Suchergebnisse

The subject. The article is devoted to constitutional conflict about distrust to the Government of the Russian Federation and constitutional norms that regulated such conflict and were changed during the constitutional reform in 2020. The author analyzes such transformation in legal regulation and try to find causes for this changes. And also the author provides a constitutional-conflict diagnostic of new constitutional norms to identify conflictogens.Purposes of the paper are to find a legal reasons for transformation of constitutional norms about distrust to the Russian Government and to prevent an appearance in future long term of serious constitutional conflict by finding its conflictogens.The methodology of the study includes a new methodology of a constitutional legal science – constitutional-conflict diagnostic. The constitutional-conflict diagnostic is a system of consistently applied scientific methods, legal principles and presumptions aimed at obtaining information about the constitutional conflict and the constitutional-legal methods of its prevention and resolution. The constitutional-conflict diagnostic includes group of methods: dialectical and systemic methods, as well as structural and functional method; a group of private-scientific methods (historical, methods of formal logic: analysis, comparison). The formal-legal, comparative legal methods and a method of modeling of legal consequences are also used.The main results and scope of their application. The constitutional reform of 2020 year complicated the procedure for resolving the constitutional conflict of trust to the government and introduced a subject-status misbalance in part 4 of Article 117 of the Russian Constitution, expressed in the unmotivated and unjustified possibility of the president to had no activities for resolving such conflict.Legal modeling of the simultaneous implementation of the provisions of parts 3 and 4 of Article 117 of the Russian Constitution revealed the possibility of alternating procedures for expressing trust and denying in confidence to the government, which was absent before the constitutional reform.From a formal legal point of view and a conflictological approach, the amendments to Part 4 of Article 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation cannot be explained, and they are a certain «opportunistic maneuver» to the Russian Parliament. ; Рассматривается конституционная трансформация процедур выражения недоверия Правительству РФ и отказа ему в доверии со стороны Государственной Думы, которая была осуществлена в ходе конституционной реформы 2020 г. Анализируются причины и предпосылки соответствующих конституционных поправок, а также проводится их конституционно-конфликтная диагностика на предмет выявления конфликтогенов.

The article demonstrates that it is essential to use planning mechanisms to reduce reproductive imbalances in the Russian economy. In the first instance this affects the social field and the tasks of integrating advanced technologies into production. Strategic planning must be oriented toward reconstructing the national economic model, putting an end to an excessive focus on raw materials production. The market mechanism is incapable of carrying out this task on its own. In addition, the article illustrates the historical experience of planning in various countries, experience that may be drawn upon in our own time.

The article examines the history of modernization processes in the world's social and political practice.The author analyzes the theories of modernization, the researchers' views on the peculiarities of modernization processes and the main problems faced by the states that have embarked on the path of transformation.Attention is paid to the conceptual basis of modernization processes: concepts of evolutionism, diff usionism, modern theories of socio-cultural dynamics. Political modernization can be regarded as a process of changing the political system. The main directions of the political modernization processes are: the changes of the political system, stabilization of political relations, institutional adaptation to the current realities and modern challenges, sustainable economic growth and democracy. States are going through a process of modernization in accordance with their goals, objectives and level of development.The concept of political modernisation is one of the key notions in the policy arrangements approach. It tries to capture those structural transformations in political domains in contemporary societies, which have or may have consequences for day-to-day policy practices. In turn, developments within certain policy practices may contribute to or contradict these structural transformations.

