The main purpose of this article is to draw a balance Bush's legacy in Africa using sources which document the perspective of both Americans & Africans. The article comprehends three main sections. The first one argues that in order to be correctly understood George W. Bush administration policies in Africa must be compared to the legacy of his predecessors -- namely Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush & Bill Clinton. The second one highlights how American strategy has now concentrated on four pillars: military cooperation, the fight against diseases such as HIV-AIDS & malaria, the protection of democracy & good governance. In the last part we try to anticipate the priorities that might figure in an African agenda of John McCain or Barack Obama. References. Adapted from the source document.
Nel Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo (MIBACT), l'Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione (ICCD) è il referente istituzionale per la programmazione, l'elaborazione metodologica e la pianificazione delle attività connesse alla catalogazione del patrimonio culturale italiano. A tal fine coordina la ricerca per la definizione degli standard di catalogazione per le diverse tipologie di beni culturali inerenti gli ambiti di tutela del MiBACT e gestisce il Catalogo generale del patrimonio archeologico, architettonico, storico artistico ed etnoantropologico nazionale. Dall'epoca della sua fondazione (1975) ad oggi, l'ICCD ha costantemente indirizzato le proprie politiche operative verso il "colloquio" con gli altri soggetti impegnati nel settore dei beni culturali, al fine di individuare regole e modalità di lavoro per condividere le conoscenze sul patrimonio, come ad esempio gli standard catalografici e i protocolli di interscambio dati. Con la realizzazione del nuovo Sistema Informativo Generale del Catalogo su base web (SIGECweb), l'Istituto si è dotato di nuove funzioni e tecnologie per gestire l'intero processo di produzione dei dati catalografici, dall'assegnazione dei codici univoci di catalogo alla pubblicazione delle schede per la libera fruizione, in maniera da garantire l'omogeneità e la condivisione delle informazioni prodotte. Sono inoltre state definite procedure per l'interoperabilità con sistemi esterni e l'ICCD ha partecipato allo sviluppo della piattaforma cooperativa Vincoli in Rete (VIR), che realizza l'interoperabilità tra le tre principali banche dati del MIBACT e rappresenta il punto fondamentale di accesso all'anagrafica condivisa dei beni afferenti al patrimonio culturale immobile. ; No Ministério dos Bens e Atividades Culturais e do Turismo (MiBACT), o Instituto Central de Catalogação e Documentação (ICCD) é a referência institucional para a programação, o desenvolvimento metodológico e o planejamento das atividades relativas à catalogação do patrimônio cultural italiano. Com essa finalidade, coordena a pesquisa relativa à definição dos padrões de catalogação para os diferentes tipos de bens culturais referentesaos âmbitos de proteção do MiBACT e coordena o Catálogo Geral do Patrimônio Arqueológico, Arquitetônico, Histórico, Artístico, Étnico e Antropológico Nacional. Desde a sua fundação (1975) até hoje, o ICCD tem constantemente direcionado suas políticas operacionais para o diálogo com outros sujeitos envolvidos no setor dos bens culturais, a fim de identificar as regras e modalidades de trabalho para compartilhar os conhecimentos em relação ao patrimônio, tais como os padrões de catalogação e os protocolos de intercâmbio de dados. Com a criação do novo Sistema de Informação Geral de Catalogação baseado na tecnologia web (SIGECweb), o Instituto tem novos recursos e tecnologias para gerenciar todo o processo de produção de dados de catalogação, desde a atribuição de códigos unívocos até a publicação das fichas para a utilização gratuita, com o objetivo de garantir a homogeneidade e a partilha das informações produzidas. Também foram definidos os procedimentos para a interoperabilidade com sistemas externos e o ICCD participou do desenvolvimento da plataforma de cooperação Vincoli in Rete (VIR), que efetua a interoperabilidade entre os três principais bancos de dados do MIBACT e representa o principal ponto de acesso ao registro de dados compartilhados dos bens relativos ao patrimônio cultural imóvel. ; MIBACT's (Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism) ICCD (Central Institute for Cataloguing and Documentation) is the in stitutional reference in terms of defining, developing methodologies and planning activities related to cataloguing Italy's cultural heritage. To that end, it coordinates research relating to the definition of cataloguing standards for the different kinds of cultural assets under the MiBACT's protection. It also coordinates the general national catalog of archeological, architectural, historic, artistic, ethnic and anthropologic heritage. Since its inception (1975) to this day, ICCD has consistently focused its operational policies on the "dialog" with other actors involved in the cultural assets segment to identify rules and work categories to share knowledge related to heritage, such as cataloguing standards and data exchange protocols. The creation of the new SIGECweb (Web-based General Cataloguing Information System) gave the Institute new resources and technologies to manage the entire process of producing cataloguing data, from assigning unambiguous codes to file cards publishing for free use, in order to assure consistency and the sharing of generated information. The procedures for the interoperability with external systems were defined, and ICCD was part of the development of the Vincoli in Rete (VIR) collaboration platform. This platform enables the interoperability between the three major MIBACT's databases, it is also the main access to the shared data registry of assets related to immovable cultural heritage.
