The article contains a peer analysis of European primary legislation concerning enhanced cooperation within the European Union between the member states in accordance with their will on agreed issues. The research includes the forms of enhanced cooperation, the procedure of enhanced cooperation, the spheres of its application, the instruments of enhanced cooperation and the legal effects of enhanced cooperation both for participating and third countries.
Svrha je rada upozoriti na osobitu važnost suradnje država u borbi protiv krijumčarenja migranata morem, napose u prostoru izvan područja suverenosti obalnih država. U radu se stoga objašnjava međunarodnopravni okvir za aktivnosti država u borbi protiv krijumčarenja migranata morem. Pritom je naglasak stavljen na jurisdikciju država za provođenje prisilnih mjera protiv brodova kojima se krijumčare migranti. Izlaganje polazi od općih pravila koja uređuju jurisdikciju država na otvorenom moru, a danas su kodificirana u Konvenciji Ujedinjenih naroda o pravu mora iz 1982. Potom je fokus usmjeren na posebna pravila u vezi s krijumčarenjem migranata na moru sadržanima u Protokolu protiv krijumčarenja migranata kopnom, morem i zrakom, prihvaćenu uz Konvenciju UN-a protiv transnacionalnog organiziranog kriminaliteta iz 2000., gdje je u čl. 7. Protokola podcrtana upravo dužnost suradnje država stranaka "na sprječavanju i suzbijanju krijumčarenja migranata morem, u skladu s međunarodnim pravom mora". Protokol protiv krijumčarenja migranata u svome članku 17., štoviše, potiče države ugovornice na "sklapanje dvostranih ili regionalnih sporazuma ili operativnih dogovora ili suglasnosti" radi njegove bolje implementacije. U tom su smislu prikazani i evaluirani oblici bilateralne i multilateralne regionalne suradnje država s naglaskom na Mediteran, uzimajući napose u obzir suradnju država članica Europske unije preko Agencije za europsku graničnu i obalnu stražu (Frontex). K tomu, dan je osvrt na Rezoluciju Vijeća sigurnosti UN-a br. 2240 (2015) koja državama članicama UN-a daje izvanredne jurisdikcijske ovlasti na otvorenom moru pred obalama Libije, a služi kao pravni temelj za djelovanje mornaričke operacije EU-a EUNAVFOR Med "Sophia" u okviru Zajedničke sigurnosne i obrambene politike. ; The aim of the paper is to highlight the particular importance of interstate cooperation in combating migrant smuggling by sea, notably in waters beyond the sovereignty of coastal states. In explaining the international legal framework for the activities of states in combating migrant smuggling by sea, emphasis is put on the jurisdiction of states to take enforcement measures against vessels that are engaged in migrant smuggling. First, the general rules concerning the jurisdiction of states on the high seas are discussed, which are codified today in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982. Thereafter, the focus is on the special rules regarding migrant smuggling by sea, as comprised in the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air of 2000, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Article 7 of the Protocol indeed emphasizes the duty of states parties to "cooperate to the fullest extent possible to prevent and suppress the smuggling of migrants by sea, in accordance with the international law of the sea." Article 17 of the Migrant Smuggling Protocol furthermore encourages states parties to "consider the conclusion of bilateral or regional agreements or operational arrangements or understandings" with a view to enhancing the Protocol's implementation. In that respect the paper examines and evaluates forms of bilateral and regional cooperation between states with an emphasis on the Mediterranean, and especially considers the cooperation between the member states of the European Union via the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex). In addition, the UN Security Council Resolution 2240 (2015) is analyzed, since it grants the UN member states exceptional jurisdictional powers on the high seas off the Libyan coast and serves as the legal basis for the activities of EUNAVOR Med Sophia, an EU naval operation in the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy.
The key issue examined in the article is to elucidate the impact of the cooperation between local and state authorities in terms of the efficient functioning of public power in the state. There are presented arguments in favour of the cooperation of the two forms of the public power, as well as the necessary conditions for this. There were highlighted the principles of the effective cooperation between the local and state authorities. It was insisted that any administrative control of the local authorities' activity should only take into account the respect of legality and constitutional principles. In conclusion, it is mentioned that the state power cooperating with the local one contributes to ensuring the integrity and unity of the state, thus facilitating the integration of the interests of the society and state.
