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In Editor's Foreword, Kathleen E. Kendall (State U of New York, Albany) provides an overview to this symposium addressing communication problems of presidential candidates, their handling, & theoretical explanations of these situations. In Presidential Concession Speeches: The Rhetoric of Defeat, Paul E. Corcoran (U of Adelaide, South Australia 5001) analyzes the elaborate rituals of defeated presidential candidates, 1952-1992. Consistent patterns of style, strategy, & content are found that utilize metaphors of game, sport, chivalry, & epic quest. Seen as a narrative of democratic action, it is symbolic of the public moral drama & thus involves complex spiritual concerns. In Managing Perceptions of Public Opinion: Candidates' and Journalists' Reactions to the 1992 Polls, Sandra Bauman (Northwestern U, Evanston, IL) & Susan Herbst report on an exploratory study of the discourse surrounding opinion polls. Based on an analysis of how presidential preference polls were reported in 5 major daily newspapers in the last 2 months of the 1992 campaign, it is argued that public actors including candidates & campaign professionals reify public opinion by using a variety of rhetorical techniques to shape the statistical discourse of the campaign. In Visible and Invisible Candidates: A Case Study in "Competing Logics" of Campaign Coverage, Joshua Meyrowitz (U of New Hampshire, Durham) presents an analysis of the patterns of coverage & noncoverage of Democratic candidate Larry Agran's 1992 presidential campaign. Three logics concerning how campaigns should be covered are identified. It is suggested that the largest gap between national journalistic logic & both local journalistic & public logics exists in the reporting of minor candidates at major events. It is concluded that Agran's exclusion from national press coverage was overdetermined, & that the gap between the logics needs to be addressed. Suggestions for additional research are provided. 116 References. D. Schwartz

The AIDS epidemic, a staggering challenge by any measure, becomes more complex every year. The global response to this epidemic has taken many forms, with information and communication playing an important role in most initiatives. According to the authors of this important book, strategic communication is a promising response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic since it combines a series of important elements and is designed to stimulate positive and measurable behavior change. After describing the key principles of this strategy, the authors elaborate on a wide range of important issues including:. - T

The approach of governments to public information has changed from a rather traditional press release policy - based on interpersonal exchanges between politicians and journalists - to a professionalized and specialized process of strategic communication controlling the flow of news. In the light of this general development, news management is one practical solution for governments to strategically communicate their messages and use the media to further their political and policy goals. The paper explores news management of governments in modern mass democracies from a variety of angles. What is news management? Does news management matter and if so, how is it related to the political process? How is news management organized and how does it vary across different countries? Our assumption is, that the variation in news management, its styles and outcomes across different political systems depend on a series of contextual factors, originating in the political system, the media system and the media culture. The main objective of the paper is to analyze news management and compare the context in which it occurs in three Western democracies: the United States, Great Britain, and Germany. The central argument we propose is that media centered news management is most likely to occur in the United States due to the context of a presidential system, a highly commercialized media system, and the predominance of adversarial journalism . On the other hand, political news management is expected to be the dominant type of strategic communication in Great Britain and Germany. Both European countries not only have parliamentary political systems and strong party governments in common, but also kept a political press and a rather strong public sector television. They also tend to feature a less adversarial working relationship between the government and the media. ; Der Beitrag exploriert den Begriff des News Managementes als strategische Option der politischen Öffentlichkeitsarbeit von Regierungen in modernen Massendemokratien. Was ist News Management? Welchen Stellenwert hat News Management im politischen Prozeß? Wie ist News Management institutionell verankert und wie variieren die Stile des News Management in unterschiedlichen Ländern? Die Annahme des Papiers ist, daß die Stile des News Managementes von einer Reihe von Kontexfaktoren abhängen, die im politischen System, dem Mediensystem und der Medienkultur verankert sind. Der Beitrag analysiert die Ausprägungen des News Management von Regierungen auf der Basis einer Typologie von Mazzoleni für die USA, Großbritannien und Deutschland. Durch den Vergleich läßt sich zeigen, daß die Typen und das Handlungsrepertoire der Informationspolitik nach strukturellen und normativen Kontexten des Regierungssystems und des Mediensystems variieren. In den USA herrscht ein medienorientierter Stil von News Management vor, der durch die Kontextfaktoren eines präsidentiellen Regierungssystems, einer fast vollständig kommerzialisierten Medienlandschaft sowie der Philosphie des "adversarial journalism" zu begründen ist. Demgegenüber dominieren in Großbritannien und Deutschland politische Stile des News Management, die mit den Kontextfaktoren eines parlamentarischen Regierungssystems und einer starken Rolle politischer Parteien sowie durch die Existenz einer politischen Presse und eines öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks in Zusammenhang gebracht werden können.

"Der Beitrag exploriert den Begriff des News Management als strategische Option der politischen Öffentlichkeitsarbeit von Regierungen in modernen Massendemokratien. Was ist News Management? Welchen Stellenwert hat News Management im politischen Prozeß? Wie ist News Management institutionell verankert und wie variieren die Stile des News Management in unterschiedlichen Ländern? Die Annahme der Autorin ist, daß die Stile des News Management von einer Reihe von Kontextfaktoren abhängen, die im politischen System, dem Mediensystem und der Medienkultur verankert sind. Der Beitrag analysiert die Ausprägungen des News Management von Regierungen auf der Basis einer Typologie von Mazzoleni für die USA, Großbritannien und Deutschland. Durch den Vergleich läßt sich zeigen, daß die Typen und das Handlungsrepertoire der Informationspolitik nach strukturellen und normativen Kontexten des Regierungssystems und des Mediensystems variieren. In den USA herrscht ein medienorientierter Stil von News Management vor, der durch die Kontextfaktoren eines präsidentiellen Regierungssystems, einer fast vollständig kommerzialisierten Medienlandschaft sowie der Philosphie des 'adversarial journalism' zu begründen ist. Demgegenüber dominieren in Großbritannien und Deutschland politische Stile des News Management, die mit den Kontextfaktoren eines parlamentarischen Regierungssystems und einer starken Rolle politischer Parteien sowie mit der Existenz einer politischen Presse und eines öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks in Zusammenhang gebracht werden können." (Autorenreferat)

Annotation, Shows healthcare leaders how to improve their written and oral communication skills at the interpersonal, group, and organizational levels, providing strategies for conducting meetings, answering e- mail, and fielding questions from the media. After an overview of the foundations of communication in healthcare management, coverage includes advice on communicating with internal audiences, e.g. board members and the public relations department; external communications; crisis communication. Parsons teaches in the bachelor of public relations degree program at Mount Saint Vincent University, Nova Scotia. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Tactics by which individuals withhold information from inquisitive others were explored by inducing individuals to achieve varying goals in conversational encounters. Persons were told to reveal as little as they could about themselves (low revealers), as much as they could about themselves (high revealers), or to have a typical conversation (normals). These individuals were paired in conversation with persons told to find out as much as they could about their conversational partner (high seekers). Information-quality, self-presentation, conversational-management, behavioral, content-focus, and utterance-form tactics were explored. Information-quality and content-focus tactics are the most important tactics for evasion plans, whereas pausal phenomena seem to be indicative of on-line planning of evasiveness. Implications for the study of the negativity effect and disclosure research are discussed.