This paper show the main economic and military cooperation treaties between Colombia and United States governments, during the first years after World War II, when the Cold War began and the United States adopted a policy of economic liberalism. Within this framework a new commerce and friendship agreement took place between them, and the Colombian government opened his doors to foreign capitals. Furthermore, the military treaties between both countries strengthen in those years, due to the United States idea of a hemispheric defense against the international communism, and the Colombian intention to improved their armed forces formation and modernization. ; En este artículo se mostraran los principales acuerdos que en materia económica y de cooperación militar alcanzaron los gobiernos de Colombia y Estados Unidos en la primera etapa de la posguerra, momento en que se dio inicio a la guerra fría y el gobierno norteamericano impulsó una política de liberalismo económico. Es en este marco que se negoció un nuevo Tratado de Amistad y Comercio entre los dos países, mientras el gobierno colombiano pudo aumentar sus aranceles y abrió las puertas al capital extranjero. Además, en estos años se estrecharon los acuerdos militares bajo la idea estadounidense de garantizar la defensa hemisférica frente al comunismo internacional, y el interés colombiano por mejorar la formación y modernización de sus fuerzas armadas.
The existence of cooperative relations is inherent to the State of Autonomies, yet cooperation among the various regional authorities has been scarce in Spain, both qualitatively and quantitatively. For a long time, intergovernmental relations hinged on cooperative sectoral mechanisms. However, concurring with the last statutory reforms, new cooperation mechanisms of a general nature own federal states have been introduced in the Spanish political praxis: Conference of Presidents and the Conference of Autonomous-Community Governments. This paper focuses on the new instruments which have been institutionalized to comply with the principle of intergovernmental cooperation. It analyses the results obtained so far and identifies the problems which need to be addressed for said instruments to consolidate and contribute to a more coherent and efficient functioning of the State of Autonomies. ; La existencia de relaciones de cooperación es algo consustancial al Estado autonómico, aunque en España la cooperación entre los distintos poderes territoriales ha sido, cualitativa y cuantitativamente, escasa, pues durante largo tiempo pivotó, casi exclusivamente, sobre los mecanismos sectoriales de cooperación. Sin embargo, coincidiendo con el último proceso de reformas estatutarias, se han incorporado a la praxis política española dos nuevos mecanismos de cooperación de carácter general propios de los Estados federales: la Conferencia de Presidentes y la Conferencia de los Gobiernos de las Comunidades Autónomas. Este artículo se centra en el estudio de estos nuevos instrumentos, analizando los resultados obtenidos y determinando las dificultades a superar para consolidarse y contribuir a lograr un funcionamiento más coherente y eficaz del Estado autonómico.The existence of cooperative relations is inherent to the State of Autonomies, yet cooperation among the various regional authorities has been scarce in Spain, both qualitatively and quantitatively. For a long time, intergovernmental relations hinged on cooperative sectoral mechanisms. However, concurring with the last statutory reforms, new cooperation mechanisms of a general nature own federal states have been introduced in the Spanish political praxis: Conference of Presidents and the Conference of Autonomous-Community Governments. This paper focuses on the new instruments which have been institutionalized to comply with the principle of intergovernmental cooperation. It analyses the results obtained so far and identifies the problems which need to be addressed for said instruments to consolidate and contribute to a more coherent and efficient functioning of the State of Autonomies.
The purpose of the article is to focus on the need to strengthen the interaction of the law enforcement agencies of various states, highlighting the role of financial institutions in this process, to find optimal ways to improve international cooperation. The study is based on the methods of systemic and critical analysis, as well as a formal logical method. The article confirms that the need to strengthen international cooperation is explained by the existence of certain factors that determine the possibility of money laundering. It has been established that without adequate cooperation between law enforcement agencies and financial institutions at the national level, it is quite difficult to detect crime and prevent money laundering at the initial stage. As a conclusion of the investigation, it is proposed to develop a methodology for the interaction of the law enforcement agencies of several states to counteract money laundering. The results obtained can also become the basis for developing legislative proposals to improve international cooperation in law enforcement and, at the same time, they can be used to increase the efficiency of their anti-money laundering activities.
National governments are keenly aware of the need for investment in space. Canada, as a formal cooperating state in the European Space Agency (ESA), and Germany, as a leading member state of ESA, are interlinked in Europe's space endeavours. Beyond ESA, Germany and Canada additionally have a strong history of bilateral cooperation on a range of space projects. This paper discusses the novel interdependencies between clear national and now supranational space policies, using the examples of the Canada-European Union (EU) Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). The agreement covers most aspects of the EU-Canada bilateral economic relationship and includes space. The paper focuses on international space policies, strategic bilateral co-operation, and technical accomplishments. It takes a closer look at German-Canadian collaboration in space programs and offers some reflection on the effect of both the EU and ESA'S transatlantic involvement in space.