Funkcionalna suradnja NATO-a i Ruske Federacije u suvremenim međunarodnim odnosima je nužna, ali zbog još uvijek obostranog nepovjerenja i natjecateljski postavljenih ciljeva teško se ostvaruje. Autorica polazi od prikaza i analize postojećih odnosa suradnje ta dva aktera oko globalnih pitanja (borba protiv terorizma, krijumčarenje droga i narkotika, elementarne nepogode, obuka afganistanskih sigurnosnih snaga) najvećim dijelom operacionaliziranih u Afganistanu. Potom prikazuje prostor Arktika kao prostor na kojem se NATO i Ruska Federacija tek interesno pozicioniraju. Globalni izazovi sigurnosti (klimatske promjene, sigurnost transportnih ruta, eksploatacija energenata) ponovno mogu približiti stavove ta dva aktera, ali iz dosad poduzetih akcija autorica zaključuje da će i taj prostor biti poprište konfrontacija. Na kraju analizira dva osnovna problema (raketni štit u Europi i daljnje širenje NATO-a) koji su od završetka Hladnog rata pa do danas glavni problemi u odnosima NATO-a i Ruske Federacije. Bez obzira na trenutnu ukrajinsku krizu očito je da će se i budući odnosi NATO-Ruska Federacija paralelno odvijati na dva kolosijeka: funkcionalnoj suradnji i odnosima hladnog mira. ; Functional cooperation between NATO and the Russian Federation is a necessity within the contemporary international relations. However, due to a lack of mutual trust which is still being felt and competitively set objectives of both players, such cooperation is sometimes difficult to achieve. Author starts by presenting and analyzing the existing examples of cooperation between the two states on global issues (fight against terrorism, drug trafficking, natural disasters, training of security forces in Afghanistan) – most of which is taking place in Afghanistan. She continues by elaborating on the situation in the Arctic territories where both NATO and the Russian Federation are just starting to position their interests. Again, it is the global challenges to security that might bring the positions of the two players closer in this area (such as climate changes, safety of transport routes, energy exploitation), but based on their activities so far the author concludes that this area might also become an area of confrontation. Finally, the author analyses two major issues (missile defense in Europe and further NATO enlargement) that have been principal problems in NATO-Russia relations ever since the end of the Cold War. Regardless of the current crisis in Ukraine it is apparent that future relations between NATO and the Russian Federation will continue on two parallel tracks: functional cooperation on one, and "cold peace" on the other.
Analizira se suradnja javne uprave i organizacija civilnog društva u procesu odlučivanja. Snaženje koncepta regulacijske države mijenja ulogu javne vlasti u procesu odlučivanja. To se posebno očituje kroz širenje broja akera koji sudjeluju u izradi politika i odluka. Europska unija razvija mogućnosti i načine putem kojih razne organizacije civilnog društva imaju priliku dati svoje mišljenje o donošenju određene odluke. Republika Hrvatska pokušava slijediti taj trend definiranjem odredbi o postupcima savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću i uspostavljanjem mehanizama suradnje s organizacijama civilnog društva i drugim akterima na izradi zakona, drugih propisa i akata. Također se analiziraju formalne mogućnosti i stvarna participacija civilnog društva u postupcima savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću te odnos s javnom vlasti u izradi odluka. Analiziraju se instrumenti savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću u EU-u i Hrvatskoj. Upozorava se na određene probleme u regulaciji i provedbi instrumenta te se predlažu rješenja za poboljšanje. ; The strengthening of the regulatory state concept in recent decades has changed the role of public authorities in the decision-making process, rendering them just one of the many different participants involved in policy-making and the decision-making process. As regulation became their primary function, public authorities began to emphasise the quality of the decision-making process and the decisions it engenders in order to encourage the establishment of a suitable environment for economic development. Therefore, supranational organisations and many countries are implementing regulatory reforms in an attempt to create better regulation, and in the context of these reforms they are using instruments of civil society participation in decision-making. As a result of various circumstances, creating relations with civil society based on cooperation and partnership is often a relatively slow and gradual process, yet progress is notable. The European Union is constantly evolving opportunities and ways in which various civil society organisations can convey their opinions about the adoption of certain decisions at the EU level. Croatia has also, particularly over the last seven years, tried to follow this trend by defining the legal provisions and procedures of public consultations, and by establishing mechanisms for cooperation with civil society organisations and many other stakeholders in the drafting of laws and other regulations. The paper analyses the role of civil society and the opportunities for public consultations in the European Union and Croatia. The analysis results indicate progress as well as problems. The author suggests improvements with regard to the cooperation between civil society and public administration in public consultations.
