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Constitutional review of legislation is the power to examine statutes for their conformity with the constitution. This competence is performed by the judiciary. The origins of this institution date back to XIX century and since that time constitutional review of legislation has became an important institution in most democratic states. In the paper, the author answers the most important charge raised against constitutional review – that it lacks democratic legitimacy. According to Jeremy Waldron, there is always a loss to democracy when a majoritian decision is overruled by a politically unaccountable court. As an answer to Waldron's objection, the author introduces three arguments for the democratic status of constitutional review. These arguments point to three different sources of legitimacy for constitutional review: democratic will of the people, the principle of respect for the democratic reason, and substantial democratic values. ; Constitutional review of legislation is the power to examine statutes for their conformity with the constitution. This competence is performed by the judiciary. The origins of this institution date back to XIX century and since that time constitutional review of legislation has became an important institution in most democratic states. In the paper, the author answers the most important charge raised against constitutional review – that it lacks democratic legitimacy. According to Jeremy Waldron, there is always a loss to democracy when a majoritian decision is overruled by a politically unaccountable court. As an answer to Waldron's objection, the author introduces three arguments for the democratic status of constitutional review. These arguments point to three different sources of legitimacy for constitutional review: democratic will of the people, the principle of respect for the democratic reason, and substantial democratic values.

Constitutional review of legislation is the power to examine statutes for their conformity with the constitution. This competence is performed by the judiciary. The origins of this institution date back to XIX century and since that time constitutional review of legislation has became an important institution in most democratic states. In the paper, the author answers the most important charge raised against constitutional review – that it lacks democratic legitimacy. According to Jeremy Waldron, there is always a loss to democracy when a majoritian decision is overruled by a politically unaccountable court. As an answer to Waldron's objection, the author introduces three arguments for the democratic status of constitutional review. These arguments point to three different sources of legitimacy for constitutional review: democratic will of the people, the principle of respect for the democratic reason, and substantial democratic values. ; 5 ; 1 ; 170 ; 186 ; 9 ; Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczna

In statutory legal cultures, both the introduction of mediation into the legal order and the determination of the legal status of the mediator and his responsibility require legislative action. This is the situation of the Polish legal order. Mediation proceedings in civil cases were introduced into the Polish civil procedure in 2005, while in 2015 the mediation model in civil cases was substantially significantly amended. The mediator's status has also changed as a result of the introduction of a new type of mediator – the so-called permanent mediator, and with a slightly different shaping of the legal liability of mediators. These changes were considered in the article. As a consequence, the reasons for the progressive professionalization of mediation activities have been strengthened. ; W kulturze prawa stanowionego zarówno wprowadzenie postępowania mediacyjnego do porządku prawnego, jak też określenie statusu prawnego mediatora i jego odpowiedzialności wymaga działań ustawodawczych. Z taką sytuacją mamy do czynienia w polskim porządku prawnym. Postępowanie mediacyjne w sprawach cywilnych zostało wprowadzone do prawa cywilnego w 2005 r., zaś w 2015 r. model mediacji w sprawach cywilnych został dość istotnie znowelizowany. Zmianom uległ też status mediatora w związku z wprowadzeniem nowego typu mediatora – tzw. stałego mediatora, a także z nieco innym ukształtowaniem odpowiedzialności prawnej mediatorów. Zmiany te zostały rozważone w artykule. W ich konsekwencji wzmocnione zostały przesłanki postępującej profesjonalizacji czynności mediacyjnych.

This chapter provides an overview of the status and trends in biodiversity and ecosystem function through assessment of key species and habitats, and summarizes the ecological status of selected Nordic regions. Important habitats across the Nordic coastal region include sea grass beds, kelp forests, blue mussel beds and soft sediments. Declines in sea grass have occurred since the 1970's, most likely due to eutrophication and overfishing. Norwegian kelp forests are recovering following severe losses in the 1960–1970's, most likely due to increased water temperature and changes in grazing pressure. Seabird populations have declined significantly during the last decades, reaching historical lows. Knowledge gaps are identified and a common biodiversity indicator system across the Nordic region is suggested. An indigenous local knowledge perspective is also presented.