Suchergebnisse

This work examines the current state of Russian education on the basis of data of the researches which were carried out in recent years in our educational institutions. The main attention is focused on an explanation of existing distinctions and identification of the factors influencing the training results rather than on ranging educational institutions by level of pupil preparation. Similar researches make it possible to reveal strong sides and weaknesses of Russian education and to trace a course of actions for more effective achievement of the scheduled purposes.

Dargelegt werden Probleme der Konvertierbarkeit nationaler Währungen der RGW-Staaten im Zahlungsverkehr innerhalb der RGW-Gemeinschaft und auf Weltmärkten. Die Ausweitung der Außenhandelsbeziehungen mit westlichen Staaten und die Verbesserung der Exportstruktur der Produkte, die den Anforderungen der Weltmärkte entsprechen, bilden eine Grundlage für die freie Austauschbarkeit des transferablen Rubels als Verrechnungsmittel im internationalen Wirtschaftsverkehr. (BIOst-Ldg)

A number of political scientists believe that the 'deep state' originated simultaneously with the state itself. But in fact, the authors of the article prove that the first effective 'deep state' in modern history appeared in England during the time of Henry VIII. Then, having nationalized the church, the king added to his powers the right to create and interpret norms. In response, reacting to the imbalance of the political system created by the king, the English aristocracy set out to control the monarch. The newly created network of influence was based on corruption: belonging to it guaranteed, to an official in the king's service, additional benefits and career perspectives. The mean of internal control of the network was 'ritual compromising evidence', when other members witnessed the violating of generally accepted norms and rules. This guaranteed that in case of betrayal the reputation and future of any potential renegade would be destroyed. However, this triggered the processes of 'normalization of violations,' which culminated in the Cromwellian revolution and the Westminster Confession, which not only nullified out all compromising evidence, but also abolished the concept of sin in general. After recovering from the upheaval, England managed to summarize and theorize its experience. In the following century, it started to extrapolate it to France, which was its main geopolitical rival, mastering the techniques of cognitive programming. The same processes, that had spontaneously developed in England a century earlier, were launched in France, but in a controlled and guided form. England managed to create its own 'deep state' in France, which, in fact, inspired and supported the French Enlightenment by introducing into the public discourse concepts, which were in fact, cognitive operators: their implementation led to the natural conclusion of the backwardness of France compared to England. At the same time, the 'deep state' became a stable construct: thus, classical institutionalism assumes it as an integral part of the secular political system. In particular, this was realized, and promoted as a norm, by J.-J. Rousseau. The authors draw a number of conclusions on the construction of the deep state. It is always a network of influence, an alternative to power, which actively uses corruption as an instrument of stimulation and employs compromising evidence as an instrument of control.

Die vier Beiträge aus einer Diskussion am Runden Tisch des Institutes für Weltwirtschaft und Internationale Beziehungen befassen sich mit der Frage, ob Rußland und die ehemaligen Sowjetrepubliken bereits auf dem Weg sind, zu einem typischen Land der Dritten Welt zu werden. Dabei wird vor allem die Möglichkeit der GUS-Staaten betont, aus den Erfahrungen und Krisensituationen der Dritte-Welt-Länder in ihrer postkolonialen Periode zu lernen. Die ersten beiden Beiträge versuchen einen Vergleich von Voraussetzungen und Grundzügen zwischen GUS und Dritter Welt unter historischen, kulturellen, sozialen und vor allem ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten. Die Vergleichsparameter und Fakten zur derzeitigen Lage Rußlands weisen auf eine Tendenz zum Entwicklungsland hin. Zur Frage, ob eine Restrukturierung des Landes mit marktwirtschaftlichen Strukturen möglich ist, werden die damit verbundenen notwendigen Schritte erörtert. (BIOst-Rgl)