The purpose of the research is to highlight international cooperation in investigation of economic crimes of a transnational nature. The main content. It is emphasized that the concept of "international cooperation in fight against crimes" is in the sphere of action of various legal systems of both international public law and domestic law of states (countries) taking part in cooperation.". It is established that it is necessary to clearly delineate the subject of international legal regulation of this type of interaction between states and international organizations. Methodology. Review of materials and methods based on analyzing documentary materials of international cooperation in investigating economic crimes of transnational nature. Conclusions. Due to objective reasons and circumstances modern international relations are characterized by expansion of legal cooperation in investigating economic crimes of transnational nature. At the same time, certain entities can be clearly distinguished in the circle of participants of such cooperation. Considering their goals of creation, their range of powers and features of their implementation such entities operate only in the fight against crimes at the international level - these are international law enforcement organizations.
06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan "Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun" ile 18.06.2018 tarihli "Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge" gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. ; Ortadoğu bölgesi tarihin her safhasında olduğu gibi içinde bulunduğumuz bu yüzyılda da geçmişte sahip olduğu değerden hiç bir şey kaybetmeden sahnenin tam ortasında rol oynamaya devam etmektedir. İnsanoğlu varoluşu nedeniyle siyasi bir varlıktır. Ortadoğu diye adlandırdığımız bölge tarihin, medeniyetlerin ve siyasetin ana kaynağı olması hasebiyle siyasi ittifaklara tarih boyunca sahne olmuş bir bölgedir. İçinde yaşadığımız 21. Yüzyılda ülkemizin giderek gelişip dünya siyasetinde aktif rol oynamaya başlaması tarihi bağları olan yakın coğrafyalara yönelmesini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Türkiye son 10 yılda yani Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisinin iktidara gelmesiyle çok büyük bir kalkınma ivmesi kazanmıştır. Ancak gelişme ve dünya siyasetinde rol oynama arzusunun yakın coğrafyaların kazanılmasıyla gerçekleşeceğine inanan Türk Dış Politikasının yeni mimarı Ahmet Davutoğlu, belirlemiş olduğu yeni yol haritasında bütün yakın komşularla sıfır sorun ortamı yaratıp ilişkilerin en üst seviyeye çıkarılmasını amaçlamıştır. Bu bağlamda, Türk Dış Politikası yeni vizyonu ile yakın coğrafyalarda yeni müttefikler arama yoluna girmiştir. Dünya siyasetine bakıldığında son 10 yılda meydana gelen gelişmelere dikkat çekilecek olursa; Türkiye?nin ekonomik kalkınmaya başlaması ve bol miktarda dış yatırımlara ihtiyaç duyması aynı zaman da Körfez Arap ülkelerinin kasalarını taşıran nakit fazlasının özellikle 11 eylül saldırılarından sonra yeni ve güvenli limanlar aramaya başlamış olması göze çarpmaktadır. Bu gelişmeler göz önünde bulundurulduğunda Körfez İşbirliği Konseyi?ne üye ülkeler ve Türkiye?nin yakınlaşması çokta sürpriz olarak karşılanmamalıdır. Zira her iki tarafında birbirine farklı nedenlerden dolayı ihtiyaç duyduğu açıkça farkedilebilmektedir. Bununla birlikte Körfez ülkelerinin bölgedeki güvenlik kaygıları bulunmakta ve Türkiye?ye yakınlaşarak bunu kısmen aşmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Özellikle İran bu ülkeler tarafından büyük bir tehdit olarak görülmektedir. Bu noktada Türkiye ve Körfez ülkeleri aynı kaygıları taşımasalar da farklı çıkarlar onları ortak bir noktada buluşturmaktadır. Sonuç olarak son on yılda Türkiye ve Körfez ülkeleri arasında büyük bir yakınlaşma olmuştur. Bu yakınlaşma çok büyük ortaklıkları beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu yakınlaşmayı etkileyen en önemli unsurlar da değişen Türk Dış Politikası ve küresel konjonktürün bu iki tarafı yakınlaşmaya zorlaması denilebilir. Çalışmada da belirtildiği gibi ilişkiler gelişmeye devam etmekte ve ileriki safhalarda ilişkilerin güvenlik ortaklıkları boyutuna taşınıp daha da kökleşeceği öngörülebilmektedir. ; The Middle East region, as it has been in every stage of history, continues to take an active role without depreciating in the current century. Mankind is by nature a political existence. For that reason, the history or humankind has witnessed various political alliances. The region called as the Middle East had witnessed many political alliances due to the fact that the area is the source of history, civilizations and politics. The fact that Turkey started to develop day by day and play a crucial role in world politics in 21st century leads to interrelations with close regions. In the last decade, in other words after Justice and Development Party came into power; Turkey has gained a great growth rate. However the new master of Turkish Foreign Policy Ahmet Davutoğlu who draw a vision for Turkish Foreign Policy believes that, convergence with the immediate surroundings will help in development and being one of the major players of world politics. As it is explained in this study the last decade has witnessed to a significant convergence between Turkey and the Gulf Cooperation Council states. To examine the last ten years in the world politics one can see that: After the 9/11 attacks GCC states started to look for other safe destinations for their overflowed cashes. However Turkey as an emerging economy needed for foreign