В статье рассматривается предыстория создания медиаиндустрии в КНР и ее динамичное развитие после культурной революции, которое привело к переходу массмедиа к практике рыночных отношений, коммерциализации и маркетинговой стратегии, направленной на целевую аудиторию. Выявляется концепция работы современных китайских медиа предприятий, которые находясь под сильным влиянием или в собственности государственных и партийных органов, развивают коммерческую деятельность и стремятся к получению прибыли. При этом такие СМИ сохраняют идеологическую функцию. Такое состояние «полубизнеса» или частичного бизнеса признается переходным и обращается внимание на структурные реформы в экономике КНР, которые ведут к преобразованию отношений собственности и становлению полноценных медиапредприятий, в которых возможна эффективная концентрация государственного и (или) частного капитала. Для совершенствования деятельности медиаиндустрии актуальны задачи роста качества контента, улучшения маркетинговой стратегии, повышения роли медиабизнеса в национальной экономике и удельного веса культурных индустрий в ВВП. ; This article explores the history of creation of the media industry in the People's Republic of China and its dynamic development after the Cultural Revolution, which led to transition of mass media to market relations, commercialization and targeted marketing. The paper draws out the functioning conception of the modern Chinese media enterprises: being under the strong influence of the government and party bodies or state-run, they develop commercial activities and strive to make profit. Mean-while, the mass media preserve their ideological function. Such a state of "semi business" or partial business is recognized as transitional one. Attention is paid to structural reforms in the PRC economy that lead to transformation of property relations and development of full-fledged media enterprises, where effective concentration of state and (or) private capital is possible. The objectives of enhancing the quality of the content, improving the marketing strategy, raising the role of media business in the national economy and increasing the share of cultural industries in GDP are topical in order to refine on the media industry activities.

The subject. The article discusses the current model of municipal control in Russia, analyzes the relevant regulations and judicial practice.The purpose of the article is to confirm or refute the hypothesis that municipal control can be effective from the standpoint of ensuring the security of the urban environment.The methodological basis of the study includes general‐scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, system‐structural approach) as well as academic methods (formal‐legal method, method of interpretation of legal acts).Results and scope of their application. The quality parameters of the urban environment are closely related to the issues of local importance, for the solution of which the local authorities are responsible; secondly, safety is one of the criteria for assessing the quality of the urban environment, so the local authorities should have tools to influence its improvement. One of such instruments is municipal control exercised by local governments or their officials. De facto municipal control smoothly flows from the sphere of public relations into the sphere of civil law relations due to the control functions of the owner of his property. This may affect not only the concept of municipal control, but also the features of the de‐ limitation of municipal control from related types of state control (for example, in the field of land control, etc.). The analysis of normative acts and the existing judicial practice allows to conclude that the existing concept of municipal control is a gap and internally contradictory. It leads to a diminution of the control activities of local governments, inefficient spending of budget funds. In addition, this means that local governments do not have effective mechanisms to ensure the security of public spaces.Conclusions. The article refutes the hypothesis of the effectiveness of municipal control in Russia from the standpoint of ensuring the safety of the urban environment. Local governments, as a full‐fledged and equal variety of public authorities should have a mechanism for the implementation of municipal control, especially in terms of compliance with the requirements established in municipal regulations. This is particularly important for the security of the urban environment. ; Рассматривается действующая модель муниципального контроля, дается анализ нормативных актов и судебной практики. Отдельное внимание уделяется проекту федерального закона о контрольно‐надзорной деятельности, принятого в первом чтении и основанного на новом риск‐ориентированном подходе. Приводимые примеры касаются вопросов обеспечения безопасности общественных пространств, городской среды.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; Post-socialist transformation of the CES Countries has become a regular process requiring the appropriate economic strategy and policy. It can already be stated that democratization and market relations are deeply rooted in these countries. That does not mean however that the process itself is over. There is the question of what impact the hard consequences of transition to a market economy will make on united Europe which already includes almost all former socialist allies. Belarus is also implementing reforms aimed at the creation of an efficient market economy which sufficiently competitive on the international level to meet the demands of the overwhelming majority of its people. The end of the reforms depends essentially not on the success of the hit-and-miss attempts. Belarus has considerable opportunities to assess the mistakes other countries made during their structural reforms, in the process of their establishing the institutions of a market economy and of solving social issues. It was also able to evaluate their chances for integration into the European and global economy and to avoid its own mistakes. The integration policies adopted by the Western neighbours which have only until recently been Belarus' friends and partners within the socialist system united by the Council of Economic Mutual Assistance (COMECON) give a good chance to considerate their controversial nature as well as the prospect of development of the other CES states. The governments of these countries declared the accession to the EU to be their priority, regarding it as one of the main guarantors of stable economic development and security (along with NATO). By the end of the 1990s the economies of almost all post-socialist countries started to suffer from serious «growth fatigue». Major manufacturers of material goods (the people, in other words) of these countries expressed a growing dissatisfaction with the methods of reforms. It is obvious that a psychological factor worked here: there is a big gap between expectations and the level of their satisfaction. The people tend to think that the economy is not working well, even if the rate of consumption rate is growing. However, these societies believe that within the EU it will be easier to overcome the challenges of globalisation which has become an unevitable and necessary process and is understood as a means of integration of capital, goods and labour markets the currently which are functioning separate from each other. The experience of involvement into the globalisation processes is extremely important for Belarus. There is no alternative to this involvement (nor to the general market economy model) and this applies more strongly to Belarus than to its neighbours. But the final result will depend on its own development strategy level and the growth policy; however the risk of globalization damage may be higher. The experience of the Belarusian neighbours shows that such government actions as the rapid «shattering» of state foundations during the transition to the market economy without any proper preparation for the loosening of state control over the economy as well as the extremism and incompetence of the authorities themselves has led to negative and unwanted consequences which eventually resulted in corruption corruption and crime in management and the unreadiness of legislation to be systemically transformed.

