Suchergebnisse

This paper focus on aspects of metropolitan governance of the United States and Canada highlighting strategies of cooperation and criteria used in their experiences of management and institutionalization. Thus, it describes both the governance experiences implemented voluntarily or compulsorily, their financing mechanisms and the resulting ability to offer public services. Besides, aiming at further deepening the understanding of the strategies adopted, this paper depicts the processes of conurbation, urban sprawl and densification in metropolitan areas. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze the institutional processes of metropolitan governance and its fostering of public policies and programs. Institutional guidelines, challenges and observed limitations are considered for the cases at hand. In order to develop the paper, specific literature produced by the institutions as well as their analysis was consulted. The analyses indicate that there are different governance structures in Canada and in the United States concerning both political attachment and concentration or fragmentation of decision-making processes although delimitation criteria of metropolitan areas are similar. There is a diversity of models for offering public services. However, some limitations can still be observed in terms of articulating policies among different sectors. Disagreements persist among public and private economic actors.

O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a articulação dos governos do Nordeste para formular e implementar políticas de saúde no contexto da epidemia de Covid-19. Partindo da discussão teórica sobre federalismos e relações governamentais, tratou-se de abordar as políticas de saúde a partir do arranjo federativo brasileiro e os resultados da cooperação entre os estados que compõem o Consórcio do Nordeste. Para tanto, realizou-se análise de documentos internos do Consórcio editados entre março de 2019 e abril de 2020. Observa-se, portanto, que as ações do Consórcio em políticas de saúde têm sido fundamentais para que esses estados atravessem a referida crise. ; The paper aims to present the articulation of the Brazilian Northeast governments to formulate and implement health policies in the context of Covid-19 epidemic. Starting from the theoretical discussion on federalisms and governmental relations, we discussed the health policies based on the Brazilian federative arrangement and the results of cooperation between the states that make up the Consórcio Nordeste. For this, an analysis of the Consórcio's internal documents published between March 2019 and April 2020 was carried out. It is observed, therefore, that the Consórcio's actions in health policies have been fundamental for these states to go through the referred crisis. ; El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la articulación de los gobiernos del noreste de Brasil para formular e implementar políticas de salud en el contexto de la epidemia de Covid-19. A partir de la discusión teórica sobre federalismos y relaciones gubernamentales, se trató de abordar las políticas de salud basadas en el acuerdo federativo brasileño y los resultados de la cooperación entre los estados que conforman el Consórcio Nordeste. Con este fin, se llevó a cabo un análisis de los documentos internos del Consórcio publicados entre marzo de 2019 y abril de 2020. Por fin, se observa que las acciones del Consórcio en políticas de salud vienen siendo fundamentales para que estos estados atraviesen la referida crisis.

This article reports on the experience of the specialization course called: Research training program for nurses to study the drugs pheonomenon in Latin America, which was offered by two institutions, one of which is local (University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing) while the other is an international organization (Interamerican drugs abuse control commission - CICAD of the Organization of American States - OAS). This program was offered consecutively in 2002 and 2003. The report discloses data on the negotation and didactical planning process for the first course, the distribution of contents and activities, experiences acquired during the teaching process and student evaluations. According to the participating students, teachers and institutions involved, offering partially in-class and partially distance courses, like the above mentioned program, has proved to be a successful experience with political, academic and social repercussions for the participants. ; Este artículo trata de un relato de experiência de ofrecimiento de docentes de los cursos de especialización; a través del "Programa de capacitación en investigación para enfermeros en el estudio del fenomeno de las drogas en Latino America", planteados de manera colaborativa por dos instituciones, una de carater publico y regional (Escuela de Enfermería de Ribeirão Preto de la Universidad de São Paulo) y otra, una organización internacional (Comisión Interamericana para el control del abuso de drogas - CICAD de la Organización de los Estados Americanos - OEA); la primera con atribuciones tecnico-científicas y la segunda responsable por el apoyo financiero. Ese programa se repitió por dos años consecutivos, en 2002 y 2003. El relato expone datos sobre el proceso de negociación y planeamiento didáctico desde el primer curso, la distribución de contenidos y actividades, las experiencias adquiridas en el proceso de enseñanza y las evaluaciones de los alumnos. Según los participantes (alumnos, profesores e instituciones involucradas) la iniciativa de ofrecimiento de cursos, parte presencial y parte a distancia como los realizados, se ha demostrado una experiencia exitosa con repercusiones políticas, academicas y sociales para todos los involucrados. ; Este artigo trata-se de um relato de experiência de oferta de dois cursos de especialização: "Programa de capacitação em pesquisa para enfermeiros-docentes no estudo do fenômeno das drogas na América Latina" implantados de maneira colaborativa por duas instituições, uma de natureza pública e regional (Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo) e outra, uma organização internacional (CICAD); a primeira com atribuições técnico-científicas e a segunda responsável pelo apoio financeiro. Esse programa repetiu-se por dois anos consecutivos, em 2002 e 2003. O relato expõe dados sobre o processo de negociação e planejamento didático desde o primeiro curso, a distribuição de conteúdos e atividades, as experiências adquiridas no processo de ensino e as avaliações dos alunos. Segundo os participantes, (alunos, professores e instituições envolvidas) a iniciativa de oferecimento de cursos, em parte presencial e em parte a distância como os realizados, ser uma experiência bem sucedida com desdobramentos políticos, acadêmicos e sociais para todos os envolvidos.