Ova analiza društvenog konteksta manjinske politike u Republici Srbiji u razdoblju od 2000. do 2016. godine posebnu je pozornost posvetila osnovnim odrednicama i dostignućima manjinske politike u procesu tranzicije i pretpostavkama, kao i mehanizmima izgradnje integrativne manjinske politike. Vladajuća etno-nacionalistička mobilizacija otežava prevladavanje nedavne prošlosti i teških posljedica međuetničkog sukobljavanja, uključujući i oružane sukobe, zločine etničkog čišćenja i genocida. To otežava međuetničku i međudržavnu suradnju sa susjedima, državama na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije odnosno Zapadnog Balkana. Posljedice ovakve politike najvidljivije su u položaju "novih nacionalnih manjina" i u odnosima sa susjednim državama koje su "matične države" ovih nacionalnih manjina. Odgovor na ove izazove Srbija bi trebala pronaći u okolnostima pojačanog značaja regionalne suradnje i pristupanja Europskoj Uniji (EU). Pritom ovaj odgovor najviše ovisi o tome hoće li se reformama dostići cilj održivog razvoja kao temelja socijalne inkluzije, a i pretpostavka je nužnih reformi i "europske budućnosti" (Janjić, 2011: 1 - 3). ; This analysis of the social context of minority policy in the Republic of Serbia betveen 2000 and 2016 deals with major determinants and achievements of minority policy in the transition process, including preconditions and mechanisms aimed at achieving the integrative minority policy in Serbia. The basic experience with minority policy and overall post-socialist transition in Serbia is marked by contradictions in the triangle of solidarity, social inclusion and ethnic nationalism. The dominant ethno-nationalist mobilization hinders the ability of Serbia to overcome the legacy of recent past and serious consequences of inter-ethnic conflicts, including armed conflicts, ethnic cleansing and genocide. This hinders inter-ethnic and inter-state cooperation with its neighbors, countries of the former Yugoslavia and Western Balkans. The consequences of such policy are most clearly visible in the status of "new" national minorities and in relations with Serbia's neighbors - "kin-states" of its national minorities. Likewise, it is difficult to implement supporting policies for the Serbs in the region who perceive Serbia as their "kin-state". Serbia should seek to respond to these challenges in attaching more importance to regional cooperation and joining the European Union (EU).