Реформы управления рассматриваются с позиций административных реформ. Показано, что особенности проведения административных реформ (их типы) определяются стабильностью политической системы государства. Представлены характерные особенности основных видов управлен­ческих реформ (функциональных, процедурных, структурных). Рассмотрены проблемы реформирова­ния экономики Республики Беларусь в части реализации инновационных проектов и распространения корпоративного управления, возможные пути их преодоления. Сделан акцент на особенностях управ­ления сферой культурной деятельности. = The article considers management reforms from the standpoint of administrative reforms. It shows that the features of administrative reforms (their types) are determined by the stability of the political system of the state. The features of the major types of management reforms (functional, procedural, structural) are also presented. It outlines the problems of reforming the economy of the Republic of Belarus in terms of implementing innovative projects, dissemination of corporate governance and suggests the possible ways of overcoming them. The emphasis is made on the peculiarities of management in the sphere of cultural activities.

For the recent 15 years, a renewable energy implementation program has been realized in the Spanish fuel and energy sector, which is necessitated by the scarcity of coal, oil and gas fields, low energy potential of rivers and the nuclear moratorium. The implementation of the program is expected to change the balance of primary energy production and make the country's economy more sustainable. However, the energy sector modernization has caused problems aggravating the consequences of the finance and economic crisis in the Spanish economy. They can be resolved only through the urgent reforms of the industry.The present study is based on the systematic analysis of documentation of the European Union, the Government of Spain, the National Energy Commission of Spain, publications of Russian and foreign experts in the energy field. It is directed to identifying causal links in the process of the modern energy sector formation in Spain. The Spanish energy sector history and modern characteristics are described. The dynamics of the government debt to energy companies and the sector reformation plan are discussed. The comparison of the implementation scenarios for introduction of energy innovation technologies in Spain and Germany has enabled to identify the program flaws and demonstrate the need for continuous monitoring along with taking immediate corrective measures.The analysis of the implementation in Spain of the EU's «Third Energy Package» aimed at creating a stable unified energy system through structural reform of vertically integrated companies, liberalization of access to the infrastructure, increasing transparency in the industry and a balanced tariff regulation has been performed. The experience obtained in the Spanish energy sector modernization is valuable for Russia as an example of the innovative technology introduction in the situation of the world financial crisis. The implementation of renewable energy projects is advantageous because of its positive environmental impacts. Finally, understanding the Spanish energy sector is important for development of both the Russian-Spanish cooperation and global economic relations. ; В течение последних 15 лет в Испании реализуется программа переориентации топливно-энергетического комплекса на развитие возобновляемой энергетики. Ее разработка была обусловлена скудностью каменноугольных и нефтегазовых месторождений, низким энергетическим потенциалом рек и планом закрытия атомных электростанций. Ожидалось, что реализация программы изменит баланс производства первичной электроэнергии и окажет стабилизирующий эффект на экономику страны. Однако в ходе модернизации энергетической отрасли возникли проблемы, обостряющие последствия финансово-экономического кризиса в Испании. Решение этих проблем возможно лишь путем срочного реформирования отрасли. Представленное исследование проведено на основе системного анализа документов Евросоюза, правительства Испании, Национальной комиссии по энергетике, публикаций российских и зарубежных специалистов в области энергетики. Оно направлено на выявление причинно-следственных связей при формировании современного топливно-энергетического комплекса Испании. В работе приведены история развития и характеристика топливно-энергетического комплекса Испании, обсуждаются динамика роста госдолга энергетическим компаниям и план реформирования отрасли. Сравнение путей реализации введения инновационных технологий в энергетическом секторе Испании и Германии позволило продемонстрировать допущенные просчеты при модернизации отрасли в Испании, необходимость проведения постоянного мониторинга ситуации и принятия соответствующих срочных корректирующих мер при выполнении инновационных проектов. Проведен анализ реализации в Испании «Третьего энергетического пакета» Евросоюза, направленного на создание единой стабильной энергетической системы путем структурного реформирования вертикально интегрированных пред- приятий, либерализации доступа к инфраструктуре, повышения прозрачности в отрасли и сбалансированного тарифного регулирования. Опыт модернизации энергетического сектора экономики Испании является ценным для России как пример введения инновационных технологий в условиях финансово-экономического кризиса. Реализация проектов по развитию возобновляемой энергетики представляется интересной из-за позитивного влияния на экологическую ситуацию. Понимание ситуации в энергетической отрасли Испании важно для развития российско-испанского сотрудничества и международных экономических отношений.