The new paradigm in which the People's Republic of China is perceived (from weak & politically fragile to strong) & its growing soft power, in part due to the high rates of economic development, led to the general acceptance of its influence in the South. Perceived as a more convenient partner than the Western countries, China legitimates its presence in Africa & Latin America presenting its own development model, in which economic progress is not linked with political democratization. Using the slogan of South-South cooperation & replacing the so-called Western norms by others with "Chinese characteristics," as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, Beijing challenges European & US interests in those regions. Adapted from the source document.
A refundação do regulamento n.º 44/2001 pelo regulamento n.º 1215/2012 pautase pela observância, em absoluto, no espaço da União Europeia, dos princípios da confiança recíproca entre Estados-Membros na administração da justiça e do acesso à justiça dos cidadãos que nela residem e circulam. Numa União marcada pelas liberdades fundamentais de circulação e pela existência de um mercado interno, estes princípios justificam que as decisões judiciais proferidas num Estado-Membro sejam automaticamente reconhecidas e executadas, noutro Estado-Membro, exceto em caso de impugnação por parte do demandado. Seria difícil imaginar a prossecução de uma cooperação e uma integração judiciárias sem confiança – esta tem de ser criada entre tribunais de diferentes Estados-Membros, e de ser sentida pelos próprios cidadãos europeus, de modo a que possam ver que a Europa está ativamente à procura de melhorar as suas condições de vida e de trabalho. A Comissão Europeia envidou esforços construtivos para uma supressão do exequatur, querendo que o processo de reconhecimento e de execução ora previsto no regulamento n.º 1215/2012 fosse mais simplificado (até propôs a exclusão da cláusula de ordem pública, o que não foi adotado). É necessário analisar como o Tribunal de Justiça interpreta as regras relativas à recusa de reconhecimento ou de execução de sentenças emanadas noutros Estados-Membros, para perceber se a tutela jurisdicional efetiva é observada pelo regulamento n.º 1215/2012. ; The Brussels I Regulation's re-foundation by the New Brussels I Regulation was thought to secure reciprocal trust on justice administration among Member States and to grant full access to justice for those who inhabit and circulate in its territory. In a Union characterized by circulation freedoms and an internal market existence, those principles justify a situation in which judgments ruled by a Member State's court are automatically recognised and enforced, in other Member-State, except when the defendant evokes the rules on denial of judgments' recognition and enforcement. There would not be judicial cooperation and integration's prosecution without trust – trust must exist among Member States' courts and it must be felt by EU citizens so they can acknowledge that EU is actively seeking to improve their life and working conditions. The European Commission made constructive efforts to promote an exequatur's abolition, making recognition and enforcement proceedings on the New Brussels I Regulation simpler (it even proposed to remove the "public policy" clause, which was not accepted). It is necessary to analyse howthe CJEU applies the rules on denial of judgments' recognition and enforcement to perceive if the principle of an effective judicial protection is fulfilled under New Brussels I Regulation.