The article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialThe article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialcompetences during the reformation of educational institutions according to the concept of the NewUkrainian School with the ability to appreciate the cultural diversity of different peoples and identifythemselves as citizens of Ukraine, contributing to the upbringing of the Ukrainian patriot. Emphasis isplaced on the results of the research and experimental work "Formation of the value-meaningfulsphere of children of preschool and primary school age" on the issues of national-patriotic education.It is proposed to consider the national idea through the philosophical reflection of the educationalissues in the conditions of globalization and to identify the tendencies of developing nationaleducation in response to the challenges and risks of modern society that affect the functioning ofeducational institutions. In order to solve theoretical issues, it is important to involve the scientificresults of specialists in different directions: public administration (process management, statesecurity), philosophy (forming national consciousness), pedagogy (methodology and technology ofpedagogical influence), psychology (problems of motivation and self-identification), sociology(opinion survey), communication theory (media outreach), cultural studies (preserving nationalculture, traditions, tolerance and politics of multiculturalism), politology (preserving the state),national security (preserving social standards, defining social partners, developing social projects,considering requests for social justice), economy (determing priorities of budgetary and non-budgetary financing of educational institutions, involving cooperation of local self-governmentbodies, business structures and public organizations). It is determined that the reasons of insufficientlevel of teachers' readiness for systematic and purposeful work on patriotic upbringing of studentsshould be sought in the incomplete use of the potential of the educational subjects, the lack ofscientific and substantive methods and a set of didactic tools (textbooks, audiobooks, teachingmaterials) providing support in the practical acquisition of students' knowledge, skills, and creativeuse of them in cognitive activity. ; El artículo enfatiza la relevancia de la formación de las competencias cívicas y sociales de los estudiantes durante la reforma de las instituciones educativas de acuerdo con el concepto de la Nueva Escuela de Ucrania con la capacidad de apreciar la diversidad cultural de los diferentes pueblos e identificarse como ciudadanos de Ucrania, contribuyendo a la educación del patriota ucraniano. Se hace hincapié en los resultados de la investigación y el trabajo experimental "Formación de la esfera de valor significativo de los niños en edad preescolar y primaria" sobre los temas de la educación patriótica nacional. Se propone considerar la idea nacional a través de la reflexión filosófica de los problemas educativos en las condiciones de la globalización e identificar las tendencias del desarrollo de la educación nacional en respuesta a los desafíos y riesgos de la sociedad moderna que afectan el funcionamiento de las instituciones educativas. Para resolver problemas teóricos, es importante involucrar los resultados científicos de especialistas en diferentes direcciones: administración pública (gestión de procesos, seguridad del estado), filosofía (formación de conciencia nacional), pedagogía (metodología y tecnología de influencia pedagógica), psicología ( problemas de motivación y autoidentificación), sociología (encuesta de opinión), teoría de la comunicación (difusión en los medios), estudios culturales (preservar la cultura nacional, tradiciones, tolerancia y política del multiculturalismo), politología (preservar el estado), seguridad nacional (preservar lo social estándares, definición de interlocutores sociales, desarrollo de proyectos sociales, consideración de solicitudes de justicia social), economía (que determina las prioridades de financiación presupuestaria y no presupuestaria de instituciones educativas, que implica la cooperación de organismos locales de autogobierno, estructuras empresariales y organizaciones públicas). Se determina que las razones del nivel insuficiente de preparación de los docentes para el trabajo sistemático y con propósito en la educación patriótica de los estudiantes deben buscarse en el uso incompleto del potencial de las materias educativas, la falta de métodos científicos y sustantivos y un conjunto didáctico herramientas (libros de texto, audiolibros, materiales didácticos) que brindan apoyo en la adquisición práctica de los