U ovom prilogu u prijepisu je doneseno nekoliko dokumenata koji se odnose na osnivanje i djelovanje Odsjeka X, koji je krajem 1942. osnovan u sastavu Glavnog ravnateljstva za javni red i sigurnost Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova Nezavisne Države Hrvatske (NDH). Navedeni odsjek trebao je proučavati četnički pokret na području NDH, odnosno trebao je nastaviti voditi već prije započetu suradnju vlasti NDH s pojedinim četničkim odredima. Također se Odsjek X trebao baviti i partizanskim pokretom. Dokumenti u ovom prilogu donose podatke o osnivanju Odsjeka X, načinu njegova rada, ali prikazuju i kako su u tom odsjeku objasnili uzroke nastanka četničkog i partizanskog pokreta na području NDH. ; The paper contains transcripts of several documents pertaining to the establishment and activities of the Department X. The Department was established in late 1942 within the Main Directorate for Public Order and Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH). The task of the Department X was to gather intelligence information about Chetnik units and to establish contacts and cooperation with them. But the Department X also had a task to gather information about the Partisan movement. After the proclamation of the NDH, headed by the Ustasha regime, it initiated a campaign of state terror against the Serb population. The NDH labelled this population "Greek-Eastern" and later "Orthodox". This terror led to the uprising of Serbs that gradually developed into two mutually opposed movements – Chetniks, loyal to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Partisans led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. The struggle between royalists and communists led Chetniks into cooperation with the Axis powers. During mid-1942 some Chetnik detachments operating in Bosnia made ceasefire agreements with the NDH authorities. The NDH did not give up from crushing the uprising by force, but along with negotiations with Chetniks it also initiated some other measures whose aim was to lessen the animosity and distrust of the Orthodox population toward the regime. Despite all this, the NDH regime was weak and it ultimately could not restore order neither with military force, nor with measures of peaceful pacification. The Department X duty was to take complete control and leadership over the already established contacts with Chetniks, as well as to investigate the possibility of further cooperation with them. Concerning the transcribed documents of the Department X in the paper they show how it commenced with its activities but they also contain analysis of the Department X about the causes that led to the appearance of the Chetnik (and the Partisan) movement on the NDH territory. The analysis is interesting because the Department X (in)directly concluded that the NDH regime itself, with its policy of terror against Serbs in 1941, bears the main responsibility for the uprising. Therefore, at least some elements in the higher NDH administration were aware that the regime's policy of state terror against the Serb population was ultimately counterproductive because it led to a large scale uprising of the Serb population. But, as mentioned, when the Department X reached such conclusion it was too late to rectify the consequences of the NDH policy during 1941. It should also be noted that analyses of the Department X were top secret documents intended only for the highest NDH officials.
Po pristupanju EU-u, 13 novih država članica preuzelo je i tradicionalne međunarodne odnose 15 starih država članica, među koje svakako spada i politički složena, financijski izdašna i pravno obvezujuća suradnja s bivšim kolonijama u dalekim zemljama s kojima je kontakt, znanje i prisutnost za nove članice i dalje ograničen. U jeku rasprave o budućnosti odnosa između EU-a i zemalja Afrike, Kariba i Pacifika nakon isteka Sporazuma iz Cotonoua 2020. godine, kojim su ovi odnosi politički, gospodarski i razvojno uokvireni, ovim radom obuhvaćeni su postojeći modeli i nove mogućnosti suradnje, naročito u razvojnoj domeni, promatrajući pritom nekoliko prevladavajućih čimbenika – vanjski u pogledu nove globalne arhitekture, izazova i dionika; unutarnji u pogledu nove, proširene Europske unije; i inherentni u pogledu novog razvojnog alata EU-a, koji je obogaćen iskustvima demokratske tranzicije novih članica. Rad je posebno usredotočen na položaj i mogućnosti Hrvatske kao najnovije države članice sa svojim izazovima, prilikama i preporučenom ulogom u ovome procesu. Koristeći metodu indukcije rad je započet deskriptivnom analizom sastavnica Sporazuma iz Cotonoua kao trenutnog okvira za odnose između EU-a i AKP-a da bi bio nastavljen sintezom ključnih elemenata novog globalnog razvojnogkonteksta. Poseban naglasak pritom je stavljen na element proširenog EU-a. U konačnici, ishod opažanja iskorišten je za donošenje zaključaka i konkretnih preporuka u pogledu nastavka suradnje dva bloka država. ; Having acceded to the European Union, the new Member States, or the EU13, as they are commonly called, have also acquired the traditional relationships of the older Member States, the EU15. Among them, the politically complex, financially massive and legally binding cooperation with former colonies in a very often far away land where contact, knowledge and presence is limited. With a view to the emerging post-Cotonou discussions within the EU, this paper examines how the relationship, in particular the development cooperation, between the EU and the ACP group of states can be advanced, having regard to several factors such as, externally, the new global architecture, challenges and stakeholders, internally, the new enlarged EU constellation, and inherently, the new upgraded development toolbox, enriched with the relatively fresh experience of democratic transition of the new Member States. Furthermore, Croatia, as the newest EU's enhancement, is taken into a more focused elaboration, with its obvious challenges, revealing opportunities and recommended role. Using the induction method, the paper begins with the descriptive analysis of the components of the Cotonou Agreement as a present framework for EUACP relations. It continues with a synthesis of the key elements of the new global development context, with a special emphasis put on the element of the enlarged EU. Subsequently, the results of the observation are used to establish conclusions and concrete recommendations for future cooperation between the two blocks of states.