The evolution of the socio-economic systems is a non-linear process and it contains periods with smooth changes and subsequent periods of sharp jump transformation. The general design of new prospects opens at a stage of the birth of evolutionary processes, their forecasting requires the analysis of the historical prerequisites and risks, which are closely integrated to the change of moods in society. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly independent states have passed the transformational and evolutional stage of development from the regional economy (they actually were the regions) to the economy of the state; the Central and Eastern European countries have experienced a dramatic "drift" to the European Union. In the article, the results of almost 25 years' transformation of these states are considered. New states, formed as a result of the collapse of the USSR, passed throughout three types of transformation. Firstly, it is the transformation at the ideological level. The transformation of the second type was purely economic. The third type can be characterized as the institutional (including structural and financial) transformation. It is shown that one of the important reasons for the modest economic performance in the post-Soviet space is that newly independent states ignore and do not use in the practice the principles of regional policy and regional modernization. One of the important characteristic of the social and economic evolution of the countries of Eastern Europe after 1990 became the process of stratification and social differentiation of society with an insufficiently strong middle class and the polarization in income levels between the different regions. The increasing polarization in the income levels of the various regions acts as the dominating trend of the growing economic inequality. ; Рассмотрена экономическая эволюция постсоветского пространства. Представлены положительные и отрицательные стороны постсоветского трансформационного периода. Проанализированы региональное развитие и экономическое неравенство регионов в странах с низким уровнем доходов и догоняющим типом развития. Выявлены причины и последствия расширения Европейского союза. ; The research has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Research project No 14-28-00065 "Structural and cyclical paradigm of economic and technological renovation of macro-systems (World and Russia in the first half of the XXI century)".

How to revitalise the agricultural sector under the commitments of membership in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has emerged as a major policy challenge for the Russian government. According to the current State Programme for the Development of Agriculture, a key support channel is via concessional credits to the livestock sector, which was singled out as the largest recipient of interest subsidies in 2013 - 2020. Currently, these payments are not considered green box compatible under WTO commitments, whereas similar measures within the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) are. While the Russian government may face little difficulty in dressing up its investment subsidies to make them look like green box compatible, the CAP is regarded here as a poor guide for policy reform. The available evidence shows that structural policy elements of the CAP were inefficient in reaching any of the manifold goals they were hoped to achieve. Drawing on the example of East Germany, it is argued that reforms of the institutional environment of agriculture are at least as important for successful agricultural modernisation as the generous availability of funding.

