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s a practicing statistician, we frequently are asked questions like: What is the role of statistics in our daily life? Why do we need statistics? What would the world be without statistics? Here are some of my thoughts on these and related matters. Statistics is an ancient tool which has been useful in solving problems of interest and understanding the world we live in. Until recently, say 60 years ago, in Latin America there was the wrong perception that statistics was an exoteric field that did not relate well to the needs of our society. Also, it was incorrectly thought that statistics was a branch of mathematics of interest only to people in academia. Fortunately, the perception is changing. These days, we find more and more people interested on how and where one could use statistics to the advantage of government, business, sciences, and day to day affairs. Careers and training in statistics are becoming more common in our universities, and statisticians are beginning to play an important role in our society. Statistics derives its power from the positive impact that it can have when it interacts with other fields like science, business, government, services, and research in general. There are numerous well documented reports for the interdisciplinary added value due to the use of statistics. The reports are on a wide range of applications from Physics (see, Mahon, B. "How Science Got Statistics", Significance, June 2015) to improving the quality of beer (see, https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sealy_Gosset). For a very interesting collection of applications in México, see http://www. mundoestadisticacimat.mx/videos. In principle the idea is to use statistics to make decisions based on uncertainty and limited information. The first hurdle to overcome is to agree to the concept that basically there are no predictable or repeatable processes. That variability is inherent on whatever we observe, measure, or manufacture. Also, to understand that it is unrealistic to expect a complete control of variability, if at all possible, at a reasonable cost. In making decisions under uncertainty there are important considerations: The risk in simplistic terms is function of the probability that the decision is incorrect and the cost due to the incorrect decision. If the risk is too high, it might be the case that we should not assume the risk or take action to decrease the probability or cost (or both) of an incorrect decision. Related, suppose that there is a business decision which carries minor lasting economic repercussions in case of failure, other than the cost of implementing it, but with great competitive advantages if it succeeds. The business opportunity is a function of the probability of a successful decision and the benefits derived from this decision. If the investment to try the new venture is low as compared to potential business opportunity, why not try? In either case, getting a good estimate of the probability of an incorrect (or correct) decision is in the realm of work where good statistics combined with subject matter is paramount. Interestingly, statistics thrives in moments of crisis. The need of quick response or understanding of undesirable events has shown the important role of statistics in those decision making situations. A few documented cases that come to mind are: the important work of statisticians in breaking the Enigma code and the developing of the A-bomb during World War II, the role of statistics in understanding the problem and finding adequate treatments for HIV patients since this epidemiologic crisis emerged in the 1980s, understanding the root cause for the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986, and the work of statisticians in the non-destructive evaluation area caused by the current terrorist attacks. Of course, all these examples are high end applications, but statistics is being used today for more mundane purposes like: what is the remaining life of the battery of a pacemaker that a patient has worn for a certain period of time or how to identify those students in their first college year with the highest probability of abandoning their college education. Another important trait of statistics is its evolving nature. It is a field in the making in the sense that the field is driven by change and innovations (i.e., the discipline grows due to the needs of new problems to solve). We have the challenge and opportunity of forging and building statistical curricula that is useful for our future graduates. Where should we start? This is subject to debate. I am of the opinion that it should be started at the high school level at the latest, but by all means all college students should be exposed to some type of statistics education. Not everybody needs to be a practicing statistician, but at the very minimum, individuals in decision making positions should know when to use statistics or when to bring in statisticians into the decision making process. Paraphrasing A. Gelman, what would be "A world without statistics?" Well, the world most likely would have not disappeared, but we would not understand it so well, it would not be as confortable, and the quality of life would not be as good. Finally, for young generations interested in jobs for the future, the track record of statistics in other countries anticipates that in Latin America statistics would be a promising career with good job security, competitive salaries, and friendly working environments.