Over the past decade, Brazil has launched a foreign policy that has revealed its aim to broaden its influence in the design of the global multilateral architecture, and increase both its presence in UN peace operations and its cooperation in the development of low-income countries (LICs) in Latin America and Africa. In order to achieve this aim, the Brazilian government has been stimulating the country's international participation in humanitarian assistance actions, in UN-led peace missions and in cooperation for development initiatives. This paper will present three illustrative cases, which demonstrate the different forms this participation can take and the variety of methods of intervention they may involve: Haiti, Bolivia and Guinea-Bissau. These cases reveal the diversity of Brazilian involvement in Sousth-South Cooperation( SSC), regarding political motivations, cultural affinities and regional/global aspirations. They also help illustrate certain plasticity in Brazil's performance as an emerging donor. The three cases portray the multidimensional nature of the Brazilian South-South agenda, in which security, development, and political and institutional support are intertwined. In addition, these countries represent areas of high interest in Brazilian foreign policy. In the case of Bolivia, its importance relates to the Brazilian interest in promoting democratic stability in South America. In the case of Guinea-Bissau, its importance relates to the Brazilian aim to strengthen its commitments to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), as an instrument to foster relations with the African continent. Finally, in the case of Haiti, its significance is related to Brazil's stance when intervention takes place in vulnerable states with the aim to improve Brazil`s presence in global governance associated with the promotion of sustainable development in the low income countries.
Habermas discusses the chances for the establishment of world citizenship in contemporary society, marked by multiculturalism and the process of globalization. Habermas identifies the historical configuration of the post-national constellation, and from there themed the transition from international law to the law of citizens of the world, which aligns the concept of citizenship to the idea of human rights. Habermas analyzes the Kantian idea of a cosmopolitan state in which citizens are legal subjects of their respective States and members of a cosmopolitan entity. Kant elaborates on the concept of world republic, which Habermas disagrees with, but offers the example of the European Union for a discussion on the realization of a just and peaceful international order. Based on the Kantian orientation of constituting an order of world citizenship, Habermas discusses the conformation and viability of this idea in contemporary times. For Habermas, it is possible to spell out the idea of cosmopolitan citizenship. From the European Union, cooperation between States and citizens shows that a cosmopolitan community is needed to complement an international community of States.
This paper focus on aspects of metropolitan governance of the United States and Canada highlighting strategies of cooperation and criteria used in their experiences of management and institutionalization. Thus, it describes both the governance experiences implemented voluntarily or compulsorily, their financing mechanisms and the resulting ability to offer public services. Besides, aiming at further deepening the understanding of the strategies adopted, this paper depicts the processes of conurbation, urban sprawl and densification in metropolitan areas. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze the institutional processes of metropolitan governance and its fostering of public policies and programs. Institutional guidelines, challenges and observed limitations are considered for the cases at hand. In order to develop the paper, specific literature produced by the institutions as well as their analysis was consulted. The analyses indicate that there are different governance structures in Canada and in the United States concerning both political attachment and concentration or fragmentation of decision-making processes although delimitation criteria of metropolitan areas are similar. There is a diversity of models for offering public services. However, some limitations can still be observed in terms of articulating policies among different sectors. Disagreements persist among public and private economic actors.
O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a articulação dos governos do Nordeste para formular e implementar políticas de saúde no contexto da epidemia de Covid-19. Partindo da discussão teórica sobre federalismos e relações governamentais, tratou-se de abordar as políticas de saúde a partir do arranjo federativo brasileiro e os resultados da cooperação entre os estados que compõem o Consórcio do Nordeste. Para tanto, realizou-se análise de documentos internos do Consórcio editados entre março de 2019 e abril de 2020. Observa-se, portanto, que as ações do Consórcio em políticas de saúde têm sido fundamentais para que esses estados atravessem a referida crise. ; The paper aims to present the articulation of the Brazilian Northeast governments to formulate and implement health policies in the context of Covid-19 epidemic. Starting from the theoretical discussion on federalisms and governmental relations, we discussed the health policies based on the Brazilian federative arrangement and the results of cooperation between the states that make up the Consórcio Nordeste. For this, an analysis of the Consórcio's internal documents published between March 2019 and April 2020 was carried out. It is observed, therefore, that the Consórcio's actions in health policies have been fundamental for these states to go through the referred crisis. ; El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la articulación de los gobiernos del noreste de Brasil para formular e implementar políticas de salud en el contexto de la epidemia de Covid-19. A partir de la discusión teórica sobre federalismos y relaciones gubernamentales, se trató de abordar las políticas de salud basadas en el acuerdo federativo brasileño y los resultados de la cooperación entre los estados que conforman el Consórcio Nordeste. Con este fin, se llevó a cabo un análisis de los documentos internos del Consórcio publicados entre marzo de 2019 y abril de 2020. Por fin, se observa que las acciones del Consórcio en políticas de salud vienen siendo fundamentales para que estos estados atraviesen la referida crisis.