conocimientos, habilidades y uso creativo de los estudiantes en la actividad cognitiva. ; The article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialThe article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialcompetences during the reformation of educational institutions according to the concept of the NewUkrainian School with the ability to appreciate the cultural diversity of different peoples and identifythemselves as citizens of Ukraine, contributing to the upbringing of the Ukrainian patriot. Emphasis isplaced on the results of the research and experimental work "Formation of the value-meaningfulsphere of children of preschool and primary school age" on the issues of national-patriotic education.It is proposed to consider the national idea through the philosophical reflection of the educationalissues in the conditions of globalization and to identify the tendencies of developing nationaleducation in response to the challenges and risks of modern society that affect the functioning ofeducational institutions. In order to solve theoretical issues, it is important to involve the scientificresults of specialists in different directions: public administration (process management, statesecurity), philosophy (forming national consciousness), pedagogy (methodology and technology ofpedagogical influence), psychology (problems of motivation and self-identification), sociology(opinion survey), communication theory (media outreach), cultural studies (preserving nationalculture, traditions, tolerance and politics of multiculturalism), politology (preserving the state),national security (preserving social standards, defining social partners, developing social projects,considering requests for social justice), economy (determing priorities of budgetary and non-budgetary financing of educational institutions, involving cooperation of local self-governmentbodies, business structures and public organizations). It is determined that the reasons of insufficientlevel of teachers' readiness for systematic and purposeful work on patriotic upbringing of studentsshould be sought in the incomplete use of the potential of the educational subjects, the lack ofscientific and substantive methods and a set of didactic tools (textbooks, audiobooks, teachingmaterials) providing support in the practical acquisition of students' knowledge, skills, and creativeuse of them in cognitive activity. ; O artigo enfatiza a relevância da formação das competências cívicas e sociais dos estudantes durante a reforma das instituições de ensino, de acordo com o conceito da Nova Escola Ucraniana, com a capacidade de apreciar a diversidade cultural de diferentes povos e se identificar como cidadãos da Ucrânia, contribuindo à educação do patriota ucraniano. Ênfase é colocada nos resultados da pesquisa e trabalho experimental "Formação da esfera de valor significativo de crianças em idade pré-escolar e escolar" sobre as questões da educação nacional-patriótica. Propõe-se considerar a idéia nacional através da reflexão filosófica das questões educacionais nas condições da globalização e identificar as tendências do desenvolvimento da educação nacional em resposta aos desafios e riscos da sociedade moderna que afetam o funcionamento das instituições educacionais. Para resolver questões teóricas, é importante envolver os resultados científicos de especialistas em diferentes direções: administração pública (gestão de processos, segurança do estado), filosofia (formação da consciência nacional), pedagogia (metodologia e tecnologia de influência pedagógica), psicologia ( problemas de motivação e auto-identificação), sociologia (pesquisa de opinião), teoria da comunicação (divulgação da mídia), estudos culturais (preservação da cultura nacional, tradições, tolerância e política do multiculturalismo), política (preservação do estado), segurança nacional (preservação da sociedade) normas, definição de parceiros sociais, desenvolvimento de projetos sociais, considerando solicitações de justiça social), economia (determinando prioridades de financiamento orçamentário e não orçamentário de instituições de ensino, envolvendo a cooperação de órgãos autônomos locais, estruturas empresariais e organizações públicas). Determinou-se que as razões do nível insuficiente de prontidão dos professores para o trabalho sistemático e intencional na educação patriótica dos alunos devem ser buscadas no uso incompleto do potencial das disciplinas educacionais, na falta de métodos científicos e substantivos e em um conjunto de práticas didáticas. ferramentas (livros didáticos, audiolivros, materiais didáticos) que auxiliam na aquisição prática dos conhecimentos, habilidades e uso criativo dos alunos nas atividades cognitivas.