Official statistics are an instrument for decision making and an essential tool for political debate. Good statistics are at the basis of a healthy functioning of the democratic system. In order that official statistics can achieve their goal they need to be credible for the citizens at large. In order to win credibility a careful and permanent compliance with good practices has to be achieved. Technological progress, the changes in a society that is permanently evolving towards new organizational frameworks and new ways of life, as well as the revolution started by the social networks can eventually put into jeopardy this credibility. The European Statistical System is implementing a number of tools aimed at preserving credibility through all these changes. Some of them are also been adopted in other Regions in the world. But there are still a number of pending challenges to face. ; Las estadísticas oficiales son un instrumento para la toma de decisiones y un elemento esencial del debate político. Unas buenas estadísticas son, por tanto, imprescindibles para el buen funcionamiento de un sistema democrático. Para que las estadísticas puedan cumplir esta función es preciso que gocen de credibilidad pública. Esto es algo que se consigue mediante el seguimiento escrupuloso y constante de unas buenas prácticas. Pero los cambios tecnológicos, las evoluciones de la sociedad, que continuamente propone y adopta nuevos esquemas de organización y convivencia y nuevos estilos de vida, y la revolución creada por las redes sociales ponen a veces en riesgo esta credibilidad. En el Sistema Estadístico Europeo se han diseñado una serie de instrumentos dirigidos a preservar esta imagen de credibilidad. Algunos de ellos están siendo también adoptados por otras Regiones del mundo. Sin embargo, quedan aún importantes desafíos no resueltos.

Abstract From the 1720s the Portuguese overseas bureaucracy started to order the collection of organized, quantified information on population. These processes gained particular dimension in Brazil during the second half of the 18th century, but were decreed to all territories of the empire (in Africa, Indian Ocean and the East). An extensive corpus of documents was thus produced, consisting on hundreds of statistical charts, decrees and political instructions. The Portuguese bureaucratic elites, influenced by the political arithmetic and physiocratic thought, understood population as a State resource that should be calculated, managed and placed according to governance conveniences. This article aims to describe and analyze the types of orders and statistical charts produced for the Portuguese America, as well as its evolution and growing complexity. Following pioneering authors as Dauril Alden e Maria Luiza Marcílio we defend its enormous potential in the estimations of demographic statistics for the colonial period. ; Resumo Desde a década de 1720 que a administração ultramarina portuguesa produziu ordens régias com vista a recolher e organizar informações padronizadas sobre a população do império. Estes processos ganharam uma dimensão particular no Brasil, durante a segunda metade do século XVIII, mas foram transversais a quase todos os territórios (em África, no Índico e no Oriente), dando origem a um extenso corpus documental constituído por várias centenas de mapas estatísticos. Inspirando-se nos princípios da aritmética política e do fisiocratismo as elites políticas portuguesas entenderam a população como um recurso de Estado que se deveria calcular, regular e canalizar segundo as conveniências da Coroa. Este artigo pretende descrever os modelos de ordens e de mapas estatísticos, bem como a sua evolução. Na linha de autores pioneiros como Dauril Alden e Maria Luiza Marcílio defenderemos o seu enorme potencial no cálculo de estimativas demográficas para o período colonial. Resumen Desde 1720, la administración ultramarina portuguesa emitió ordenes reales com el objectivo de recoger informaciones estandardizadas sobre la población del imperio. Estos procesos tuvieron una mayor dimensión en Brasil, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, pero fueron transversales a casi todos los territórios (en Africa, en el Índico y en Oriente), dando origen a un amplio corpus documental constituído por cientos de mapas estadísticos. Inspirándose en los princípios de la Aritmética Política y la Fisiocracia, las elites políticas portuguesas consideraron a la población como un recurso del Estado que se debía calcular, regular y canalizar según sus intereses. Este artículo se propone ofrecer una descripción de las ordenes enviadas a las conquistas y mapas estadísticos, así como de su evolución en el tiempo. En la línea de autores pioneros como Dauril Alden e Maria Luiza Marcílio defenderemos su enorme potencial para realizar cálculos demográficos aproximados, durante el período colonial. Abstract From the 1720s the Portuguese overseas bureaucracy started to order the collection of organized, quantified information on population. These processes gained particular dimension in Brazil during the second half of the 18th century, but were decreed to all territories of the empire (in Africa, Indian Ocean and the East). An extensive corpus of documents was thus produced, consisting on hundreds of statistical charts, decrees and political instructions. The Portuguese bureaucratic elites, influenced by the political arithmetic and physiocratic thought, understood population as a State resource that should be calculated, managed and placed according to governance conveniences. This article aims to describe and analyze the types of orders and statistical charts produced for the Portuguese America, as well as its evolution and growing complexity. Following pioneering authors as Dauril Alden e Maria Luiza Marcílio we defend its enormous potential in the estimations of demographic statistics for the colonial period.