U članku su prezentirani rezultati analize financiranja državnih arhiva proračunskim sredstvima namijenjenim financiranju javnih potreba u kulturi Republike Hrvatske u posljednjem desetogodišnjem razdoblju. Dane su nove spoznaje o financiranju arhivâ, što se uobičajeno navodi među ključnim čimbenicima (uz prostorne i ljudske resurse) koji utječu na stanje arhivske službe u Hrvatskoj. Rezultati analize sistematizirani su u obliku grafikona i tabličnih prikaza. Interpretirani su u širem kontekstu kretanja relativnoga udjela Ministarstva kulture u državnom proračunu Republike Hrvatske te ulaganja u programe drugih kulturnih djelatnosti. Između ostaloga, rezultati pokazuju vrstu, opseg i kontinuitet aktivnosti na koje su arhivi u sustavu javne arhivske službe stavljali naglasak, te njihovu podudarnost s osnovnim zadaćama arhivâ. Zajedno s pregledom kretanja iznosa odobrenih sredstava, takvi su podatci i jedan od pokazatelja odnosa države prema arhivskoj djelatnosti. Mogućnost praktične primjene rezultata istraživanja je u tome što daju podlogu za preispitivanje pristupa državnih arhiva u planiranju arhivskih programa, kao i metodologije financiranja od strane mjerodavnoga ministarstva. ; The article presents the results of state archives financing within programmes of public needs in the cultural portfolio of the Republic of Croatia during the last ten-year period. It is a contribution to the issue of state archives financing in general, which is usually listed among key factors (with spatial and human resources) that determine and condition the position of contemporary archival service in Croatia. The results are systemised in the form of graphs and tables. They are interpreted in the wider context of trends in the change of the Ministry of Culture's proportion in the total state budget and investments in programmes of other cultural services. Inter alia, the results demonstrate which activities, to what extent and in which continuity (short-term, long-term) were in focus of state archives in Croatia, as well as how they corresponded with their core tasks. Together with an analysis of the total amount of appropriations, such data are also one of the indicators of state's attitude towards archival service. The analysis shows that in the period 2010-2018, within public calls for financing programmes of public needs in culture, the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia approved to state archives 1209 programmes in six categories: archives, international cultural cooperation, computerisation, digitisation, investment aid and preservation of immovable cultural goods. The total amount of appropriations for archival programmes was around 87,8 million HRK, which is 5,87% of total amount of appropriations provided for all programmes within those six categories. In the comparison with the average annual appropriations from the Ministry of Culture's budget in all cultural services and their programmes, the average annual appropriations in the programmes of state archives were 3,43%. They depended on the Ministry of Culture's proportion in the total annual state budget in that period. Analysis also demonstrates that three largest users of appropriations were the Croatian State Archives (32,05%), the State Archives in Dubrovnik (18,36%) and the State Archives in Zagreb (6,16%). All other state archives achieved individual shares less than 5 %. Such data illustrates disparities between state archives in the number, but also in the variety of applied programmes. Such disparities are the result of specific possibilities of each state archives (such as spatial and human resources), but also the consequence of the absence of long-term planning and development strategies for the archival service in Croatia in general. Such situation should be improved by the National Archival Service Development Plan, adoption of which by the Government of the Republic of Croatia is intended in the new Law on Archives and Archival Institutions (Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia 61/2018). Besides appropriations from the national budget within described programmes of public needs in culture, state archives in Croatia are in front of the challenge to improve financing from other sources. The potential for such improvement is a more active approach to the use of the EU funds, i.e. better positioning of the archival and other cultural services in the EU multiannual financial framework (MFF) for the 2021-2027 period. Also, the results and services developed within archival programmes should be usable as new resources, i.e. potential sources of new income.