The literature on federalism shows that the coordination of the Brazilian federal government is central to guarantee more consistency in social policies of subnational governments. This article aims to understand the role of intergovernmental relations in municipal education policies. Despite the constitutional determinations of collaboration among federal entities, there are different relationship models between states and municipalities in the education policy. This study is based on the comparison of four states — Ceará, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, and Pará — with different models of relationship seeking to identify the results in municipal policies. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were conducted and the analysis shows that the type of cooperation has implications in institutional and financial capacities, in the coordination of municipal policies, and in the implementation of federal policies. ; La literatura sobre federalismo muestra que la coordinación del gobierno federal es central para garantizar mayor consistencia en las políticas sociales en gobiernos subnacionales. Este artículo busca comprender el rol de las relaciones intergubernamentales en las políticas educacionales locales. La Constitución Federal determinó la colaboración entre los entes, pero hay diferentes modelos de relaciones entre estados y municipios en esta política. Esta investigación se basó en la comparación de cuatro estados — Ceará, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo y Pará — con diferentes modelos de relaciones buscando identificar sus resultados en las políticas municipales. La análisis de cuestionarios y entrevistas semi-estructuradas muestra que la cooperación tiene implicaciones en la capacidad institucional y financiera, en la coordinación de las políticas municipales y en la implementación de políticas federales. ; A literatura sobre federalismo aponta que a coordenação do governo federal tem papel central para garantir maior consistência às políticas sociais dos governos subnacionais. Este artigo buscou compreender o papel das relações intergovernamentais nas políticas municipais de educação. Apesar de a Constituição Federal determinar a cola­boração entre os entes federados, há diferentes modelos de relacionamento entre estados e municípios na política educacional. Esta pesquisa comparou quatro estados — Ceará, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo e Pará — com mo­delos distintos de relacionamento com o objetivo de identificar seus resultados nas políticas municipais. A análise de questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas mostra que o tipo de cooperação tem implicações na capacidade institucional e financeira, na coordenação das políticas municipais e na implementação de políticas federais.