This article reports on the experience of the specialization course called: Research training program for nurses to study the drugs pheonomenon in Latin America, which was offered by two institutions, one of which is local (University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing) while the other is an international organization (Interamerican drugs abuse control commission - CICAD of the Organization of American States - OAS). This program was offered consecutively in 2002 and 2003. The report discloses data on the negotation and didactical planning process for the first course, the distribution of contents and activities, experiences acquired during the teaching process and student evaluations. According to the participating students, teachers and institutions involved, offering partially in-class and partially distance courses, like the above mentioned program, has proved to be a successful experience with political, academic and social repercussions for the participants. ; Este artículo trata de un relato de experiência de ofrecimiento de docentes de los cursos de especialización; a través del "Programa de capacitación en investigación para enfermeros en el estudio del fenomeno de las drogas en Latino America", planteados de manera colaborativa por dos instituciones, una de carater publico y regional (Escuela de Enfermería de Ribeirão Preto de la Universidad de São Paulo) y otra, una organización internacional (Comisión Interamericana para el control del abuso de drogas - CICAD de la Organización de los Estados Americanos - OEA); la primera con atribuciones tecnico-científicas y la segunda responsable por el apoyo financiero. Ese programa se repitió por dos años consecutivos, en 2002 y 2003. El relato expone datos sobre el proceso de negociación y planeamiento didáctico desde el primer curso, la distribución de contenidos y actividades, las experiencias adquiridas en el proceso de enseñanza y las evaluaciones de los alumnos. Según los participantes (alumnos, profesores e instituciones involucradas) la iniciativa de ofrecimiento de cursos, parte presencial y parte a distancia como los realizados, se ha demostrado una experiencia exitosa con repercusiones políticas, academicas y sociales para todos los involucrados. ; Este artigo trata-se de um relato de experiência de oferta de dois cursos de especialização: "Programa de capacitação em pesquisa para enfermeiros-docentes no estudo do fenômeno das drogas na América Latina" implantados de maneira colaborativa por duas instituições, uma de natureza pública e regional (Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo) e outra, uma organização internacional (CICAD); a primeira com atribuições técnico-científicas e a segunda responsável pelo apoio financeiro. Esse programa repetiu-se por dois anos consecutivos, em 2002 e 2003. O relato expõe dados sobre o processo de negociação e planejamento didático desde o primeiro curso, a distribuição de conteúdos e atividades, as experiências adquiridas no processo de ensino e as avaliações dos alunos. Segundo os participantes, (alunos, professores e instituições envolvidas) a iniciativa de oferecimento de cursos, em parte presencial e em parte a distância como os realizados, ser uma experiência bem sucedida com desdobramentos políticos, acadêmicos e sociais para todos os envolvidos.
This article will try to outline the implications of counterfeiting as an economic threat in its implications to society and ultimately to political power, by establishing a relationship between these implications and the main purposes of the State in ensuring security and prosperity. The analysis will focus on the European Union, since this type of transnational crime affects the main EU strategy for sustainable growth based on fostering innovation and knowledge. The objective is to present and confront the effectiveness of the cooperation mechanisms as preventive and anti-counterfeiting measures, as well as their impact on the evolution of this transnational crime within Europe. Adapted from the source document.
Comparative essay, constrasting the foreign policies of Fernando Henrique Cardoso's & Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva's administrations. Besides the general features of each diplomacy, external policies & practices of each government are compared for a set issues of the international agenda, namely: multilateralism & UN Security Council; WTO, multilateral trade negotiations & South-South cooperation; terrorism; globalization & financial flows; IMF & economic policy requirements; Brazil as a leader; South America; Mercosul; Argentina; Europe; relationship with the United States, & FTAA, with a final section on diplomatic tools preferred by each government. Break lines are much more evident in the style than in the substance of Brazilian diplomacy, which continues to show strong features of continuity. Appendixes. Adapted from the source document.