The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiatives ("One Belt, One Road") are of significance in enhancing China's open economy. This article explores the dual security challenges faced by the "One Belt, One Road" initiative. These challenges include both traditional security challenges, such as great power competition, territorial and island disputes, and political turmoil in the region, as well as non-traditional threats such as terrorism, piracy, and transnational organized crime. This article analyzes the present situation of security cooperation in the region covered by "One Belt, One Road" and also suggests that China needs to pay special attention to three issues, namely the supply of public security goods, the interests of the United States and Russia, and the pivot of Pakistan, besides developing its own strength. ; The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiatives ("One Belt, One Road") are of significance in enhancing China's open economy. This article explores the dual security challenges faced by the "One Belt, One Road" initiative. These challenges include both traditional security challenges, such as great power competition, territorial and island disputes, and political turmoil in the region, as well as non-traditional threats such as terrorism, piracy, and transnational organized crime. This article analyzes the present situation of security cooperation in the region covered by "One Belt, One Road" and also suggests that China needs to pay special attention to three issues, namely the supply of public security goods, the interests of the United States and Russia, and the pivot of Pakistan, besides developing its own strength.
Kako bi bio efikasniji, sigurnosni sustav mora se bazirati na suradnji partnera na lokalnoj, regionalnoj, međunarodnoj i globalnoj razini. Koordinativni pristup multidisciplinarnom sigurnosnom sustavu podrazumijeva zajedničku namjeru, misiju, viziju i ciljeve svih institucija i tijela kojima je dodijeljena uloga u pružanju i očuvanju sigurnosti države i njenog stanovništva. Međuresorna suradnja sigurnosnog sektora predstavlja odnos između dijela ili dijelova različitih sektora društva koji su formirani u svrhu provedbi mjera i aktivnosti vezanih za pitanja sigurnosti. U poslovima sigurnosti veoma je važna međusobna suradnja svih sektora društva. Svrha ovakvog sveobuhvatnog pristupa upravo je osiguranje stabilnosti i sigurnosti. Svaki oblik suradnje podrazumijeva postizanje više razine operativnosti nego što bi se to moglo postići samostalnim djelovanjem. U ovom radu autori će se baviti pitanjima međuresorne suradnje policije, vojske i sigurnosno-obavještajnih agencija. Suvremene asimetrične ugroze ne poznaju nacionalne granice i ne sputavaju ih limitacije u nadležnostima pojedinih resora, poput vojske i policije te je u cilju efikasnog kriznog planiranja, na nacionalnoj razini, potrebno intenzivirati multidisciplinarnu koordinaciju sudionika sigurnosnog sektora. Sukladno navedenom, sigurnosni sustav mora biti u stanju operativnosti kako bi izvršio sve operacije pod jedinstvenom strukturom nadležnosti i kontrole institucija. --- To be effective, security system must be based on co-operation of partners at local, regional, international and global level. Co-ordinated approach to a multidisciplinary security system implies a common purpose, mission, vision and goals of all the institutions and bodies that have been assigned the roles in providing and preserving the security of the state and its population. Intersectoral cooperation of the security sector represents a relationship between part or parts of different sectors of society that are formed for the purpose of implementing the measures and activities related to safety issues. When it comes to the field of security activities the co-operation of all sectors of society is of great importance. The purpose of such comprehensive approach is precisely to ensure stability and security. Any form of cooperation includes the achievement of higher levels of operability than it could be achieved through independent operations. The authors will address issues of intersectoral cooperation of police, military and security intelligence agencies. Modern asymmetrical threats know no national boundaries and are not bound by limitations in the jurisdiction of certain departments, such as the army and police and in the purpose of efficient crisis planning, at the national level, it is necessary to intensify the coordination of multi-disciplinary participants of the security sector. Accordingly, the security system must be in state of operability in order to perform all operations under a single structure of institutional jurisdiction and control.
