Suchergebnisse

This chapter deals with the question of whether labour standards are less relevant or more relevant for the new world of work which is vastly different from the old world of work when most labour standards were first established. The various rationales for labour standards are first outlined. This is followed by a discussion of the changing pressures in the labour market that emanate from various forces: the pressures affecting employers and hence their demand for labour; the changing nature of the supply of labour; changes in forms of employee representation and the legal and regulatory environment in which the parties operate; and changes in the workplace and human resource practices within firms. These pressures lead to a changing role and need for labour standards, generally increasing the need, but also tending to reduce the ability of governments to provide such standards. Some illustrative evidence of the impact of specific labour standards is outlined, followed by a discussion of labour standards in developing and emerging economies. The paper concludes with a discussion of possible elements of smart regulation in this area to deal with the difficult trade-off between the increased need for labour standards confronting the reduced ability of governments to provide such standards.

The paper is an attempt to analyze the perception of accounts preparers, chartered accountants and academicians in Mysore cityKarnataka, to find if the convergence of Indian accounting standards with IFRS is beneficial or not? Another major goal of this study is to justify that well and good accounting standards are not responsible for accounting scandals. Finally, the study cames to a conclusion that convergence of Indian Standards with IFRS is beneficial for investors, government and corporate sector respectively. Majority of the respondents agree with the significance of convergence of Indian accounting standards with IFRS and they say that, using IFRS as a reporting language brings uniformity and fairness in financial statements. However, the study states that, avoiding of accounting scandals is possible through an ethical practice among entities and auditors.

In many industries, including telecommunications, a government decision on a standard is needed for the society to reap the benefits from the diffusion of new goods. Delays induced by regulatory bodies either in standard choice or its implementation can be extremely costly. I study governments' choice of first generation (1G) mobile telephony standards using an international dataset. Larger and richer countries are faster to adopt. Countries take indirect network effects into account in their timing decisions. Political institutions systematically affect the speed of adoption: Democracies give telecom human capital and indirect network effects more weight. ; Monilla toimialoilla valtio (tai muu julkinen toimija) tekee päätöksen alalla sovellettavasta standardista. Standardin valinta on usein edellytys sille, että uuden hyödykkeen tai teknologian käyttö yleistyy ja että sen mahdollistama hyvinvoinnin lisäys toteutuu. Viipeet standardin valitsemisessa voivat siten olla kuluttajien (ja yleisemminkin yhteiskunnan) kannalta haitallisia. Telekommunikaatio on esimerkki toimialasta, jolla standardien valinta on tärkeää. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkitaan ensimmäisen polven matkapuhelinstandardien valintaa käyttäen kansainvälistä tilastoaineistoa. Empiirinen analyysi osoittaa, että suuremmat ja rikkaammat maat valitsevat standardin nopeammin ja että epäsuorat verkostovaikutukset otetaan standardipäätöstä tehtäessä huomioon. Myös poliittiset instituutiot vaikuttavat standardipäätöksen nopeuteen systemaattisella tavalla: Tulokset antavat viitteitä siitä, että demokraattiset maat laittavat painoa (telekommunikaatioalan) henkiselle pääomalle sekä epäsuorille verkostovaikutuksille enemmän kuin maat, joissa demokratia on heikompaa.

In our past work, we had analyzed the correlation between gender standards and democratic standards in post-colonial North Africa, and found it to be essentially non-existent, despite the fact that these two standards are highly correlated worldwide, and despite the analytical evidence to the effect that they go hand in hand. We revisit our previous analysis, in light of recent developments in North Africa and the Middle East.

This is an outline of rules pertaining to the standard practices of the Legislative Oversight Committee. Flowcharts are included.

Loose-leaf for updating. ; "H-08-3." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Retailers' private standards are increasingly important in addressing consumer concerns about safety, quality and social and environmental issues. Empirical evidence shows that these private standards are frequently more stringent than their public counterparts. I develop a political economy model that may contribute to explaining this stylized fact. I show that if producers exercise their political power to persuade the government to impose a lower public standard, retailers may apply their market power to install a private standard at a higher level than the public one, depending on several factors.