The article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialThe article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialcompetences during the reformation of educational institutions according to the concept of the NewUkrainian School with the ability to appreciate the cultural diversity of different peoples and identifythemselves as citizens of Ukraine, contributing to the upbringing of the Ukrainian patriot. Emphasis isplaced on the results of the research and experimental work "Formation of the value-meaningfulsphere of children of preschool and primary school age" on the issues of national-patriotic education.It is proposed to consider the national idea through the philosophical reflection of the educationalissues in the conditions of globalization and to identify the tendencies of developing nationaleducation in response to the challenges and risks of modern society that affect the functioning ofeducational institutions. In order to solve theoretical issues, it is important to involve the scientificresults of specialists in different directions: public administration (process management, statesecurity), philosophy (forming national consciousness), pedagogy (methodology and technology ofpedagogical influence), psychology (problems of motivation and self-identification), sociology(opinion survey), communication theory (media outreach), cultural studies (preserving nationalculture, traditions, tolerance and politics of multiculturalism), politology (preserving the state),national security (preserving social standards, defining social partners, developing social projects,considering requests for social justice), economy (determing priorities of budgetary and non-budgetary financing of educational institutions, involving cooperation of local self-governmentbodies, business structures and public organizations). It is determined that the reasons of insufficientlevel of teachers' readiness for systematic and purposeful work on patriotic upbringing of studentsshould be sought in the incomplete use of the potential of the educational subjects, the lack ofscientific and substantive methods and a set of didactic tools (textbooks, audiobooks, teachingmaterials) providing support in the practical acquisition of students' knowledge, skills, and creativeuse of them in cognitive activity. ; El artículo enfatiza la relevancia de la formación de las competencias cívicas y sociales de los estudiantes durante la reforma de las instituciones educativas de acuerdo con el concepto de la Nueva Escuela de Ucrania con la capacidad de apreciar la diversidad cultural de los diferentes pueblos e identificarse como ciudadanos de Ucrania, contribuyendo a la educación del patriota ucraniano. Se hace hincapié en los resultados de la investigación y el trabajo experimental "Formación de la esfera de valor significativo de los niños en edad preescolar y primaria" sobre los temas de la educación patriótica nacional. Se propone considerar la idea nacional a través de la reflexión filosófica de los problemas educativos en las condiciones de la globalización e identificar las tendencias del desarrollo de la educación nacional en respuesta a los desafíos y riesgos de la sociedad moderna que afectan el funcionamiento de las instituciones educativas. Para resolver problemas teóricos, es importante involucrar los resultados científicos de especialistas en diferentes direcciones: administración pública (gestión de procesos, seguridad del estado), filosofía (formación de conciencia nacional), pedagogía (metodología y tecnología de influencia pedagógica), psicología ( problemas de motivación y autoidentificación), sociología (encuesta de opinión), teoría de la comunicación (difusión en los medios), estudios culturales (preservar la cultura nacional, tradiciones, tolerancia y política del multiculturalismo), politología (preservar el estado), seguridad nacional (preservar lo social estándares, definición de interlocutores sociales, desarrollo de proyectos sociales, consideración de solicitudes de justicia social), economía (que determina las prioridades de financiación presupuestaria y no presupuestaria de instituciones educativas, que implica la cooperación de organismos locales de autogobierno, estructuras empresariales y organizaciones públicas). Se determina que las razones del nivel insuficiente de preparación de los docentes para el trabajo sistemático y con propósito en la educación patriótica de los estudiantes deben buscarse en el uso incompleto del potencial de las materias educativas, la falta de métodos científicos y sustantivos y un conjunto didáctico herramientas (libros de texto, audiolibros, materiales didácticos) que brindan apoyo en la adquisición práctica de los