This article has sought to identify the main possible reforms that could enable the Franc area, if not to become an optimal currency area, at least to move closer to one. On the political level, research has shown that policies for the allocation of production factors (fertile land, modern working tools, financial resources) are less favorable to the food sector than to the agricultural export sector. By prioritizing the objectives of the modern agricultural sector over the superior means in terms of quantity and quality devoted to it, this option has made the extroversion of the economies of the PAZFs inevitable. Their dependence on the outside world has been a brake on inter-African trade and, by ricochet, an obstacle to endogenous development. Compared to the secondary sector, the PAZFs have a poorly developed industrial fabric limited to a few industries processing agricultural products or extracting and/or processing mining raw materials. All in all, the PAZFs appear to be small-scale economies, fairly highly extroverted and whose specialization in the production and export of raw materials makes them particularly vulnerable to exogenous factors. To overcome this impasse, we have proposed in this article reforms aimed at making the economic integration of the PAZFs an instrument of endogenous development of these countries by taking into account the factors at the origin of these characteristics. Thus, in the first part of this article, we approached the issue of structural reforms by considering that they imply the need to meet certain preconditions related to education, health, infrastructure and the transformation of rentier economies into productive economies. As for the structural reforms themselves, they have been identified as factors of change and development of the agricultural and industrial sectors with a view to intensifying intra-CFA zone trade and promoting self-centred development of the PAZFs. ; Des études antérieures ont rapporté des résultats mitigés et ambigus de la relation entre les Il ...
This article has sought to identify the main possible reforms that could enable the Franc area, if not to become an optimal currency area, at least to move closer to one. On the political level, research has shown that policies for the allocation of production factors (fertile land, modern working tools, financial resources) are less favorable to the food sector than to the agricultural export sector. By prioritizing the objectives of the modern agricultural sector over the superior means in terms of quantity and quality devoted to it, this option has made the extroversion of the economies of the PAZFs inevitable. Their dependence on the outside world has been a brake on inter-African trade and, by ricochet, an obstacle to endogenous development. Compared to the secondary sector, the PAZFs have a poorly developed industrial fabric limited to a few industries processing agricultural products or extracting and/or processing mining raw materials. All in all, the PAZFs appear to be small-scale economies, fairly highly extroverted and whose specialization in the production and export of raw materials makes them particularly vulnerable to exogenous factors. To overcome this impasse, we have proposed in this article reforms aimed at making the economic integration of the PAZFs an instrument of endogenous development of these countries by taking into account the factors at the origin of these characteristics. Thus, in the first part of this article, we approached the issue of structural reforms by considering that they imply the need to meet certain preconditions related to education, health, infrastructure and the transformation of rentier economies into productive economies. As for the structural reforms themselves, they have been identified as factors of change and development of the agricultural and industrial sectors with a view to intensifying intra-CFA zone trade and promoting self-centred development of the PAZFs ; Des études antérieures ont rapporté des résultats mitigés et ambigus de la relation entre les Il a été question dans cet article de déterminer les principales réformes possibles pouvant permettre à la zone Franc sinon de devenir une zone monétaire optimale du moins de s'en rapprocher. Sur le plan politique, les travaux de recherches ont conduit a relevé que les politiques d'allocation des facteurs de production (terres fertiles, outils de travail modernes, ressources financières) sont moins favorables au secteur vivrier qu'au secteur agricole d'exportation. En privilégiant ainsi les objectifs du secteur agricole moderne au regard des moyens supérieurs en quantité et en qualité qui lui sont consacrés, cette option a rendu inévitable l'extraversion des économies des PAZF[1]. Leur dépendance vis-à-vis de l'extérieur a été un frein aux échanges interafricains et par ricochet, un obstacle au développement endogène. Par rapport au secteur secondaire, les PAZF ont un tissu industriel peu développé limité à quelques industries de transformation des produits agricoles ou d'extraction ou/et de transformation des matières premières minières. Au total, les PAZF apparaissent comme des économies de dimension réduite, assez fortement extraverties et dont la spécialisation dans la production et l'exportation des matières premières les rendent particulièrement vulnérables aux facteurs exogènes. Pour sortir de cette impasse, nous avons proposé dans cet article des réformes visant à faire de l'intégration économique des PAZF un instrument du développement endogène de ces pays en tenant compte des facteurs à l'origine de ces caractéristiques. C'est ainsi qu'en première partie de cet article, nous avons abordé la problématique des réformes structurelles en considérant qu'elles impliquent la nécessité de satisfaire à certaines conditions préalables liées à l'éducation, à la santé, aux infrastructures et à la transformation des économies de rente en économies productives. Quant aux réformes structurelles proprement dites, elles ont été déterminées comme des facteurs de mutation et de développement des secteurs agricole et industriel dans un souci d'intensifier les échanges intra zone CFA et de promouvoir un développement autocentré des PAZF. [1] Pays Africains de la Zone Franc ou Pays Africains membres de la Zone Franc
Examines the role of globalization & fragmentation in the 1990s on proposed changes in the UN. Critics skeptical of the UN's relevance in interventions in international crises indicate the body's lack of planning for unexpected political events. It is argued that while essential to the UN's charter, the input & integration of transnational actors into decisions & debates remain unequal & unsystematic. Structural reform proposals to rationalize & renovate the UN, & conceptual reforms aimed at reinforcing its role in promoting sustainable development & "peaceable culture,' as well as preventing crisis, are discussed. J. Sadler
Agricultural Social and Structural Reforms in Finistère. The FASASA Achievements from 1962 to 1973. A growing awareness of social and structural problems in French agriculture resulted in the introduction of new reforms under the laws of 1960 and 1962. The farm retirement scheme has been particularly important and its impact on farm amalgamations and the age structure of farmers is illustrated in the case of the Finistère department. In spite of demonstrable improvements resulting from the policy a number of problems have arisen. There are basic conflicts between the social and economic objectives of the scheme and between the public and private costs and benefits arising from farm enlargement. Some areas of older farmers have proved resistant to adoption of the retirement pension creating even wider disparities in farm structure and age distribution. There is need for a better integration of agricultural policy within the framework of regional development planning and for a wider appreciation of the spatial implications of agricultural intervention.