Globalizacija kao proces povezivanja svijeta na gospodarskoj, političkoj, kulturalnoj i ekološkoj razini započeo je s idejom ostvarenja mira, sigurnosti i stabilnosti u svijetu te gospodarskog boljitka svih. Razvojem i jačanjem multinacionalnih kompanija osnovna ideja pokretanja procesa globalizacije je zamijenjena drugim najvažnijim ciljem, ostvarivanjem profita. Pod utjecajem globalnih procesa i integracija osnovane su brojne međunarodne i regionalne organizacije. Europska unija kao jedna od najznačajnijih regionalnih organizacija predstavlja ujedinjenje europskih zemalja na temeljima gospodarske suradnje. Njezina opstojnost, gospodarski razvoj i stabilnost ovisi o međusobnoj suradnji i međuovisnosti njezinih zemalja članica te suradnji njezinih institucija s ostalim regionalnim, međunarodnim i gospodarskim organizacijama. ; Globalization as a process of connecting the world on an economic, political, cultural and environmental level began with the idea of achieving peace, security and stability in the world and the economic well-being of all. With the development and strengthening of multinational companies, the basic idea of starting the process of globalization has been replaced by the second most important goal, making a profit. Under the influence of global processes and integration, numerous international and regional organizations have been established. The European Union, as one of the most important regional organizations, represents the unification of European countries on the basis of economic cooperation. Its survival, economic development and stability of interdependence on mutual cooperation and interdependence of its member states and cooperation of its institutions with other regional, international and economic organizations.
Globalizacija kao proces povezivanja svijeta na gospodarskoj, političkoj, kulturalnoj i ekološkoj razini započeo je s idejom ostvarenja mira, sigurnosti i stabilnosti u svijetu te gospodarskog boljitka svih. Razvojem i jačanjem multinacionalnih kompanija osnovna ideja pokretanja procesa globalizacije je zamijenjena drugim najvažnijim ciljem, ostvarivanjem profita. Pod utjecajem globalnih procesa i integracija osnovane su brojne međunarodne i regionalne organizacije. Europska unija kao jedna od najznačajnijih regionalnih organizacija predstavlja ujedinjenje europskih zemalja na temeljima gospodarske suradnje. Njezina opstojnost, gospodarski razvoj i stabilnost ovisi o međusobnoj suradnji i međuovisnosti njezinih zemalja članica te suradnji njezinih institucija s ostalim regionalnim, međunarodnim i gospodarskim organizacijama. ; Globalization as a process of connecting the world on an economic, political, cultural and environmental level began with the idea of achieving peace, security and stability in the world and the economic well-being of all. With the development and strengthening of multinational companies, the basic idea of starting the process of globalization has been replaced by the second most important goal, making a profit. Under the influence of global processes and integration, numerous international and regional organizations have been established. The European Union, as one of the most important regional organizations, represents the unification of European countries on the basis of economic cooperation. Its survival, economic development and stability of interdependence on mutual cooperation and interdependence of its member states and cooperation of its institutions with other regional, international and economic organizations.
