewed and their characteristics and components identified. This is used as a framework for reviewing the current SDI components within the public institutions of Venezuela which are linked up to this initiative. Finally the readiness of the country for SDI development is assessed through the application of a Readiness Index based on a Compensatory Fuzzy Logic Model and its comparison with other Latin American countries' indices.

The system dynamics technique has been demonstrated to be a proper method by which to model and simulate the development of spatial data infrastructures (SDI). An SDI is a collaborative effort to manage and share spatial data at different political and administrative levels. It is comprised of various dynamically interacting quantitative and qualitative (linguistic) variables. To incorporate linguistic variables and their joint effects in an SDI-development model more effectively, we suggest employing fuzzy logic. Not all fuzzy models are able to model the dynamic behavior of SDIs properly. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate different fuzzy models and their suitability for modeling SDIs. To that end, two inference and two defuzzification methods were used for the fuzzification of the joint effect of two variables in an existing SDI model. The results show that the Average-Average inference and Center of Area defuzzification can better model the dynamics of SDI development.

A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is a coordinated series of agreements on technology standards, institutional arrangements and policies that enable the discovery and use of geospatial information by users for a range of purposes. While SDIs have economic, social and environmental benefits, they require inter-disciplinary organizational, coordinated studies to preserve the ecology and for sustainable development. Turkey is moving towards a spatially enabled society underpinned by a national geo-spatial data infrastructure, called TNSDI (Turkish National Spatial Data Infrastructure). In this article, the initial organizational studies and action plans in Turkey for TNSDI are described. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Petru Maior University of Tirgu Mures.

International audience ; As a continuation of the national programme of geological map of France at 1:50,000, the French Geological Survey (BRGM) engaged in the Geological Reference of France (Référentiel Géologique de la France, RGF). Over the next decades, this programme aims at developing a three dimensional knowledge of the eleven different geological regions through a continuous, homogeneous and consistent description permanently updated as well as understanding the mechanisms governing their evolution over time.All existing and newly acquired information, currently in the Pyrenees, are integrated within the RGF spatial data infrastructure (SDI). It provides the associated scientific programme with the necessary information system (data structure, computer means, applications and tools) to meet the various needs of contributors and end-users, from acquisition to dissemination of public data and knowledge. The RGF SDI must deliver the best available geological information over the territory, whatever the producer, i.e. research works, applied geology projects, both internal and external to the RGF programme. It must also abide by French and European legislation in terms of interoperability and open access to public data.The quality and reliability of the data and knowledge capitalised in the RGF SDI are primarily based on a thematic reference system including detailed lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, structures and geological events. Both 2D and 3D geometries are also part of the references so that the RGF SDI can be used by other information systems e.g. hydrogeology, mineral resources and geohazards. This involves a dedicated architecture of data sets and applications as well as innovative data structures to capture the complexity of the geological objects and processes. A description-oriented method was used for building original master data sets from textual descriptions in natural language. For example, it was applied to lithology and also its transformation by diagenesis, metamorphism or ...

International audience ; As a continuation of the national programme of geological map of France at 1:50,000, the French Geological Survey (BRGM) engaged in the Geological Reference of France (Référentiel Géologique de la France, RGF). Over the next decades, this programme aims at developing a three dimensional knowledge of the eleven different geological regions through a continuous, homogeneous and consistent description permanently updated as well as understanding the mechanisms governing their evolution over time.All existing and newly acquired information, currently in the Pyrenees, are integrated within the RGF spatial data infrastructure (SDI). It provides the associated scientific programme with the necessary information system (data structure, computer means, applications and tools) to meet the various needs of contributors and end-users, from acquisition to dissemination of public data and knowledge. The RGF SDI must deliver the best available geological information over the territory, whatever the producer, i.e. research works, applied geology projects, both internal and external to the RGF programme. It must also abide by French and European legislation in terms of interoperability and open access to public data.The quality and reliability of the data and knowledge capitalised in the RGF SDI are primarily based on a thematic reference system including detailed lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, structures and geological events. Both 2D and 3D geometries are also part of the references so that the RGF SDI can be used by other information systems e.g. hydrogeology, mineral resources and geohazards. This involves a dedicated architecture of data sets and applications as well as innovative data structures to capture the complexity of the geological objects and processes. A description-oriented method was used for building original master data sets from textual descriptions in natural language. For example, it was applied to lithology and also its transformation by diagenesis, metamorphism or ...