Suchergebnisse

In the legal literature, investigating the legal relationship arising on civil service, various concepts of the characteristic of a concept of the state-office relationships of state-civil employee are offered. The main of them are state-legal (constitutional), office (administrative), office-labor and labor theories. The variety of conceptual approaches to the characteristic of the legal relationship arising on civil service reflects features of administrative legal status of state-civil employees which regulation is connected with the fact that the legislation on civil service is at an active stage of formation.When passing civil service civil employees enter legal relationship which have complex properties as are based on the using of norms of various branches of the legislation. The main of them are the constitutional, administrative and labor law. Separate standard provisions of civil service rely on norms of a civil, family, tax law (legislation) and some other branches of law (legislation). It means that legal relationship which civil employees enter can be considered in various legal planes.Legal relations of civil employees have difficult, complex and diversified character. However, it is insufficiently reasonable both with theoretical, and from the practical point of view to unite office and labor relations in a whole and to call them office labor relations. Actually, it is two different types of legal relationship which characterize various orientation of activity of the civil employee, his various legal communications.The tendency of synchronization of different views on legal status of state-civil employees, development of the universal characteristic of legal relationship of state-civil employees meeting all qualifying standards (administrative and labor) is urgent. At the same time opposition of two main approaches and two directions of regulation of legal status of state-civil employees remains: the first – providing their special legal status with the state-civil employees as to the persons performing the state functions of management where action of public law has to prevail; the second – reference of state-civil employees to persons of wage labor whose service has to be regulated by mainly labor law taking into account features of the labor functions which are carried out by them. The essence of divergences and "irreconcilability" of the specified positions, in our opinion, consist in various assessment of legal status of state-civil employees and, the main thing, in the long term development and creation of civil service which carriers are state-civil employees. ; В статье исследуются структурные особенности государственно-служебных правоотношений государственных гражданских служащих и определяется роль трудового права в их регулировании. ; Під час проходження цивільної служби цивільні службовці вступають у правовідносини, які володіють комплексними властивостями, оскільки базуються на застосуванні норм різних галузей законодавства. Основними з них є конституційне, адміністративне і трудове законодавство. Окремі нормативні положення цивільної служби спираються на норми цивільного, сімейного, податкового права (законодавства) та деяких інших галузей права (законодавства). Це означає, що правовідносини, в які вступають цивільні службовці, можна розглядати у різних правових площинах.Правові відносини цивільних службовців носять складний, комплексний і багатогалузевий характер. Проте недостатньо обґрунтовано, як з теоретичної, так і з практичної точки зору, поєднувати в єдине ціле службові та трудові відносини і називати їх службово-трудовими відносинами. У дійсності це два різних види правовідносин, які характеризують різну спрямованість діяльності цивільного службовця, його різні правові зв'язки.

"Released July 1991"--P. [2] of cover. ; Shipping list no.: 91-706-P. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Since 1945 there has been a tremendous growth in the number of international organizations, leading to the development of a body of law regulating the relationship between the organizations and their host states. International Organizations and their Host States examines the relationship from a practical perspective.

irst, this Article situates the Office of Legal Counsel ("OLC") within the context of a political system in which the executive has grown in power far beyond anything that the founders could have foreseen. As the chief legal advisor to the executive branch, OLC performs a critically important function in protecting our constitutional system and ensuring adherence to the rule of law, but OLC makes no final determinations on behalf of the United States and is subject to the supervision of the Attorney General. Second, the Article reviews the recent recommendations of the American Constitution Society concerning possible reforms of OLC. Among other things, those recommendations include a systematic review of existing opinions and greater transparency going forward. This Article generally concurs in those recommendations but also suggests the possibility of additional reforms such as a reduction in the number of political appointees in OLC and a focus on recruiting more experienced lawyers to fill its ranks. Third, and most important, the Article reviews the relevant case law and evaluates the possibility of a more fundamental reform, namely, giving a greater degree of independence to OLC by providing the Assistant Attorney General for OLC with a fixed term coterminous with that of the President. The Article concludes that such a reform is legally possible and worthy of serious consideration, whether as a matter of legislative enactment or administrative regulation.

P. 1: Treaty language and negotiating history. - May 13, 1987. - ca. 350 S., getr. Pag.; P. 2: Ratification process. - May 11, 1987. - ca. 167 S., getr. Pag.; P. 3: Subsequent practice. - September 9, 1987. - 111 S

This Article argues that the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC)—an office within the Justice Department that issues legal opinions that govern executive branch actors—arms the executive branch with a powerful weapon to deploy in its conflicts with Congress. Despite its reputation as a neutral arbiter of constitutional questions, OLC's separation-of-powers opinions do not simply describe the executive's view of the law; they actually augment executive powers vis-à-vis Congress. This novel argument emerges from two descriptive claims laid out in this Article. The first is that OLC's institutional design guarantees that its separation-of-powers opinions will articulate a decidedly pro-executive view of the law. The second is that these executive-friendly legal analyses not only guide the actions of executive officials, but also shape the legal landscape outside the executive branch. In other words, OLC makes its own legal reality: its separation-of-powers opinions first envision a world that values executive branch prerogatives over congressional interests, and then, by their very existence, help realize that vision. The result is that OLC provides the executive with a powerful weapon in its inter-branch disputes with Congress—a phenomenon that to date has gone unremarked. After identifying the mechanisms through which OLC places a thumb on the executive's side of the scale in inter-branch disputes, this Article suggests several ways that Congress could level the playing field.

As "house counsel" to the Department of State, the Office of the Legal Adviser exerts a major influence on the views and policies of the United States Government concerning matters of international law.