Las autoridades políticas necesitan estar informadas adecuadamente acerca del estado y las tendencias de los elementos básicos del funcionamiento social. Al mismo tiempo, la ciudadanía, los actores económicos y sociales, los académicos, los estudiantes, todos necesitamos conocer da manera sintética, veraz y oportuna los lineamientos esenciales de nuestro derrotero, los inconvenientes, las dificultades, las oportunidades que el país y el mundo nos presentan. Los estadistas son quienes detentan posiciones relevantes y se preocupan por asegurar aquellos cometidos. Contrariamente, más allá de cualquier encendido discurso estará lejos de serlo aquél que no lo procure o, peor aún, que atente contra ese sagrado derecho humano a la información En este artículo se describe la continuidad del proceso de deterioro del sistema estadístico nacional de Argentina desde comienzos de 2007 hasta la actualidad. No sólo se observa críticamente lo acontecido en el INDEC, más allá del índice de Precios al Consumidor. Se muestran, también, signos preocupantes en la misma dirección en otras áreas claves de la gestión del Estado Nacional Argentino y se plantea la necesidad de corregir el rumbo. ; Political authorities need to be properly informed about the situation and trends of the basic elements of social development. At the same time, the community as a whole, as well as social and economic actors, academics, students; in short, everyone needs to be knowledgeable about the key guidelines of our course in a timely, truthful and concise manner, as well as being well aware of the inconveniences, difficulties and opportunities that stem from our country and the rest of the world. Statesmen and women are the ones holding relevant positions and are concerned about ensuring such goals. Otherwise, regardless of any enraged speeches, those statesmen or women who do not procure such purposes, or even worse, jeopardize that sacred human right to information, will be far from truly being entitled to being recognized as such. In this article, the continuity of the deterioration process of Argentina's National statistics system is described from the early months in 2007 to the present day. Not only is the situation with the INDEC critically observed, beyond the Consumer Price Index. But also there are various alarming signs in the same direction in other key areas within the Argentinean National Government management; hence the necessity to correct the course of action is set out. ; Fil: Lindenboim, Javier. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas. Centro de Estudios sobre Población, Empleo y Desarrollo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Las tipologías documentales usadas en las agencias del ISBN poseen cierto grado de indefinición que afecta a las estadísticas de la producción del sector editorial español y argentino. Se estudian las definiciones de libro presentadas por la legislación de ambos países y la función del control bibliográfico nacional. Analiza las estadísticas de la Agencia Española y la Agencia Argentina del ISBN. Propone una nueva tipología que abarque las categorías de formatos y soportes en uso en el sector editorial digital. ; This paper studies the documental types used in the ISBN system of Spain and Argentina. It first describes how new technologies affect the registry of the book production of the publishing sector. Thereafter it considers the book's definition of the legislation of both countries and the function of the national bibliographic control. Analyzes the statistic data of the Spanish and Argentine ISBN agencies about ebook production. Final remarks are related to the proposal of a new documental tipology for the registry of new formats and sources used in the digital publishing industry.