The article reviews the investment policy of the Eurozone regions in relation to foreign direct investments (hereinafter-FDI). A quantitative assessment of FDI in the global aspect and at the level of the European Union has been given. It has been determined that both global FDI flows and at the level of the EU economy decreased at the end of 2018. The rating of the Eurozone countries by the level of FDI for 2018, the leaders of which are Germany, Ireland and France, is given. The FDI market by type of economic activity has been analysed. It has been revealed that a large share of the market is made up of sales and marketing (up to 40%) and production sector (up to 30%). In more detail the trends in the investment policy of those countries that recorded a sharp growth or a sharp decline in FDI have been highlighted, namely, France, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Poland and Ireland. The main factors that negatively affect the investment situation in the European Union have been emphasized, including: General political instability, threats of global protectionism, high levels of public debt in a number of countries, fiscal reform and US economic policy, and others.At the end, taking into account the current problems in the EU, recommendations have been formulated to activate the investment policy in the field of FDI at the level of this regional Association, aimed at promoting its socio-economic development. The main focus of investment policy development in the EU countries should be on aspects that promote macroeconomic and political stability, create a favorable business environment and create a reliable legal framework. In addition, it is extremely important to carry out structural reforms in the financial sector: to reduce the budget deficit and public debt in a number of countries. In conclusion, it is emphasized that by implementing an investment policy in accordance with the current needs of the Eurozone economy, it is possible to reduce the gap in the development of European regions and create an integrative and stronger economic Union. ; В статье рассмотрена инвестиционная политика регионов Еврозоны в отношении прямых иностранных инвестиций. Дана количественная оценка прямых иностранных инвестиций в глобальном аспекте и на уровне Евросоюза. Определено, что по итогам 2018 г. снизились как глобальные потоки прямых иностранных инвестиций, так и на уровне экономики Евросоюза. Приведен рейтинг стран Еврозоны по уровню прямых иностранных инвестиций за 2018 г., лидерами которого являются Германия, Ирландия и Франция. Проведен анализ рынка прямых иностранных инвестиций по видам экономической деятельности. Выявлено, что большую долю рынка составляют продажи и маркетинг (до 40 %), а также сфера производства (до 30 %). Более подробно освещены тенденции в инвестиционной политике тех стран, в которых зафиксированы резкий рост либо резкий спад прямых иностранных инвестиций, а именно: Франции, Германии, Испании, Бельгии, Польше и Ирландии. Выделены основные факторы, негативно влияющие на инвестиционную ситуацию в Евросоюзе, среди которых: общая политическая нестабильность, угрозы глобального протекционизма, высокий уровень государственного долга в ряде государств, фискальная реформа и экономическая политика США и другие.С учетом текущих проблем в Евросоюзе сформулированы рекомендации по активизации инвестиционной политики в сфере прямых иностранных инвестиций на уровне данного регионального объединения, направленные на содействие его социально-экономического развития. Основное внимание при разработке инвестиционной политики в странах Евросоюза необходимо уделять аспектам, содействующим макроэкономической и политической стабильности, созданию благоприятной бизнес-среды и формированию надежной законодательной базы. Кроме того, крайне важно в сложившихся условиях провести структурные реформы в отношении финансового сектора: снизить бюджетный дефицит и государственный долг в ряде стран. В завершении подчеркивается, что реализуя инвестиционную политику в соответствии с текущими потребностями экономики Еврозоны, возможно сократить разрыв в развитии европейских регионов и создать интегративный и более сильный в экономическом плане союз.

The paper examines the historical features of structural socio-economic transformations in the regional spatial development of the PRC during the implementation of the policy of reforms and opening up. The analysis is based on the conclusions of Li Jingwen, a Chinese scientist, specialist in the field of China's regional economy in the second half of the 20th century. In the context of structural socio-economic transformations in the regional spatial development of the PRC in the period from the late of 1970 to the early 1990s in order to get rid of the disproportionate industrial location and uneven distribution of resources, promote the economic development of the central and western regions and implement the coordinated development of the regional economy, the Chinese government aimed to promote the strategy of economic development of less developed regions at the right time, while changing the vector of development of the regional economy from the past strategies of coastal and border economic development to the strategy of economic balanced development of the entire regional space of the PRC. ; В работе рассматриваются исторические особенности структурных социально-экономических преобразований в региональном пространственном развитии Китайской Народной Республики в период реализации политики реформ и открытости. За основу анализа берутся выводы Ли Цзинвэня - китайского ученого, специалиста в области региональной экономики Китая второй половины ХХ в. В условиях структурных социально-экономических преобразований в региональном пространственном развитии КНР с конца 1970-х - начала 1990-х гг., чтобы избавиться от диспропорционального промышленного размещения и неравномерности структуры распределения ресурсов, содействовать экономическому развитию центральных и западных регионов и реализовывать скоординированное развитие региональной экономики, китайское правительство было нацелено на продвижение стратегии экономического развития менее развитых регионов в подходящее время, при этом изменяя вектор развития региональной экономики с прошлых стратегий прибрежного и приграничного экономического развития на стратегию экономического сбалансированного развития всего регионального пространства КНР.