investments. These two factors are seen to be drawing force behind the convergence of these entities. In addition to that the threat perception of the GCC states associated from Iran forced them to look for a strategic regional partner. Although Turkey and the GCC do not have common stand towards Iran, their different interests brought them on the ground of convergence. Nevertheless, the new Turkish Foreign Policy perspective and the global conjuncture played a crucial role in convergence of these parties. To consider all, it seems that the bilateral relations will be carried further since both Turkey and the GCC are eager to establish partnership. It is expected that there will be a security partnership established between Turkey and the GCC. If such attempt comes true, definitely the bilateral relations will reside on a steady ground. Key Words: Turkey, GCC, Middle East, Iran, Security, Economy
This article explores the legal frameworks of citizenship and naturalization of the six states of the Gulf Cooperation Council, and analyzes how they have been used since the creation of modern states to the present, with special attention to events after the Arab Spring. Within this context, it discusses to what extent the rentier character of the Gulf states has affected the design of policies of citizenship and naturalization; which are the main aspects of the legislation of each country; what are the differences between the use of legal frameworks before and after the Arab Spring; what legal reforms have been carried out since the Arab Spring; and with what objectives has citizenship been granted or revoked. The article concludes that the citizenship policies of the GCC states have been a fundamental aspect of the nation-state building process and the establishment of state-society relations, as well as of a very elaborate strategy to ensure political regime stability, survival and legitimization, especially visible in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. ; Este artículo explora los marcos legales de ciudadanía y naturalización de los seis estados del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo, y analiza cómo han sido utilizados desde el establecimiento de los estados modernos hasta la actualidad, con especial atención a los acontecimientos posteriores a la Primavera Árabe. En este contexto, se investiga en qué medida ha afectado el carácter rentista de los estados del Golfo al diseño de sus políticas de ciudadanía y naturalización; cuáles son los principales aspectos de dicha legislación en cada país; qué diferencias hay entre la utilización de los marcos legales antes y después de la Primavera Árabe; qué reformas legales se han llevado a cabo tras de la Primavera Árabe; y con qué objetivos se ha concedido o revocado la ciudadanía. El artículo concluye que las políticas de ciudadanía de los estados del CCG han sido un aspecto fundamental de la construcción del Estado-nación y del establecimiento de la relación Estado-sociedad, así como parte esencial de una muy elaborada estrategia para garantizar la estabilidad, supervivencia y legitimación de los regímenes políticos, con mayor énfasis desde la Primavera Árabe.
Este artículo explora los marcos legales de ciudadanía y naturalización de los seis estados del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo, y analiza cómo han sido utilizados desde el establecimiento de los estados modernos hasta la actualidad, con especial atención a los acontecimientos posteriores a la Primavera Árabe. En este contexto, se investiga en qué medida ha afectado el carácter rentista de los estados del Golfo al diseño de sus políticas de ciudadanía y naturalización; cuáles son los principales aspectos de dicha legislación en cada país; qué diferencias hay entre la utilización de los marcos legales antes y después de la Primavera Árabe; qué reformas legales se han llevado a cabo tras de la Primavera Árabe; y con qué objetivos se ha concedido o revocado la ciudadanía. El artículo concluye que las políticas de ciudadanía de los estados del CCG han sido un aspecto fundamental de la construcción del Estado-nación y del establecimiento de la relación Estado-sociedad, así como parte esencial de una muy elaborada estrategia para garantizar la estabilidad, supervivencia y legitimación de los regímenes políticos, con mayor énfasis desde la Primavera Árabe ; This article explores the legal frameworks of citizenship and naturalization of the six states of the Gulf Cooperation Council, and analyzes how they have been used since the creation of modern states to the present, with special attention to events after the Arab Spring. Within this context, it discusses to what extent the rentier character of the Gulf states has affected the design of policies of citizenship and naturalization; which are the main aspects of the legislation of each country; what are the differences between the use of legal frameworks before and after the Arab Spring; what legal reforms have been carried out since the Arab Spring; and with what objectives has citizenship been granted or revoked. The article concludes that the citizenship policies of the GCC states have been a fundamental aspect of the nation-state building process and the establishment of state-society relations, as well as of a very elaborate strategy to ensure political regime stability, survival and legitimization, especially visible in the aftermath of the Arab Spring ; Esta publicación fue posible gracias a la subvención PDRA # 2-1117-14120 del Qatar National Research Fund (miembro de Qatar Foundation)