El presente artículo sostiene que la estadística es una máquina para crear mapas para la gestión de la población, ejercicio que remite a un ordenamiento de múltiple información sobre la vida. La gubernamentalidad, en tanto forma de vigilancia y de gobierno sobre la vida humana, tiene a la estadística como un instrumento esencial. Ahora bien, la estadística es una nueva forma de panoptismo debido a que posee un componente espacial a revelar. Al ser medidos en un sistema de registro, las personas/atributos pueblan un espacio estadístico, por tanto, la estadística dibuja una tierra y a sus habitantes. Con ello, las ciencias sociales son campos discursivos de producción, validación e interpretación de signos sobre la realidad a intervenir. El texto termina problematizando esta capacidad de la ciencia social y la estadística, mostrando que la operación de creación de mapas, signos y valores, lejos de ser mera representación objetiva y neutral de la realidad, es una forma de posibilitarla. ; This article argues that statistics is a machine to create maps for population management, exercise refers to a system of multiple information about life. Governmentality, as a form of government surveillance and on human life, has statistics as an essential tool. However, statistics is a new form of panopticism because it has a spatial component to reveal. When measured in a registration system, people / attributes populate a statistical space thus draws a statistical earth and its inhabitants. With this, the social sciences are discursive fields of production, validation and interpretation of signs over reality to intervene. The text ends by questioning the ability of social science and statistics, showing that the mapping operation, signs and values, far from being mere objective and neutral representation of reality is possible, even for a way.

Sumario: This publication sheds light on the magnitude of domestic work, a sector often invisible behind the doors of private households and unprotected by national legislation. The adoption of new international labour standards on domestic work (Convention No. 189 and its accompanying Recommendation No. 201) by the ILO at its 100th International Labour Conference in June 2011 represents a key milestone on the path to the realization of decent work for domestic workers. This volume presents national statistics and new global and regional estimates on the number of domestic workers

Este documento presenta las estadísticas comparadas del sistema de salud de Colombia frente a los países miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo. Los datos usados provienen de la publicación OECD Health Statistics 2016 que contiene la información de los principales indicadores de Salud de los 35 países miembros, así como de los países en proceso de adhesión - Colombia, Costa Rica, Lituania y Rusia – y los países que cooperan con la organización -Brasil, la República Popular de China, India, Indonesia y Sudáfrica-. Se encuentra que en todos los indicadores para los que existen datos Colombia se encuentra por debajo del promedio de la OCDE y por debajo de una desviación estándar. ; This paper presents comparative statistics on the performance of health systems between Colombia and countries members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data used is from OECD Health Statistics 2016, a publication that summarizes data for the 35 member countries, those countries in the process of adhesion – Colombia, Latvia, Costa Rica, Lithuania and the Russian Federation, and key partners - Brazil, People´s Republic of China, India, Indonesia and South Africa. We found that in all indicators where data for Colombia is available the country is at least one standard deviation behind the OECD average, but Government and compulsory health insurance schemes (% of current expenditure on health) which is above average.

Solving exercises and Descriptive Statistics problems is one of the limitations in the teaching-learning process of Mathematics to solve social, political and economic problems. This paper is targeted to give new methodological requirements to elaborate a set of exercises and comprehensive problems on Descriptive Statistics in correspondence to the context of "Camilo Cienfuegos" Military School students in Ciego de Ávila. ; La resolución de ejercicios y problemas de Estadística Descriptiva es una insuficiencia del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Matemática para ofrecer solución a problemas sociales, políticos y económicos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo ofrecer novedosos requerimientos metodológicos para la elaboración de un compendio de ejercicios y problemas integradores de Estadística Descriptiva vinculados con el contexto de los estudiantes en la Escuela Militar "Camilo Cienfuegos" de Ciego de Ávila.