Active application of modern digital technologies is impossible without creating high technological basis for Russia's economy, capable of effective implementation of such technologies. These processes assume the implementation of radical structural and technological modernization conversions applying different planning methods within the framework of state industrial policy. The most expressed forms of planning have been used by developed and «catching-up» economies primarily during radical modernization reforms. In this context, appealing to overseas planning experience seems to be of great interest. On the basis of foreign experts' estimates, the author analyses the main directions in planning during the period of accelerated industrial-technological transformation in South Korea in the context of its possible use in Russia's technological modernization. The experience of planning in South Korea is of special interest because it demonstrates the transformation in planning functions and methods according to the changes in socio-economic situation in the country and modernization goals set by the Government at different stages of development.

Over the past six years since the change of political power (in February 2014) and the new leadership of the country proclaimed the course towards Euro-Atlantic integration,Ukrainehas gone through the next and the largest crisis in its post-Soviet history. This crisis was the result of not only negative global (slowdown in global economic growth, falling demand and prices for traditional Ukrainian exports), but also regional (rupture of trade and economic ties withRussia) factors amid loss of part of the territory and military operations in the east countries. Such serious external and internal shocks greatly affected to the Ukrainian economy, which at the same time withstood and largely adapted to sharply changing conditions. However, it is not necessary to talk about any significant development of the country, about its structural and technological modernization, increasing competitiveness in this period. To achieve this goal, the new authorities ofUkrainewill need to make a lot of efforts, achieve consolidation of the entire Ukrainian society on the country's strategic development, complete large-scale structural and institutional reforms, solve the Donbass problem and at least partially restore the destroyed humanitarian and economic ties withRussia. ; За прошедшие шесть лет с момента смены политической власти (в феврале 2014 года) и провозглашения новым руководством страны курса на евроатлантическую интеграцию Украина прошла через очередной и наиболее масштабный в своей постсоветской истории кризис. Этот кризис стал результатом не только действия негативных глобальных (замедление темпов роста мировой экономики, падение спроса и цен на товары традиционного украинского экспорта), но и региональных (разрыв торгово-экономических связей с Россией) факторов на фоне потери части территории и военных действий на востоке страны. Такие серьезные внешние и внутренние потрясения сильно повлияли на украинскую экономику, которая при этом выстояла и во многом адаптировалась к резко изменившимся условиям. Однако говорить о каком-либо значимом развитии страны, о ее структурной и технологической модернизации, повышении конкурентоспособности в этот период не приходится. Для достижения этой цели новым властям Украины потребуется приложить массу усилий, добиться консолидации всего украинского общества по вопросам стратегического развития страны, завершить масштабные структурные и институциональные реформы, решить проблему Донбасса и хотя бы частично восстановить разрушенные гуманитарные и экономические связи с Россией.

Теория гениальности И. А. Ильина рассматривается в контексте его философии как структурный элемент религиозно-политического акта, направленного на предмет. Гений понимается как особое качество/состояние личности, сумевшей в свободном духовном творчестве максимально соответствовать предмету. Художественная гениальность применима не только в эстетической сфере, но и в сфере политики, в правосознании. Гений в политике должен видеть цель, т. е. обладать даром художественной гениальности, он должен видеть контуры настоящего и предполагающегося социально-политического организма. В политике гений становится вождем и реформатором, определяя судьбу своего народа. ; I. A. Ilyin's theory of genius is considered in the context of his philosophy as a structural element of a religious and political act aimed at the Subject. Genius is understood as a special quality/condition of the person who managed to correspond to the Subject as much as possible in free spiritual creativity. Artistic genius is applicable not only in the aesthetic sphere, but also in the sphere of politics, in the legal consciousness. A genius in politics must see the goal, that is, possess the gift of artistic genius, he must see the contours of the present and prospective socio-political organism. In politics, a genius becomes a leader and a reformer, determining the fate of his people.