Suchergebnisse

The aim of this article is to analyze the current dynamics of South American integration and the role played by Brazil in the region. The formation of Unasur evidences the projection of new themes and issues in regional cooperation, among which, the dimensions of security, infrastructure and financing. The projection of these issues opens up the possibility of change in historical dilemmas of cooperation and integration in South America and can offer new indications about the direction Brazilian foreign policy seeks to confer on regional integration. We intend to examine whether the sense of cooperation in South America has changed with the formation of Unasur, and to what extent it is possible to build a regional integration process that aims to strengthen national autonomy. Adapted from the source document.

This article presents an overview of the current state of affairs of the EU-Israel relations and contributes to an expansion of the research agenda of this field. With a focus on the social and political developments of the last five years, it argues that this relationship exhibits patterns of cooperation and conflict, and attraction and repulsion. The remarkable importance that the EU has for Israel in the domains of economy, trade, science and culture is not matched by an equivalent political leverage, despite EU's efforts in influencing regional political developments, mainly the ones regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Departing from this context, the article critically engages with the literature and presents avenues for further inquiry on this topic. Adapted from the source document.

A refundação do regulamento n.º 44/2001 pelo regulamento n.º 1215/2012 pautase pela observância, em absoluto, no espaço da União Europeia, dos princípios da confiança recíproca entre Estados-Membros na administração da justiça e do acesso à justiça dos cidadãos que nela residem e circulam. Numa União marcada pelas liberdades fundamentais de circulação e pela existência de um mercado interno, estes princípios justificam que as decisões judiciais proferidas num Estado-Membro sejam automaticamente reconhecidas e executadas, noutro Estado-Membro, exceto em caso de impugnação por parte do demandado. Seria difícil imaginar a prossecução de uma cooperação e uma integração judiciárias sem confiança – esta tem de ser criada entre tribunais de diferentes Estados-Membros, e de ser sentida pelos próprios cidadãos europeus, de modo a que possam ver que a Europa está ativamente à procura de melhorar as suas condições de vida e de trabalho. A Comissão Europeia envidou esforços construtivos para uma supressão do exequatur, querendo que o processo de reconhecimento e de execução ora previsto no regulamento n.º 1215/2012 fosse mais simplificado (até propôs a exclusão da cláusula de ordem pública, o que não foi adotado). É necessário analisar como o Tribunal de Justiça interpreta as regras relativas à recusa de reconhecimento ou de execução de sentenças emanadas noutros Estados-Membros, para perceber se a tutela jurisdicional efetiva é observada pelo regulamento n.º 1215/2012. ; The Brussels I Regulation's re-foundation by the New Brussels I Regulation was thought to secure reciprocal trust on justice administration among Member States and to grant full access to justice for those who inhabit and circulate in its territory. In a Union characterized by circulation freedoms and an internal market existence, those principles justify a situation in which judgments ruled by a Member State's court are automatically recognised and enforced, in other Member-State, except when the defendant evokes the rules on denial of judgments' recognition and enforcement. There would not be judicial cooperation and integration's prosecution without trust – trust must exist among Member States' courts and it must be felt by EU citizens so they can acknowledge that EU is actively seeking to improve their life and working conditions. The European Commission made constructive efforts to promote an exequatur's abolition, making recognition and enforcement proceedings on the New Brussels I Regulation simpler (it even proposed to remove the "public policy" clause, which was not accepted). It is necessary to analyse howthe CJEU applies the rules on denial of judgments' recognition and enforcement to perceive if the principle of an effective judicial protection is fulfilled under New Brussels I Regulation.

The structural-functional features of the European political system are analyzed. The author correlates the structure and the functions of the national political system with the functionality of the European supra-national structures. The efficiency of the decision making process and the functionality of any type of political system is influenced by the level of political culture and the degree of maturity of the political actors. The need to correlate interests of different states: EU members, candidates or those in process to adhere to the EU, determines the supra-national structures: European Council, European Union Council, European Parliament, EU Court of Justice, EU Court of Accounts, European Central Bank to honor honestly and responsibly their functions, respecting democratic principles of political communication, of cooperation and co-work. In conclusion, the author states that the European political system is functional, efficient, viable due to the capacity of institutions to ensure a dynamic stability both at community level and national one. The fact that at the moment the European Union is an international political actor with legal status and its components (Member States) that share the same rights and obligations represents a unique experience, interesting for the contemporary political theory.

Brazil, together with India and South Africa, now represent a renewed source of international pressure, views, and resources. IBSA has brought together these three developing nations, that are regional powerhouses, therefore simultaneously opening space for affirmative multilateralism, intra-South political coordination. They countries have been dedicating special attention to the rule-making process of global governance agendas and institutions. While broadening and deepening the scope of their responsibilities and commitments to other developing countries, they have been crafting innovative forms of inter-state collaboration. The chance to sit together at the UNSC in 2011 as non-permanent members became a major opportunity for IBSA. During this year, this group was able to share and reinforce the values and perspectives on world politics and security in an effort to strengthen a Southern critical appraisal of the post-cold war liberal peace concepts and prescriptions. Whereas western powers have downplayed the importance of reviewing its methods and procedures UNSC, IBSA countries have transmitted their special concern with the flaws of UN bureaucratic coordination, the needs for improvement in the links between SC, the GA and the executive boards of the UN agencies. Brazil has become especially concerned with the question of legitimacy of the use of force in international intervention as well as the humanitarian impact of military action and the importance of solutions which sought equilibrium between peace, solidarity, sovereignty and sustainable development."Assistance and cooperation, rather than coercion must be our watchwords", have been Brazil's pledge at the UNCS.

Fundamental na criação de um espaço europeu de liberdade, segurança e justiça é o princípio do reconhecimento mútuo, de que a decisão-quadro 2002/584/JAI do Conselho, de 13 de junho de 2002, constitui a primeira grande concretização no domínio da cooperação judicial em matéria penal. A jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia tem contribuído de modo relevante para a compreensão da decisão-quadro, acentuando os seus objetivos e reforçando os seus princípios orientadores, que são o reconhecimento mútuo das decisões proferidas nos diferentes Estados-Membros da União Europeia e a confiança mútua que deve instalar-se entre estes, a bem da criação do referido espaço. O acórdão West, de 28 de junho de 2012, proc. C-192/12 PPU, proferido em processo de reenvio prejudicial urgente, ilustra pertinentemente o impacto daquela jurisprudência, sublinhando o papel deste procedimento, implementado em 1 de março de 2008. ; A key factor in the creation of a European area of freedom, security and justice is the principle of mutual recognition, which the Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of 13 June 2002, for the first time, comprehensively implemented in the field of judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The Court of Justice of the European Union has greatly contributed to the understanding of the Framework Decision, accentuating its goals and enhancing its guiding principles, which are the mutual recognition of judgments in the different Member States of the European Union and mutual trust that should settle among them, for the creation of the said area. The West judgment of 28 June 2012, C-192/12 PPU, on urgent preliminary ruling procedure, aptly illustrates the impact of this case law, highlighting the role of this procedure, implemented on 1 March 2008.