Brazil, together with India and South Africa, now represent a renewed source of international pressure, views, and resources. IBSA has brought together these three developing nations, that are regional powerhouses, therefore simultaneously opening space for affirmative multilateralism, intra-South political coordination. They countries have been dedicating special attention to the rule-making process of global governance agendas and institutions. While broadening and deepening the scope of their responsibilities and commitments to other developing countries, they have been crafting innovative forms of inter-state collaboration. The chance to sit together at the UNSC in 2011 as non-permanent members became a major opportunity for IBSA. During this year, this group was able to share and reinforce the values and perspectives on world politics and security in an effort to strengthen a Southern critical appraisal of the post-cold war liberal peace concepts and prescriptions. Whereas western powers have downplayed the importance of reviewing its methods and procedures UNSC, IBSA countries have transmitted their special concern with the flaws of UN bureaucratic coordination, the needs for improvement in the links between SC, the GA and the executive boards of the UN agencies. Brazil has become especially concerned with the question of legitimacy of the use of force in international intervention as well as the humanitarian impact of military action and the importance of solutions which sought equilibrium between peace, solidarity, sovereignty and sustainable development."Assistance and cooperation, rather than coercion must be our watchwords", have been Brazil's pledge at the UNCS.

The design of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) provides for the possibility of integrating state and municipal conditional cash transfers, based on the establishment of terms of cooperation with the Federal Government (or "pacts", as these instruments became known). The work systematizes the history of the PBF state pacts, implemented in the context of the Brasil sem Miséria Plan (BSM) - from 2011 - examining how much the changes in the program design, especially the creation of the Benefício para Superação da Extrema Pobreza (BSP), affected the use of this instrument of federative coordination, highlighting its limits and potentialities as a national strategy for coping with poverty. The advent of the BSP contributed to the decline of the pacts agenda, as it changed the federal government's strategy of financial support to overcome the extreme poverty gap on the part of the states for its resolution by the Union itself: that is, the The Union has, on its own, ensure that extreme poverty is overcome according to the national line defined for the BFP. This decision also equated the lack of effectiveness of the instrument of agreement in the induction of the state governments for that purpose. Regarding the limits of the agreements, it was identified difficulties of states with greater proportion of poverty to make financial contributions more robust; the volatility of political interests and the fluctuation of the theme in the state agenda; the low state capacity to act in a countercyclical manner and the fragility of the legal instrument mobilized to manage the pacts between federative entities. On the other hand, it was also possible to find in the pacts an experimental space for adjustments in the design of the programs, which in turn lead to the improvement of the PBF itself, since it has a unique design for the whole country and should be adapted to the different local realities so that it is better able to reach its objectives.

A República Democrática de Timor-Leste foi a primeira nação do século XXI. Localizada no Sudeste Asiático, a ilha de Timor foi colônia portuguesa desde o século XVI até 1974. Após esse período, sofreu uma dominação indonésia que durou até 1999. Em 2002, tornou-se uma nação independente e elegeu a língua portuguesa como uma das línguas oficiais, sendo a outra a língua Tétum, língua nacional falada pela maior parte da população. Desde que se tornou independente, foram várias as ações de apoio e cooperação internacionais, destacando-se, entre outras áreas, o Ensino, bem como a presença de Brasil e Portugal nesse processo. Dessa maneira, o presente artigo tem o objetivo de refletir sobre a língua portuguesa em Timor-Leste a fim de verificar o estado atual em que essa língua se encontra no país, após quase vinte anos de existência. Para tanto, após a introdução, em (1), fornecemos algumas informações sociais, históricas e linguísticas sobre a ilha de Timor, em (2); explicamos os projetos e cooperações de ensino de português em Timor-Leste, em (3); descrevemos as pesquisas e as propriedades do português falado pelos leste-timorenses, em (4); seguido por nossas considerações finais. ; The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste was the first nation of the 21st century. The island of Timor was a Portuguese colony in Southeast Asia from the 16th century until 1974. After that, it was under Indonesian domination which lasted until 1999. Timor-Leste became an independent nation in 2002. In this year, the country elected the Portuguese language as one of the official languages, together with Tetum, the national language spoken by most of the population. Since its independence, there has been broad international support and various cooperation actions in Timor-Leste, with education as one of the main areas. Portugal and Brazil also take part in this educational cooperation as leading actors. Thus, this article aims to reflect on the Portuguese language in Timor-Leste in order to verify the current state in which this language is found in the country, after almost twenty years' official existence. After the introduction in (1), we provide some social, historical and linguistic information about Timor island, in (2); we explain Portuguese cooperation in teaching and projects in Timor-Leste in (3); we describe the research and properties of the Portuguese spoken by Timorese, in (4); and this is followed by our final remarks.