Sažetak Financijski interesi Europske unije danas nisu dovoljno zaštićeni, a na prekogranične prijevare povezane s PDV-om otpada velik dio gubitaka u nacionalnim proračunima. Postojećim tijelima Europske unije, Europskom uredu za borbu protiv prijevara (OLAF), Agenciji Europske unije za suradnju u području kaznenog pravosuđa (Eurojust) i Europskom policijskom uredu (Europol) nedostaju potrebna ovlaštenja za provođenje kaznenih istraga i progon počinitelja kaznenih dijela počinjenih na štetu financijskih interesa Europske unije. Stoga su države članice Europske unije zaključile da im je u borbi protiv počinitelja kaznenih djela počinjenih na štetu financijskih interesa Europske unije nužna pojačana suradnja osnivanjem neovisnog i visoko specijaliziranog ureda tužiteljstva, čiji će tužitelji provoditi istrage na usklađen način u svim državama članicama sudionica, te će brzo razmjenjivati informacije i udružiti napore kako bi osigurali koordinirane istrage, te brzo zamrzavanje ili oduzimanje imovine u cilju što učinkovitije zaštite financijskih interesa Europske unije. Integracija Ureda europskog javnog tužitelja (u daljnjem tekstu: EPPO ) u nacionalne pravne sustave država članica sudionica zahtijevat će promjene određenih zakonskih propisa, pa tako i u Republici Hrvatskoj. Stoga će i kaznenopravni sustav Republike Hrvatske morati doživjeti određene prilagodbe i izmjene. Prilagodbe će biti nužne u načinu rada i postupanju državnih odvjetnika ali i drugih sudionika u kaznenom postupku, osobito u prethodnom postupku, u kojem će EPPO putem europskih delegiranih tužitelja obavljati sve radnje i preuzeti prava i obveze državnih odvjetnika. The Role and Position of the European Public Prosecutor in Croatian Preliminary Proceedings The present financial interests of the European Union are not sufficiently protected, and VAT-related cross-border frauds account for extensive losses in national budgets. Existing EU bodies, the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), the European Union's Judicial Cooperation Unit (Eurojust) and the European Union's law enforcement agency (Europol) lack the necessary powers to conduct criminal investigations and prosecute perpetrators of criminal offences committed to the detriment of financial interests of the European Union. To combat the perpetrators of criminal offences committed to the detriment of the European Union's financial interests, the EU Member States recognized the need for enhanced cooperation. Thus, by setting up an independent and highly specialized prosecutor's office, whose prosecutors will conduct investigations in a coordinated manner in all participating Member States, information will be exchanged swiftly, and forces joined to ensure coordinated investigations, rapid seizure and confiscation of assets in order to protect the European Union's financial interests as effectively as possible. The integration of the European Public Prosecutor's Office (hereinafter: EPPO) into the national legal systems of the participating Member States will require changes in their legislation, the Republic of Croatia included. Therefore, the criminal justice system of the Republic of Croatia will have to undergo certain adjustments and changes. How prosecutors and other criminal proceedings participants work and act will need to be adjusted especially in the preliminary proceedings in which EPPO will perform all actions and assume the rights and obligations of the prosecutors through the European Delegated Prosecutors. Keywords: European Public Prosecutor's Office, European prosecutors, European Delegated Prosecutors, the financial interest of the EU, Council Regulation implementing enhanced cooperation on the establishment of the EPPO, PIF Directive. ; Financial interests of the European Union are not sufficiently protected nowadays, and VAT-related cross-border frauds account for much of the losses in national budgets. Existing EU bodies, the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), the European Union's judicial cooperation unit (Eurojust) and the European Union's law enforcement agency (Europol) lack the necessary powers to conduct criminal investigations and prosecute perpetrators of criminal offences committed to the detriment of financial interests of the European Union. Therefore, EU Member States concluded that in order to combat perpetrators of criminal offences committed to the detriment of the European Union's financial interests, enhanced cooperation is needed by setting up an independent and highly specialized prosecutor's office, whose prosecutors will conduct investigations in a coordinated manner in all participating Member States, and swiftly exchange information and join forces to ensure coordinated investigations, rapid seizure and confiscation of assets in order to protect the European Union's financial interests as effectively as possible. The integration of the European Public Prosecutor's Office (hereinafter: EPPO) into the national legal systems of the participating Member States will require changes in certain legislation, including in the Republic of Croatia. Therefore, the criminal justice system of the Republic of Croatia will have to undergo certain adjustments and changes. The manner in which prosecutors and other criminal proceedings participants work and act will need to be adjusted especially in the preliminary proceedings in which EPPO will perform all actions and assume the rights and obligations of the prosecutors through the European Delegated Prosecutors.
In Romania, as wel as in all Member States, the judicial cooperation in criminal matters regarding the execution of the european arrest warrant and the surrender of the sought persons in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic was affected and was assesed on a case-by-case basis. Generally, the non compliance with the surrender deadlines or the postponing of the surrender based on serious humanitarian reasons lead to the release of the sought persons without taking alternative measures in order to prevent absconding, giving the fact that there are no national legal basis to take such measures in this type of situations.
