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India has an estimated 26,000 startups, making it the third-largest startup ecosystem in the world, recording consolidated inflows of over $36 billion in the past 3 years with 26 "unicorns" - startups valued over $1 billion. The Indian startup ecosystem has expanded quite rapidly mainly through private investments including seed, angel, venture capital, and private equity funds, with technical support from incubators, accelerators, and the government. The government, for its part, is creating an enabling environment through its flagship Startup India initiative, which came into force in 2016. With India pushing towards a knowledge-based and digital economy, the government is attempting to deploy ICT infrastructure and provide policy support for enhanced e-governance, investments, and technology innovation through research and higher education to support entrepreneurship and spur economic growth. Data suggest that the expansion in the startup ecosystem has largely been clustered in the large (Tier 1) cities and states with financial depth, and especially in IT-enabled sectors including e-commerce, transport, and finance. Small businesses beyond the metros are not fully aware of, or integrated into, programs that provide startups with various government incentives and tax breaks. Despite the progress made so far, Indian businesses face huge challenges, such as the unorganized and fragmented nature of the market in most sectors, a lack of clear and transparent policy initiatives that startups can tap into quickly, as well as a lack of infrastructure, a lack of knowledge and exposure, and complications in doing business. Creating more awareness of government initiatives and incentives, credit disbursement to priority sectors, promoting outreach and network benefits to Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities, as well as easing financing and tax breaks for foreign and domestic investors could improve opportunities for startups in India.

The research proposed a Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) model for cost and human capital analysis in a small startup in Indonesia. TDABC discussed and illustrated the integration of capabilities into cost and performance in startups. The researchers applied a qualitative simulation method. The data were taken from actual regulatory data of wage and salary from the local government of Jakarta. The other data were simulated data based on a software development process for a small startup. The result indicates that the TDABC can assist the company to trace its performance and costs. Additional factors in implementing the costing system are provided for further research and practical considerations in adopting the costing system.

High growth startups are widely recognized as key sources of employment, productivity growth and innovation. However, while the long-term impact of the COVID-19 crisis on startups remains to be seen, many now face greater constraints than before. Continued policy support for startups therefore remains vital. In order to guide European policymakers, it is important to understand the key characteristics of high growth startups and gain insights into what sets them apart from other startups. In addition, this report examines the persistent gap between Europe and the United States (US) in terms of startup activity. The findings underscore the role of high growth startups for innovation ecosystems in Europe. The report also highlights some ways governments can continue to support startups by encouraging collaborations with startups as an active innovation partner. The report draws from unique sets of data, including the general module of the European Investment Bank Investment Survey (EIBIS) survey 2019 and the EIBIS Start-up and Scale-up Survey 2019.

Entrepreneurship is the core of economic development. It is a multi- dimensional activity and essentially creative task. Entrepreneur is core factor of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship in India has been a male-dominated phenomenon and it can be seen from the very early age. However time has changed this situation and brought women as today's most memorable and inspirational entrepreneurs. The position and status of women in any society is an index of its civilization and progress. An emerging entrepreneurial venture with fast growing business, developing and/or subsequently offering an innovative product, process or service can be termed as a startup company. Startups are playing a very crucial role in the development of economies at a comparatively faster pace all around the world. The technological innovation along with process creativity as well as new product development has given rise to a huge number of startups coming up in the markets in recent times. By considering the potential of this fast growing trend, the Indian Government launched a new scheme named Startup India. Its prime objectives are; to encourage and assist the young entrepreneurs in establishment of startups in India and Abroad as well. The paper talks about the status of women entrepreneurs & also analyzes the issues and Challenges of women entrepreneurship in India.Â

We document the impact of an entrepreneurship training program on startup activity of minorities (females and non-Caucasians). We compare entrepreneurial activity between applicants who are accepted into the program with applicants who are program finalists but not accepted. We find that the effect of the program is small for minorities in the short run. However, the effect of the program is more pronounced for minorities' likelihood of longer run startup activity, whereas the effect on non-minorities is small and statistically insignificant. We suggest that such programs are most effective for individuals that may otherwise have limited access to entrepreneurial opportunities.