The article analyzes the transformative capacity of the Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS) in shaping structural change in Brazilian municipalities. The study is based on the concepts of organizational and institutional learning, on a combination of analytical categories of the institutional and neo-institutional approaches and on traditional means of government control. As for methodology, this study used process tracing, in-depth interviews, and documentary analysis of regulations, decrees, and resolutions that create direct and indirect incentives to induce agreements and cooperation of municipalities with the Ministry. We identified two important causal mechanisms: a) organizational and institutional learning processes; and b) inter-federative cooperation that, combined, generated significant changes in municipal bureaucratic capacity. The findings show the importance of the Union's transformative capacity in the process of public policy decentralization in Brazil. ; El artículo analiza la capacidad transformadora del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Lucha contra el Hambre (MDS) en la conformación del cambio estructural en los municipios brasileños. El estudio se basa en los conceptos de aprendizaje organizacional e institucional y en una combinación de categorías analíticas del enfoque nuevo institucionalismo y los medios administrativos de control gubernamental. Mediante el uso de rastreo de procesos, entrevistas en profundidad y un análisis documental de reglamentos, decretos y resoluciones fueran analizados incentivos directos e indirectos para la firma y acuerdo de los municipios. Identificamos dos importantes mecanismos causales, el aprendizaje organizacional e institucional y la cooperación inter-federativa que, combinados, generaron cambios significativos en la capacidad burocrática municipal. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de la capacidad transformadora de la Unión en el proceso de descentralización de las políticas públicas en Brasil. ; O artigo analisa a capacidade transformativa do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS) de moldar mudanças estruturais nos municípios brasileiros. O estudo baseia-se nos conceitos de aprendizagem organizacional e institucional e em uma combinação de categorias analíticas da abordagem neoinstitucional e dos meios tradicionais de controle governamental. Utiliza-se de process tracing, de entrevistas em profundidade e de análise documental das normativas, decretos e resoluções que criam incentivos diretos e indiretos para adesão e pactuação dos municípios. Identificamos dois mecanismos causais importantes, processos de aprendizagem organizacional e institucional e cooperação interfederativa que, em conjunto, geraram mudanças significativas na capacidade burocrática municipal. Os resultados mostram a importância da capacidade de transformação da União no processo de descentralização das políticas públicas no Brasil.

Many public policies seek to promote, maintain, modify or improve collective actions. The development of a country requires actions that are complex and wide in scope. This and following texts sort out: i) two general classes of problem-situations that lack collective action; and ii) kinds of mechanisms that are useful as possible solutions to such problem-situations; i.e., mechanisms for acting upon institutions (organizations; formal or legal norms; formal practices) or upon cultural elements (social customs; customary morality; customary values and beliefs) of a society. In these texts, a leitmotif is the strategic dimension, one of the dimensions of building or changing institutions and cultural elements. To this end, one takes advantage of basic games of strategy as simple models for assigning those problems into classes. This first text deals with the problem-situation of cooperation vs. defection, modeled as prisoner's dilemma games. It covers situations of disputes for exits during disasters; of party leaders that become candidates for losing elections; of groupthink in committees; of lack of interest in training employees; of bottlenecks in urban traffic; of creating new city or state governments; of bank runs to financial safety; of tragedies of commons, be they environmental or otherwise.

Based on the principles of universality and equality and the guideline of integrality, the Brazilian Public Healthcare System, called Unified Health System (SUS), was constituted as a regionalized and hierarchical services network. There is the recognizing of interdependence between municipalities and between levels of government to guarantee the provision of services. The Union and the states share with the municipalities the responsibility for guaranteeing the constitutional right of access to health goods and services in the country, increasing the requirement for actions cooperation and coordination between the three levels of government. To respond to these questions, intergovernmental relations have undergone progressive transformations since the creation of the system. Recently, in a context of reducing federal social spending, the demand for lesser Union regulation has increased, with changes in federal funds allocation. In the light of the institutional trajectory of the last three decades, as well as the literature on decentralization in health and federalism and social policies, the text has the aim of analyzing the change occurred in 2017 in the form of federal transfers in the SUS. Considering these contributions, the study stresses that the results of decentralization may be negative for efficiency in management and for equity in access to health services. It also emphasizes the relevance of coordination arrangements and mechanisms to improve the health policy outcome and effectiveness in system management. Analyzing the worsening of the financing of the SUS, with a probable reduction of the participation of the Union in the allocation of health resources due to the freezing of its minimum application by EC 95, the study points to the risk of transferring greater responsibilities to states and municipalities, already undermined by underfunding in the health area. Consequently, this changing can cause a reduction in the coordination capacity of the system, a loss of effectiveness, an increase in competition and fragmentation, and an increase in the inequality of access to health goods and services in the country.