La intuición de que las estadísticas circulan en el mundo actual como "cajas negras" es mucho más compartida que el conocimiento de los esfuerzos acumulados en las últimas décadas por explicitar su carácter social e histórico y por comprender su lugar en los modos contemporáneos de aprehender la realidad social. Un conjunto de estudios provenientes de distintas tradiciones hicieron de las estadísticas un objeto válido de conocimiento sociológico, tomaron distancia de su uso tradicional como fuentes o evidencia científica y de las preguntas clásicas que el historiador, el sociólogo o el economista acostumbran hacerse sobre ellas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo reconstruir a grandes trazos el panorama actual de los estudios sociales sobre las estadísticas, identificando los principales enfoques orientados a esclarecer la naturaleza social y política de las estadísticas. Por lo tanto, no se trata de una recuperación de las tradiciones intelectuales que confluyeron en los orígenes de la estadística ni de la ambición de rearmar su genealogía como ensayaron otros autores, sino más bien de poner en visibilidad las potencialidades de una nuevo enfoque como el de la sociología de las estadísticas. ; The intuition that statistics circulate as "black boxes" is much more shared than the knowledge of the efforts accumulated in recent decades to make explicit its social and historical character and to understand its place in contemporary ways of apprehending the social reality. A set of studies from different traditions made statistics a valid object of sociological knowledge, took away from their traditional use as sources or scientific evidence and the classical questions that the historian, sociologist or economist are accustomed to make about them. This article aims to reconstruct the current panorama of social studies on statistics, identifying the main approaches to clarify the social and political nature of statistics. Therefore, it is not a question of a recovery of the intellectual traditions that came together in the origins of statistics or of the ambition to reassemble their genealogy as other authors have tried, but rather to make visible the potentialities of a new approach such as the sociology of statistics. ; Fil: Daniel, Claudia Jorgelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales; Argentina

The consulate underregistration represents one of the main problems for the proper observation and measurement of the statistics of the current Spanish emigration. Based on data from a survey conducted in 2012 to more than four thousand Spanish emigrants living abroad, we have tried to know the magnitude of underregistration and its impact on the official statistics. Our analyses show underregistration by about 50% among Spanish emigrants in the period 2008-2012. This data rises to nearly 60% among those who had emigrated to the European Union and 75% in the case of the UK. ; El subregistro consular representa uno de los principales problemas para la adecuada observación y medición estadística de la emigración española actual. Tomando como base los datos de una encuesta realizada en 2012 a más de cuatro mil emigrantes españoles residentes en el extranjero, se ha tratado de conocer las magnitudes del subregistro y sus efectos en las estadísticas oficiales. Los análisis realizados ponen en evidencia un subregistro en torno al 50% entre los emigrados españoles en el período 2008-2012. Esta cifra se eleva a cerca del 60% entre los que han tenido como destino la Unión Europea y del 75% en el caso del Reino Unido.

El subregistro consular representa uno de los principales problemas para la adecuada observación y medición estadística de la emigración española actual. Tomando como base los datos de una encuesta realizada en 2012 a más de cuatro mil emigrantes españoles residentes en el extranjero, se ha tratado de conocer las magnitudes del subregistro y sus efectos en las estadísticas oficiales. Los análisis realizados ponen en evidencia un subregistro en torno al 50% entre los emigrados españoles en el período 2008-2012. Esta cifra se eleva a cerca del 60% entre los que han tenido como destino la Unión Europea y del 75% en el caso del Reino Unido. ; The consulate underregistration represents one of the main problems for the proper observation and measurement of the statistics of the current Spanish emigration. Based on data from a survey conducted in 2012 to more than four thousand Spanish emigrants living abroad, we have tried to know the magnitude of underregistration and its impact on the official statistics. Our analyses show underregistration by about 50% among Spanish emigrants in the period 2008-2012. This data rises to nearly 60% among those who had emigrated to the European Union and 75% in the case of the UK.