Дистанционное обучение обладает высоким дидактическим потенциалом, в связи с чем его развитие в Федеральном законе «Об образовании в Российской Федерации» и в Национальной доктрине образования в Российской Федерации до 2025 г. отнесено к основным задачам образования. В работе представлено авторское понимание дистанционного обучения как прогрессивной формы организации учебного процесса, которая использует современные информационные технологии и создает благоприятные условия для онлайн-взаимодействия преподавателей и учащихся. Рассмотрены организационные формы и различные модели дистанционного обучения, его деятельностные функции,а также принципиальное отличие от заочной формы обучения. Обозначены дистанционные платформы, способы и средства, обеспечивающие процесс коммуникации. Выделены проблемы, возникающие в педагогической практике при реализации дистанционного обучения: слабая обеспеченность образовательных учреждений компьютерной техникой; недостаточная готовность педагогов к работе с применением цифровых технологий; низкая готовность учащихся к усвоению учебного материала в режиме самостоятельной работы и обусловленная этим неравномерность учебной нагрузки; трудности идентификации учащихся как субъектов образовательного процесса; отсутствие непосредственного регулярного взаимодействия преподавателя и учащегося, а также учащихся между собой и возникающие в связи с этим трудности организации оперативного контроля и коррекции процесса обучения и ограничение способов воспитательного воздействия виртуальной реальностью в виде текста и видеоматериалов. В качестве перспективного направления дальнейшего развития дистанционного обучения предлагается его интеграция с традиционной формой преподавания и реализация в виде смешанного обучения.
Distance learning has a high didactic potential. Therefore, its development in the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" and in the National Doctrine of Education in the Russian Federation until 2025 is one of the main purposes of education. The paper presents the authors' understanding of distance learning as a progressive form of education that uses modern information technology and creates favorable conditions for online interaction between teachers and students. The paper examines the organizational forms of distance learning, its activity functions, its fundamental difference from external study mode; provides various distance learning platforms, methods and means that ensure the communication process. The problems arising in pedagogical practice in the implementation of distance learning are the following: educational institutions are poorly equipped with computers; teachers are not really ready to work with the use of digital technology; students are hardly able to study independently and as a result they cannot properly handle their study load; difficulties in identifying students as subjects of the educational process; lack of regular direct interaction of the teacher and the student, as well as students among each other; difficulties in real time monitoring and making corrections of the learning process; and limiting the ways of educational impact of virtual reality in the form of text and video materials. As a promising direction for distance learning, the authors suggest that it should be integrated with traditional training and implemented as mixed learning.

The purpose of the article was to identify the activities that determined the formation of the state archives of Belarus. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve several problems: 1) identification of sources containing information on the collection of documentary complexes, the acquisition of documents from centralized state archives and the organization of the system of archival institutions; 2) identification of persons who participated in the creation of the Central Archive of the People's Commissariat of Education of BSSR (Central Archive of BSSR); 3) identification of regulatory documents that preceded the first law on the archives of the BSSR. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of development of the problems identified in the Belarusian archival studies. The article for the first time introduces into the scientific circulation sources about the acquisition of the first state archives, provides information about the funds of institutions, saved thanks to the efforts of D. I. Dovgyallo, N. P. Shklyaev, A. A. Savich, M. A. Vakhayev. The mechanism of transfer of archival complexes to the Central Archive of BSSR structure is revealed. Information is provided on the organizational, methodological foundations of the organization of the archival industry in the BSSR. As the predecessor institutions of the Central Archive of BSSR, the activities of the subdivision of the protection of monuments of antiquity and art of the art department of the People's Commissariat of Education of the BSSR and the academic center of the People's Commissariat of Education of the BSSR are considered. It is concluded that the activities of the People's Commissariat of Education and the dedicated efforts of historians and archivists were also the basis for the creation of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus, the National Historical Archives of Belarus. Based on the information revealed, it is proposed to clarify the history of archival institutions and revise the dates of their establishment. As a result of a comparative analysis of the normative acts on the archives of the RSFSR and the BSSR, a similarity of the wording of the original editions and theoretical guidelines of the first normative acts on the archives was revealed. It is concluded that the archives in the BSSR was determined under the influence of the regulations of the RSFSR. However, it is noted that the practical work on the preservation of archives, their unification into large complexes and the creation of a network of state archival institutions in the early 1920s in the BSSR was carried out exclusively by internal forces, on the basis of normative legal acts issued by republican government bodies.