This study analyzes the role of stakeholders in the value creation in public-private partnerships in Brazil, considering their motivations and the critical factors that determine the success of this type of collaboration. We analyzed partnerships between federal, state, and local governments through content analysis of documents and interviews with representatives of the public and private sectors involved in such partnerships. Stakeholders identification was conducted through the simultaneous use of models that allow demonstrating the multiple roles played by the actors, i.e. the role in public policies formulation and implementation (R. C. Gomes et al., 2010), their potential for threat or cooperation (Savage et al., 1991), and salience degree (Mitchell et al., 1997). In addition, the most recurrent critical success factors, value elements, and determining factors for cooperation in such partnerships were identified. Furthermore, an analytical model is proposed to identify such elements so that decision-makers can devise a strategy to deal with them. ; Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el papel de los stakeholders en la generación de valor en las alianzas público-privadas en Brasil, considerando sus motivaciones y los factores críticos que determinan el éxito de este tipo de colaboración. Con este fin, se analizaron las asociaciones entre los gobiernos federal, estatales y municipales, a través del análisis de contenido de documentos y entrevistas con representantes de los sectores público y privado involucrados en tales asociaciones. La identificación de los stakeholders se realizó mediante el uso simultáneo de modelos que permiten demostrar los múltiples roles que desempeñan los actores en la formulación e implementación de políticas públicas (R. C. Gomes et al., 2010), su potencial de amenaza o de cooperación (Savage et al., 1991) y su grado de notoriedad (Mitchell et al., 1997). Además, se identificaron los factores críticos de éxito más frecuentes, los elementos de valor y los factores determinantes para la cooperación en tales alianzas. Asimismo, se propone un modelo de análisis que permite la identificación de dichos elementos para que el tomador de decisiones pueda diseñar una estrategia para tratar con ellos. ; Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o papel dos stakeholders na geração de valor em parcerias público-privadas no Brasil, considerando suas motivações e os fatores críticos que determinam o sucesso desse tipo de colaboração. Para tanto, foram analisadas parcerias dos governos federal, estaduais e municipais por meio da análise de conteúdo de documentos e entrevistas com representantes dos setores público e privado envolvidos. A identificação dos stakeholders foi feita mediante a utilização simultânea de modelos que permitem demonstrar os múltiplos papéis desempenhados pelos atores na formulação e na implementação de políticas públicas (R. C. Gomes et al., 2010), seu potencial de ameaça ou de cooperação (Savage et al., 1991) e seu grau de saliência (Mitchell et al., 1997). Além disso, foram identificados os fatores críticos de sucesso, os elementos de valor e os fatores determinantes para a cooperação mais recorrentes nessas parcerias. Ademais, foi proposto um modelo de análise que permite a identificação de tais elementos, a fim de possibilitar que o tomador de decisão trace uma estratégia para lidar com eles.

Fundamental na criação de um espaço europeu de liberdade, segurança e justiça é o princípio do reconhecimento mútuo, de que a decisão-quadro 2002/584/JAI do Conselho, de 13 de junho de 2002, constitui a primeira grande concretização no domínio da cooperação judicial em matéria penal. A jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia tem contribuído de modo relevante para a compreensão da decisão-quadro, acentuando os seus objetivos e reforçando os seus princípios orientadores, que são o reconhecimento mútuo das decisões proferidas nos diferentes Estados-Membros da União Europeia e a confiança mútua que deve instalar-se entre estes, a bem da criação do referido espaço. O acórdão West, de 28 de junho de 2012, proc. C-192/12 PPU, proferido em processo de reenvio prejudicial urgente, ilustra pertinentemente o impacto daquela jurisprudência, sublinhando o papel deste procedimento, implementado em 1 de março de 2008. ; A key factor in the creation of a European area of freedom, security and justice is the principle of mutual recognition, which the Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of 13 June 2002, for the first time, comprehensively implemented in the field of judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The Court of Justice of the European Union has greatly contributed to the understanding of the Framework Decision, accentuating its goals and enhancing its guiding principles, which are the mutual recognition of judgments in the different Member States of the European Union and mutual trust that should settle among them, for the creation of the said area. The West judgment of 28 June 2012, C-192/12 PPU, on urgent preliminary ruling procedure, aptly illustrates the impact of this case law, highlighting the role of this procedure, implemented on 1 March 2008.