Common wisdom, and development theory hold that gender standards and democratic standards go hand in hand, in the sense that countries that uphold high standards of gender equality are the same as countries that uphold high standards of democratic governance. Even though this principle appears intuitively appealing, it is disproved by empirical measures I have collected on the recent history of the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia). In this paper, I report on my empirical experiments and submit tentative justifications for their outcome.

Retailers' private standards are increasingly important in addressing consumer concerns about safety, quality and social and environmental issues. Empirical evidence shows that these private standards are frequently more stringent than their public counterparts. This article develops a political economy model that may contribute to explaining this stylized fact. We show that if producers exercise their political power to persuade the government to impose a lower public standard, retailers may apply their market power to install a private standard at a higher level than the public one, depending on several factors.

Title from cover. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Continues: Survey of labor law administration.

Ausgangspunkt des Quartiermanagements bilden Stadtgebiete, die ihre Handicaps nicht aus eigener Kraft beseitigen können und in der Stadtentwicklung zurückbleiben. Weil der Problemkontext nicht auf eine einfache Ursache zurückgeführt werden kann, sondern aus einem komplexen Gefüge von Faktoren resultiert, kann in diesen Fällen mit herkömmlicher sektoraler Politik nur wenig ausgerichtet werden. Um diese Stadtgebiete wieder in eine geordnete Stadtteilentwicklung zu bringen, bedarf es des neuen Politikansatzes der integrierten, Sektoren übergreifenden Stadtentwicklung. Darin bildet das Quartiermanagement als neues Steuerungsinstrument zur integrativen Bündelung der Kräfte das Kernelement. Es eignet sich, um einerseits die professionellen Möglichkeiten der kommunalen und intermediären Akteure aus verschiedenen Feldern und Dezernaten zu verbinden. Andererseits liegt seine Stärke darin, die vorhandenen Entwicklungspotenziale im Quartier zu wecken, zu aktivieren und zu unterstützen. Damit diese Strukturaufgaben in den Quartieren realisiert werden können, müssen seitens der Kommune geeignete Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen werden. Besonders hervorzuheben ist die Impulshandlung des Stadt-/ Gemeinderates in Form eines politischen Beschlusses zur Umsetzung eines integrierten Handlungskonzeptes für ein jeweiliges Quartier. Das Stadtteil- und Quartiermanagement kann nicht primär als Aufgabe einzelner Akteure, sondern muss als sozialräumliches Handlungssystem aufgefasst werden. In den "überforderten Nachbarschaften" sind viele professionelle Akteure in der Regel bereits in der Bearbeitung der lokalen Probleme engagiert, aber ihre Kapazitäten sind erschöpft und ihre Kompetenzen begrenzt, so dass für das "Missing Link" ein Quartiermanagement gebraucht wird. Auch wenn der "Quartiermanager" zentrale Entwicklungs-, Koordinations- und Vernetzungsaufgaben in einem solchen System wahrnimmt, darf das Anforderungsprofil nicht auf ihn beschränkt werden. Für den Erfolg der sozialen Quartiersneuerung in einem Quartier ist das gesamte Geflecht der beteiligten Akteure verantwortlich. Quartiermanagement ist als System zu verstehen. Bei Quartiermanagement handelt es sich nicht um eine oder mehrere Personen, die hauptberuflich als Quartiermanager/in arbeiten. Es betrifft ein Netzwerk von Akteuren aus den unterschiedlichen Einrichtungen und Sektoren im Quartier, in dem die Verwaltung, die Politik, die freien Träger, soziale Einrichtungen, lokale Vereine etc. involviert sind. Jeder Akteur aus dem Netzwerk muss seinen Teil zum Quartiermanagement beitragen. Der einzelne Quartiermanager kann die Situation im Stadtteil nicht zum Besseren verändern, wenn er nicht die Unterstützung dieses Netzwerkes hat. Damit der Organisationsaufbau eines Netzwerkes für das Stadtteil- und Quartiermanagement gelingen kann, sind die Netzwerkstrukturen prozessorientiert angemessen zu gestalten. Die Etablierung einer wirkungsvollen Netzwerkorganisation der sozialen Stadterneuerung muss sich an einer Kombination von Top-Down und Bottom-Up-Ansätzen orientieren, um einerseits die zielorientierte Steuerung sicherzustellen und andererseits nach dem Subsidiaritätsprinzip Entscheidungen möglichst auf bürgernahe Ebenen zu verlagern. Das Quartiermanagement muss auf das jeweilige Quartier zugeschnitten sein. Unterschiedliche Problemlagen und Handlungsbedürfnisse erfordern ein Quartiermanagement, das den sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und baulichen Problemlagen im Quartier gerecht wird. Bereits vorhandene Potenziale sind aufzubauen, zu unterstützen und zu aktivieren. Für die Entwicklung des Quartiermanagements müssen quartiersbezogene Problemlagen und daraus abgeleitete Handlungserfordernisse in den Mittelpunkt gestellt werden. Zusammenfassend lassen sich aus den Analysen des Quartiermanagements in vielen deutschen Stadtteilen 14 Standards für ein erfolgreiches Quartiermanagement ableiten.