The run up to the euro has been characterized by soft growth especially in the largest countries of the zone. This disappointing performance is often imputed to the insufficient extent of structural reforms in labor & product markets. The ECB conduct of monetary policy, & the Stability & Growth Pact, would on the other hand have no negative role in the growth performance of euro zone countries. The financial crisis while calling for a temporary softening of the constraints (notably on fiscal policy), would also confirm that monetary policy was more virtuous in the euro zone than in the United States. This article proposes a radically different interpretation. We argue that soft growth is the consequence of restrictive macroeconomic policies. These are not linked to the existence of the euro per se, that in fact has helped growth by minimizing monetary perturbations, but rather to the political compromise that led to the current institutions for the economic government of Europe. This compromise imposed rules for monetary & fiscal neutrality while pushing for structural reforms whose main objective was to impose a new norm on the distribution of wealth. Putting in place the appropriate policies for growth requires rethinking this norm, & the financial crisis may be an opportunity to do so. Adapted from the source document.
This paper deals with the consequences of structural reforms on the European model or models of capitalism. It critically analyses the reform ideology & isolates some of its foundations. Some empirical results questioning the relevance of these foundations are proposed. It emerges from the analyses presented in this paper that the social support to structural reforms can be interpreted more easily along the lines of a traditional class cleavage than according to the concepts proposed by the modernization theories. These cleavages have measurable consequences in the segmentation of the political supply. The difficulties encountered by the reform processes reflect the conflict between different models of capitalism. A tentative solution to this conflict such as 'flexicurity' is probably not up to the task. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.
The paper discusses the medium term adequacy of belgian tax policy. The paper reviews the architecture of the current system as well as its recent reforms. It draws on international experience to highlight the need for substantial structural reforms of the main tax instuments.
The activity of the French parliament concerns two pillars: legislation and control. In the face of the deterioration of public finances, the law is largely powerless to reestablish a tenable budget. Consecrated by the constitutional revision of 23 July 2008, control & evaluation of public policies constitutes a powerful lever of change available to legislators. The entirety of the work resulting from this control function contributes to the pedagogy needed to demonstrate the urgency of long overdue structural reforms. Adapted from the source document.
In Côte d'Ivoire, the work on administrative reform since the early 1980s as a result of structural adjustments has been known since 2011 as an accelerator. In the current context of the "PND" National Development Plan and of the economic recovery characterised by increased budgetary rigour, there is now a question of "modernisation" of the administration. The article seeks to elucidate the dynamics behind these changes, on the one hand, and on the other hand, to raise a corner of the institutional, structural and political determinants that present themselves as obstacles to the root of these reforms. It appears from the study that these reforms were imposed as conditionalities for official development aid and economic recovery. And that this situation of dependence has led to imported and grafted reforms which, in terms of reception and ownership, have been confronted with the influence of actors, social, cultural, institutional and national socio-economic conditions. ; International audience In Côte d'Ivoire, the work of the administrative reform, whichhas been in operation since the beginning of the 1980s and hasbeen under structural adjustment plans since 2011, is accelerating.In the current context of the national development plan "PND" andeconomic recovery characterized by increased fiscal discipline, it isnow a question of "modernization" of the administration. The articleseeks to elucidate the dynamics that preside over these changes onthe one hand and on the other hand to raise a corner of veil on theinstitutional, structural and political determinants that presentthemselves as obstacles to the success of these reforms. The studyshows that these reforms have been imposed as conditionalities forofficial development assistance and economic recovery. And that thissituation of dependence has resulted in imported and grafted reforms3which in terms of reception and appropriation have been confrontedwith the influence of the actors' play, the social, cultural, institutionalstructures and the national ...
France and Germany have very different views when it comes to economics and the preferred forms of European integration. Germany fears that France is not making the necessary structural reforms with respect to its economy, and is surprised that its proposals for a political union have elicited any response from France. Paris and Berlin should develop proposals together to be able to integrate both economic and political issues to generate a new European project. Adapted from the source document.
This article aims at enlightening the CGT's organizational functioning by following the 47th Confederal decisions around structural reforms & financing implemented to develop unionization (2003). The way Professional, Departmental & Local union branches deal with these decisions shows that, contrary to what major stereotypes claim, the CGT's organization is based on structures that are very cautious about their autonomy & that are linked by weak ties. This organizational reality leads to an "organized anarchy," in which the leaders' power on the organization's orientations is limited. Adapted from the source document.