Faced with the need to promote the right to nutritional care, to fight against malnutrition and to advance in education and research in clinical nutrition, all the FELANPE's societies signed on May 3 during an extraordinary assembly in the city of Cartagena, the International Declaration on the Right to Nutritional Care and the fight against Malnutrition, "Declaration of Cartagena". The Declaration provides a coherent framework of thirteen principles which can serve as a guide for societies, schools and associations affiliated to FELANPE in the development of action plans. In addition, it will serve as an instrument to promote, through governments, the formulation of policies and legislation in the field of clinical nutrition. We believe that the general framework of principles proposed by the Declaration can contribute to raise awareness about the magnitude of this problem and to forge cooperation networks among Latin-American countries. Although this Declaration does not have a binding legal effect, it has undeniable moral force and can provide practical guidance to States. We will then be contributing to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals which aim to put an end to all forms of malnutrition by 2030. ; Frente a la necesidad de promover el derecho al cuidado nutricional, de luchar contra la malnutrición y de avanzar en temas de educación e investigación en nutrición clínica, las sociedades que constituyen la FELANPE firmaron la Declaración Internacional sobre el Derecho al Cuidado Nutricional y la lucha contra la Malnutrición, "Declaración de Cartagena", en la asamblea extraordinaria que tuvo lugar el 3 de mayo del presente año en la ciudad de Cartagena. La Declaración proporciona un marco coherente de trece principios los cuales podrán servir de guía a las sociedades, los colegios y las asociaciones afiliadas a la FELANPE en el desarrollo de los planes de acción. Además, servirá como un instrumento para que promuevan, a través de los gobiernos, la formulación de políticas y ...

Partindo de um quadro teórico neo-gramsciano crítico à globalização, este artigo aplica a nova teoria do regionalismo (NTR) e a teoria do regionalismo regulatório (TRR) à sua análise e teorização dos tratados de comércio da Aliança Bolivariana para os Povos da Nossa América (ALBA-TCP) como regionalismo contra-hegemônico na América Latina e Caribe (ALC). A ALBA está centrada na ideia de um Socialismo do Século XXI, que, como (inicialmente) também a Revolução Bolivariana da Venezuela, substitui a 'vantagem competitiva' pela 'vantagem cooperativa'. Em seu caráter de conjunto de processos multidimensionais e transnacionais a ALBA-TCP opera dentro de/transversalmente a um número de setores e escalas, ao mesmo passo que as transformações estruturais são movidas pela interação de agentes do Estado e agentes não estatais. A política de Educação Superior para Todos (ESPT) do governo venezuelano rejeita a agenda neoliberal globalizada de mercadorização, privatização e elitismo e reinvindica educação pública gratuita em todos os níveis como um direito humano fundamental. A ESPT está sendo regionalizado em um espaço educacional emergente da ALBA e assume um papel-chave nos processos de democracia direta e participatória, dos quais a construção popular (bottom-up) da contra-hegemonia e a redefinição política e econômica da ALC dependem. Antes de produzir sujeitos empreendedores conformes ao capitalismo global, a ESPT procura formar subjetividades ao longo de valores morais de solidariedade e cooperação. Isso será ilustrado com referência a um estudo etnográfico de caso da Universidade Bolivariana da Venezuela (UBV). ; This paper employs new regionalism theory and regulatory regionalism theory in its analysis and theorisation of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) as a counter-hegemonic Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) regionalism. As (initially) the regionalisation of Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution, ALBA is centred around the idea of a 21st Century Socialism that replaces the 'competitive advantage' with the 'cooperative advantage'. ALBA, as a set of multi-dimensional inter- and transnational processes, operates within and across a range of sectors and scales whilst the structural transformations are driven by the interplay of state and non-state actors. The Venezuelan government's Higher Education For All (HEFA) policy, which is being regionalised within an emergent ALBA education space, assumes a key role in the direct democratic and participatory democratic processes upon which a bottom-up construction of counter-hegemony depends. HEFA challenges the globalised neoliberal higher education agenda of commoditisation, privatisation and elitism. Rather than producing enterprising subjects fashioned for global capitalism, HEFA seeks to form subjectivities along the moral values of solidarity and cooperation.