Each issue bears the FSC (Federal supply classification) designations. ; Each issue has also a distinctive title. ; Looseleaf for updating. ; Title varies as: MIL-STD. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The rise of the information economy has caused copyright law to become a new actor in the intellectual property rights and standards debate because standard-setting organizations (SSOs) increasingly claim copyrights in standards and charge substantial fees for access to and rights to use standards such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) country, currency, and language codes and standard medical and dental procedure codes promulgated by the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Dental Association (ADA). This article will consider whether standards such as these, especially those whose use is mandated by government rules, should be eligible for copyright protection as a matter of U.S. copyright law. Part I reviews several lawsuits that have challenged copyrights in numbering systems devised to enable efficient communication and will argue that the decisions upholding copyrights in the AMA and ADA codes were incorrectly decided in light of past and subsequent caselaw, the statutory exclusion of systems from copyright, and various policy considerations. Part II considers copyright caselaw and policies that have persuaded courts to exclude standards from the scope of copyright protection under the scenes a faire and merger of idea and expression doctrines. It also considers whether government mandates to use certain standards should affect the ability to claim copyright in those standards. Part III assesses whether SSOs need copyright incentives to develop and maintain industry standards they promulgate and whether arguments based on incentives should prevail over other considerations. It will also identify some competition and other public policy concerns about allowing private entities to own standards, particularly those whose use is required by law.

Thermal standards exert an ever-increasing impact on architecture. Recent building legislation has begun to limit the spectrum of possible solutions to the extent that thermal standards considerably govern the concept, structure and form of buildings. The imperative to insulate building envelopes with little regard to maintaining a diversity of microclimates in the interior is just one prominent example. These developments can be traced to how thermal standards have been triumphed as a silver bullet by Western societies on their path towards energy transition and sustainable architecture. "Green goes mainstream" (Raymond J. Clark / Peter Ellis) has in particular seen a proliferation of thermal standards, regulations and labels. Agencies like the US-American LEED, the British BREEAM, the German Passivhaus or the Swiss Minergie, 2000-Watt Society, and SNBS offer certifiable solutions for thermal comfort in combination with the promise of sustainability in architecture and for cities. These "green-mainstream" standards are successors to the passive rationale of the bioclimatic architecture of the 1970s, promoting "the use of architecture as a primary energy device" (American Institute of Architects, 1978). Today, worldwide comfort in buildings increasingly relies on the import and export of thermal standards. This has resulted in their global circulation and a competition between the various agencies promoting them. However, such standards emerge out of specific local cultural circumstances and architectural traditions.

Standards are considered an essential means to facilitate value creation from open data. Despite this importance, we find that empirical studies of open data standards have not been conducted in proportion to its importance. In particular, the literature has insofar been silent about why specific standards are chosen and how these standards are implemented. To this end, we report from an action research project with the Swedish public transport industry, where open data standards were both chosen and implemented. Consistent with the literature, we find standards were selected based on expected increased attractivity for re-users. Also, and more surprisingly, we found that open data standards were chosen as a means to harness resources in adjacent digital ecosystems. Finally, our findings convey that implementing open data standards may hamper the possibility to publish datasets, with its original qualities.