conocimientos, habilidades y uso creativo de los estudiantes en la actividad cognitiva. ; The article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialThe article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialcompetences during the reformation of educational institutions according to the concept of the NewUkrainian School with the ability to appreciate the cultural diversity of different peoples and identifythemselves as citizens of Ukraine, contributing to the upbringing of the Ukrainian patriot. Emphasis isplaced on the results of the research and experimental work "Formation of the value-meaningfulsphere of children of preschool and primary school age" on the issues of national-patriotic education.It is proposed to consider the national idea through the philosophical reflection of the educationalissues in the conditions of globalization and to identify the tendencies of developing nationaleducation in response to the challenges and risks of modern society that affect the functioning ofeducational institutions. In order to solve theoretical issues, it is important to involve the scientificresults of specialists in different directions: public administration (process management, statesecurity), philosophy (forming national consciousness), pedagogy (methodology and technology ofpedagogical influence), psychology (problems of motivation and self-identification), sociology(opinion survey), communication theory (media outreach), cultural studies (preserving nationalculture, traditions, tolerance and politics of multiculturalism), politology (preserving the state),national security (preserving social standards, defining social partners, developing social projects,considering requests for social justice), economy (determing priorities of budgetary and non-budgetary financing of educational institutions, involving cooperation of local self-governmentbodies, business structures and public organizations). It is determined that the reasons of insufficientlevel of teachers' readiness for systematic and purposeful work on patriotic upbringing of studentsshould be sought in the incomplete use of the potential of the educational subjects, the lack ofscientific and substantive methods and a set of didactic tools (textbooks, audiobooks, teachingmaterials) providing support in the practical acquisition of students' knowledge, skills, and creativeuse of them in cognitive activity. ; O artigo enfatiza a relevância da formação das competências cívicas e sociais dos estudantes durante a reforma das instituições de ensino, de acordo com o conceito da Nova Escola Ucraniana, com a capacidade de apreciar a diversidade cultural de diferentes povos e se identificar como cidadãos da Ucrânia, contribuindo à educação do patriota ucraniano. Ênfase é colocada nos resultados da pesquisa e trabalho experimental "Formação da esfera de valor significativo de crianças em idade pré-escolar e escolar" sobre as questões da educação nacional-patriótica. Propõe-se considerar a idéia nacional através da reflexão filosófica das questões educacionais nas condições da globalização e identificar as tendências do desenvolvimento da educação nacional em resposta aos desafios e riscos da sociedade moderna que afetam o funcionamento das instituições educacionais. Para resolver questões teóricas, é importante envolver os resultados científicos de especialistas em diferentes direções: administração pública (gestão de processos, segurança do estado), filosofia (formação da consciência nacional), pedagogia (metodologia e tecnologia de influência pedagógica), psicologia ( problemas de motivação e auto-identificação), sociologia (pesquisa de opinião), teoria da comunicação (divulgação da mídia), estudos culturais (preservação da cultura nacional, tradições, tolerância e política do multiculturalismo), política (preservação do estado), segurança nacional (preservação da sociedade) normas, definição de parceiros sociais, desenvolvimento de projetos sociais, considerando solicitações de justiça social), economia (determinando prioridades de financiamento orçamentário e não orçamentário de instituições de ensino, envolvendo a cooperação de órgãos autônomos locais, estruturas empresariais e organizações públicas). Determinou-se que as razões do nível insuficiente de prontidão dos professores para o trabalho sistemático e intencional na educação patriótica dos alunos devem ser buscadas no uso incompleto do potencial das disciplinas educacionais, na falta de métodos científicos e substantivos e em um conjunto de práticas didáticas. ferramentas (livros didáticos, audiolivros, materiais didáticos) que auxiliam na aquisição prática dos conhecimentos, habilidades e uso criativo dos alunos nas atividades cognitivas.