The purpose of research work was the development of the scientific base of the tariff management in electric power industry efficiency increase. Author develops the methodical approach to an estimation of the electric power cost influence on dynamics of regional social and economic development on the basis of use structural and regression analysis. Рroduction function has been accepted аs a mathematical basis. The numerical estimation of the power tariff and a total regional product of Sverdlovsky area communication is investigated fs a result. Also the short-term forecast of regional economic dynamics according to scenarios of the tariff change is developed. The presented scientific results can be used for short-term forecasting of regional social and economic dynamics.

Предметом исследования является изучение мер государственной поддержки инновационного предпринимательства в Российской Федерации. Цель представленной статьи - исследование российской практики государственной поддержки инновационного предпринимательства. Методология заключается в анализе научных публикаций и актуальных данных, статистической информации. Основные результаты исследования. В Российской Федерации отсутствует законодательно закрепленная и научно обоснованная система оценки эффективности государственной поддержки инновационного предпринимательства. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для совершенствования действующих мер государственной поддержки, которые описаны в действующих нормативно-правовых актах Российской Федерации и субъектов Российской Федерации, а также могут являться предложениями для изменения действующего законодательства Российской Федерации и субъектов Российской Федерации. Необходимо разработать систему оценки эффективности поддержки инновационного предпринимательства. Под эффективностью поддержки инновационного предпринимательства мы понимаем качественную результативность деятельности государства, рассчитывающуюся как сумма мер государственной поддержки. Под оценкой эффективности поддержки инновационного предпринимательства понимается соотнесение мер государственной поддержки с конкретными показателями предприятий в сфере инновационной деятельности.

Recent years have seen the possibility of introducing into scientific circulation declassified documents of the highest state and political bodies, public organizations, and the spiritual directorates of Muslims, which until now were unknown in wide circles. They allow us to examine the forms and methods of activity of the Soviet state in building relationships with Muslims and to identify the directions, principles, and features of the work of state and public organizations in this sphere. A characteristic feature of religious policy in the late 1960s, one of the main conductors of which was the Council for Religious Affairs under the USSR Council of Ministers, established in December 1965, was the creation of a picture of the harmony of religious life and prosperity of religious organizations in the country. The Soviet Union demonstrated to the world that Soviet Muslims, like their coreligionists from other states, could go on Hajj to Saudi Arabia. The quantity of Hajj travelers from the USSR was extremely small and there was a huge disproportion not only between them and the number of Muslims who wanted to perform Hajj but also between the number of applications received by the organizers of the Hajj and the authorities, including the Council for Religious Affairs. At the same time, the heads of Muslim spiritual administrations could travel to Hajj several times. Analysis of archival documents discovered in 2022 showed the attitude to Muslims who made the Hajj from several angles: from the Soviet state, ordinary Muslims of the USSR, the authorities and Muslims of the countries visited by Soviet pilgrims during their journey, such as Sudan and Egypt. Very revealing is the attitude towards the Soviet pilgrims from the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ranging from ordinary people to the authorities, including the king.

At the turn of the century, the rogue state concept has become an integral part of the theory of international relations. However, even contemporary approaches lack the appropriate academic tools to reach a comprehensive understanding of the international community's role in determining the normative frameworks of the proper behavior of the states as the main actors of international system, leaving the relations between global community and the rogues almost an uncharted territory on the international stage. The article considers the category of rogue states as "excluded" members of the international community through the sociological lens of "stigma" (E. Goffman) and "labelling theory" (H. Becker and E. Lemert). Engaging an empirical case of Iraqi foreign policy during and after the Gulf War 1991, the author demonstrates two thresholds of the labelling state as the rogue: public initiation of the offender and self-fulfilling prophecy. It is possible to define some specific features of the outsider's behavior on the international stage: the high level of cooperation among the representatives of the same category, "unsustainable bravado" as the set of fluid and inconsistent actions of the rogue state in foreign policy, finally, the tendency toward obtaining the "secondary gains". Contrariwise, global community tends to pay greater attention to rogue states and exercise some discrimination practices on the ground of their outcast position in the world normative structure with the category of "wise" actors, for example China, being an exception from the common mainstream and maintaining close cooperation ties with rogues.