En el régimen de Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo se extienden los debates sobre la naturaleza y el alcance de la Cooperación Sur-Sur y su vinculación con la Ayuda Ofi cial al Desarrollo en un marco de replanteos sobre la efi cacia y la efi ciencia de la cooperación. La Cooperación Sur-Sur ha sido incorporada en el sistema de organismos de Naciones Unidas y a la Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos, pero es posible observar diferentes posturas adoptadas por los países latinoamericanos en torno a cuál debe ser el camino a seguir por la Cooperación Sur-Sur en su institucionalización. ; In a context of discussions about effi ciency and eff ectiveness, the nature and extend of the South-South Cooperation and its relation with the Offi cial Assistance Development is one of the main debates inside the regime of International Cooperation for Development. South-South Cooperation has been incorporated in the United Nations System and in the Organization of Ibero-American States, but it is possible observe diff erent positions adopted by the Latin-American governments about the way that should follow the institutionalization of South- South Cooperation. ; 93-108 ; carlamorasso@yahoo.com.ar ; Semestral
Libro de Investigación ; Este libro es el primer y único libro en ofrece un análisis completo y detallado del Paquete Anti-Elusión de la Unión Europea, junto con otras acciones europeas recientes y en marcha que se están sucediendo en materia de fiscalidad. Como consecuencia de la necesidad de los Estados Miembros de reconstruir una economía sólida y estable tras la crisis de 2007, la Unión Europea (UE) ha desarrollad un nuevo y robusto marco de transparencia con normas anti-abuso vinculantes e instrumentos más sólidos para lidiar con las amenazas externas a la erosión de las bases imponibles. Este libro deja claro que la fiscalidad se ha trasladado al centro del debate político de la Unión, y que la importancia otorgada a la armonización fiscal y la velocidad a la que está aconteciendo localiza las normas fiscales de la Unión Europea en el centro de todos los sistemas fiscales. ; Combating Tax Avoidance in the EU is the first and only book to provide a complete detailed analysis of the Anti-Tax Avoidance Package jointly with other recent and ongoing European actions taken in direct taxation. Following each Member State s need to rebuild a strong and stable economy after the 2007 financial crisis, the European Union (EU) has developed a robust new transparency framework with binding anti-abuse measures and stronger instruments to challenge external threats of base erosion. This book makes clear that taxation has come to the centre of the EU political debate, and that the importance given to tax harmonization and the speed at which it is taking place will put EU Tax rules at the very core of all tax systems. What s in this book: With contributions from both prominent tax academics and Spanish delegates to the European meetings where the EU tax rules are debated and promulgated, the book covers such issues and topics as the following: the development of the EU Strategy towards Aggressive Tax Planning; the recent tax-related jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice; the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive; tax treaties and non-tax treaties with tax consequences both between the Member States and between the Member States and third countries; code of conduct for business taxation; automatic exchange of information; country-by-country reporting; arbitration in tax matters; external strategy for effective taxation regarding non-EU countries; competition and state aid developments in direct taxation; the Common Consolidated Tax Base; and digital significant presence and permanent establishment. How this will help you: As the EU pursues its ambitious tax agenda, taxation s contribution to EU growth and competitiveness and its part in relations with the rest of the world will come into ever-clearer focus. In addition to its insights into these trends, the book s unparalleled practical information and analysis will be of great value to tax practitioners dealing with investment analysis, tax planning schemes and other features of the current international tax landscape. The internal and purposive view of the rules will help readers interpret and match the resulting rules and the directives preliminary approaches. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
After the crisis of the late nineteenth century, the role of the state in European agriculture expanded to many new areas: education and technical innovation; commercial policies and market regulations; farm support policies, and sometimes interventions in property rights. The development of these policies was a difficult and costly process, without the intervention of intermediary organisations like agricultural cooperatives and farmers' associations. This article analyses the early agricultural policy in Catalonia (Spain) and the role of cooperatives in its implementation. It argues that this regional case was quite exceptional in the early twentieth-century Spanish context, where state intervention in agriculture was extremely limited. In 1914, an autonomous government was set up in Catalonia, and a modern agricultural policy was introduced in which technical education and cooperatives played a crucial role, as well as politics. The agricultural policy promoted and developed by the Catalan government was part of a state-building project based on a regionalist ideology.