The literature on federalism shows that the coordination of the Brazilian federal government is central to guarantee more consistency in social policies of subnational governments. This article aims to understand the role of intergovernmental relations in municipal education policies. Despite the constitutional determinations of collaboration among federal entities, there are different relationship models between states and municipalities in the education policy. This study is based on the comparison of four states — Ceará, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, and Pará — with different models of relationship seeking to identify the results in municipal policies. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were conducted and the analysis shows that the type of cooperation has implications in institutional and financial capacities, in the coordination of municipal policies, and in the implementation of federal policies. ; La literatura sobre federalismo muestra que la coordinación del gobierno federal es central para garantizar mayor consistencia en las políticas sociales en gobiernos subnacionales. Este artículo busca comprender el rol de las relaciones intergubernamentales en las políticas educacionales locales. La Constitución Federal determinó la colaboración entre los entes, pero hay diferentes modelos de relaciones entre estados y municipios en esta política. Esta investigación se basó en la comparación de cuatro estados — Ceará, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo y Pará — con diferentes modelos de relaciones buscando identificar sus resultados en las políticas municipales. La análisis de cuestionarios y entrevistas semi-estructuradas muestra que la cooperación tiene implicaciones en la capacidad institucional y financiera, en la coordinación de las políticas municipales y en la implementación de políticas federales. ; A literatura sobre federalismo aponta que a coordenação do governo federal tem papel central para garantir maior consistência às políticas sociais dos governos subnacionais. Este artigo buscou compreender o papel das relações intergovernamentais nas políticas municipais de educação. Apesar de a Constituição Federal determinar a colaboração entre os entes federados, há diferentes modelos de relacionamento entre estados e municípios na política educacional. Esta pesquisa comparou quatro estados — Ceará, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo e Pará — com modelos distintos de relacionamento com o objetivo de identificar seus resultados nas políticas municipais. A análise de questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas mostra que o tipo de cooperação tem implicações na capacidade institucional e financeira, na coordenação das políticas municipais e na implementação de políticas federais.
Brazil, together with India and South Africa, now represent a renewed source of international pressure, views, and resources. IBSA has brought together these three developing nations, that are regional powerhouses, therefore simultaneously opening space for affirmative multilateralism, intra-South political coordination. They countries have been dedicating special attention to the rule-making process of global governance agendas and institutions. While broadening and deepening the scope of their responsibilities and commitments to other developing countries, they have been crafting innovative forms of inter-state collaboration. The chance to sit together at the UNSC in 2011 as non-permanent members became a major opportunity for IBSA. During this year, this group was able to share and reinforce the values and perspectives on world politics and security in an effort to strengthen a Southern critical appraisal of the post-cold war liberal peace concepts and prescriptions. Whereas western powers have downplayed the importance of reviewing its methods and procedures UNSC, IBSA countries have transmitted their special concern with the flaws of UN bureaucratic coordination, the needs for improvement in the links between SC, the GA and the executive boards of the UN agencies. Brazil has become especially concerned with the question of legitimacy of the use of force in international intervention as well as the humanitarian impact of military action and the importance of solutions which sought equilibrium between peace, solidarity, sovereignty and sustainable development."Assistance and cooperation, rather than coercion must be our watchwords", have been Brazil's pledge at the UNCS.
The design of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) provides for the possibility of integrating state and municipal conditional cash transfers, based on the establishment of terms of cooperation with the Federal Government (or "pacts", as these instruments became known). The work systematizes the history of the PBF state pacts, implemented in the context of the Brasil sem Miséria Plan (BSM) - from 2011 - examining how much the changes in the program design, especially the creation of the Benefício para Superação da Extrema Pobreza (BSP), affected the use of this instrument of federative coordination, highlighting its limits and potentialities as a national strategy for coping with poverty. The advent of the BSP contributed to the decline of the pacts agenda, as it changed the federal government's strategy of financial support to overcome the extreme poverty gap on the part of the states for its resolution by the Union itself: that is, the The Union has, on its own, ensure that extreme poverty is overcome according to the national line defined for the BFP. This decision also equated the lack of effectiveness of the instrument of agreement in the induction of the state governments for that purpose. Regarding the limits of the agreements, it was identified difficulties of states with greater proportion of poverty to make financial contributions more robust; the volatility of political interests and the fluctuation of the theme in the state agenda; the low state capacity to act in a countercyclical manner and the fragility of the legal instrument mobilized to manage the pacts between federative entities. On the other hand, it was also possible to find in the pacts an experimental space for adjustments in the design of the programs, which in turn lead to the improvement of the PBF itself, since it has a unique design for the whole country and should be adapted to the different local realities so that it is better able to reach its objectives.
