Suchergebnisse

Rada Europejska stopniowo przekształciła się w ośrodek podejmowania decyzji politycznych EWG, później Unii Europejskiej. Jej zakres formalnych i nieformalnych uprawnień stale się zwiększał. Kolejne postanowienia polityczne i wprowadzane prawne regulacje wyznaczały znaczące etapy tego procesu, ponieważ określały jej rolę i wiodącą funkcję w EWG. Artykuł odnosi się do źródeł i przejawów dynamiki instytucjonalnej w procesie rozwoju Rady Europejskiej w okresie 1961-1977. Jego celem jest analiza czynników warunkujących powstanie i rozwój Rady Europejskiej w świetle przyjmowanych decyzji politycznych, a także praktyki jej działań. Przedstawione w artykule zagadnienie oparte zostało na założeniu, iż ład strukturalny cechuje znacząca asymetryczność. Narastanie współzależności w kształtowanych relacjach między państwami w sytuacji potrzeby i konieczności współpracy zbiega się z procesem zmian w odniesieniu do konieczności kształtowania nowych funkcji instytucji. To znacząco wpłynęło na dynamikę międzyinstytucjonalnych przekształceń. Określając determinanty wpływające na te przekształcenia podkreślić należy funkcjonalność systemu, a także jego ograniczenia. ; The European Council has gradually evolved into a center of political decision making in the EEC/EU and its range of formal and informal powers continues to grow. The following political decisions and legal regulations marked a significant step in this process because it identified and acknowledged the European Council's position and its leading role within the EEC/ EU. This article examines the sources and manifestations of the institutional changes within the European Council in the period 1961-1977. Its purpose is to analyze the factors which influence the creation and development of the European Council in light of political decisions, Treaty's provisions and the practice of its activities. The issue discussed in the article is based on the assumption that the structural order is characterized by a significant asymmetry. The increasing interdependence in the relations between states, together with the need and the necessity of the idea of cooperation, has coincided with the process of change necessitated by the new functions of the European Council. This has significantly affected the pace of inter-institutional transformation. In defining the determinants affecting this transformation, the functionality of the system, as well as the limitations in terms of its ability should be emphasized.

Rada Europejska stopniowo przekształciła się w ośrodek podejmowania decyzji politycznych EWG, później Unii Europejskiej. Jej zakres formalnych i nieformalnych uprawnień stale się zwiększał. Kolejne postanowienia polityczne i wprowadzane prawne regulacje wyznaczały znaczące etapy tego procesu, ponieważ określały jej rolę i wiodącą funkcję w EWG. Artykuł odnosi się do źródeł i przejawów dynamiki instytucjonalnej w procesie rozwoju Rady Europejskiej w okresie 1961–1977. Jego celem jest analiza czynników warunkujących powstanie i rozwój Rady Europejskiej w świetle przyjmowanych decyzji politycznych, a także praktyki jej działań. Przedstawione w artykule zagadnienie oparte zostało na założeniu, iż ład strukturalny cechuje znacząca asymetryczność. Narastanie współzależności w kształtowanych relacjach między państwami w sytuacji potrzeby i konieczności współpracy zbiega się z procesem zmian w odniesieniu do konieczności kształtowania nowych funkcji instytucji. To znacząco wpłynęło na dynamikę międzyinstytucjonalnych przekształceń. Określając determinanty wpływające na te przekształcenia podkreślić należy funkcjonalność systemu, a także jego ograniczenia. ; The European Council has gradually evolved into a center of political decision making in the EEC/EU and its range of formal and informal powers continues to grow. The following political decisions and legal regulations marked a significant step in this process because it identified and acknowledged the European Council's position and its leading role within the EEC/ EU. This article examines the sources and manifestations of the institutional changes within the European Council in the period 1961–1977. Its purpose is to analyze the factors which influence the creation and development of the European Council in light of political decisions, Treaty's provisions and the practice of its activities. The issue discussed in the article is based on the assumption that the structural order is characterized by a significant asymmetry. The increasing interdependence in the relations between states, together with the need and the necessity of the idea of cooperation, has coincided with the process of change necessitated by the new functions of the European Council. This has significantly affected the pace of inter-institutional transformation. In defining the determinants affecting this transformation, the functionality of the system, as well as the limitations in terms of its ability should be emphasized.

The problem of post-soviet political regimes' transformation is analysed in the present dissertation. Ukraine and Georgia are chosen as the case studies. Structural theoretical approach, developed in the dissertation allows the inclusion of material and ideational as well as internal and external factors into the analysis if regime transformation. It as argued that the main obstacle in the process is the intersecting influence of structural milieu promoted by different external actors. The argument is based on the presumption that Russian and European actors, which operate in different structural milieu, comprised of identity, institutions and material basis, create the phenomenon of intersecting structures. It is the main reason and obstacle for the establishment of consistent and stable "order" in post-soviet space. Ukraine and Georgia, being materially dependent both on Russia and Ukraine at the same time do not have stable collective identities and clearly institutionalized and compatible formal and informal "rules of the game". Meanwhile, Russian and European actors promote different structural patterns of interaction therefore promoting instability and hampering regime transformation. The dissertation provides with a comprehensive analysis of Russia's and Europe's structural features and their impact on agents' behaviour. Georgian and Ukrainian structural milieu of operation is also conducted. Finally, prospects for establishment of Russian and European structural milieu in post-soviet space are assessed and advantages/shortages of the existing measures are identified.

The problem of post-soviet political regimes' transformation is analysed in the present dissertation. Ukraine and Georgia are chosen as the case studies. Structural theoretical approach, developed in the dissertation allows the inclusion of material and ideational as well as internal and external factors into the analysis if regime transformation. It as argued that the main obstacle in the process is the intersecting influence of structural milieu promoted by different external actors. The argument is based on the presumption that Russian and European actors, which operate in different structural milieu, comprised of identity, institutions and material basis, create the phenomenon of intersecting structures. It is the main reason and obstacle for the establishment of consistent and stable "order" in post-soviet space. Ukraine and Georgia, being materially dependent both on Russia and Ukraine at the same time do not have stable collective identities and clearly institutionalized and compatible formal and informal "rules of the game". Meanwhile, Russian and European actors promote different structural patterns of interaction therefore promoting instability and hampering regime transformation. The dissertation provides with a comprehensive analysis of Russia's and Europe's structural features and their impact on agents' behaviour. Georgian and Ukrainian structural milieu of operation is also conducted. Finally, prospects for establishment of Russian and European structural milieu in post-soviet space are assessed and advantages/shortages of the existing measures are identified.

The problem of post-soviet political regimes' transformation is analysed in the present dissertation. Ukraine and Georgia are chosen as the case studies. Structural theoretical approach, developed in the dissertation allows the inclusion of material and ideational as well as internal and external factors into the analysis if regime transformation. It as argued that the main obstacle in the process is the intersecting influence of structural milieu promoted by different external actors. The argument is based on the presumption that Russian and European actors, which operate in different structural milieu, comprised of identity, institutions and material basis, create the phenomenon of intersecting structures. It is the main reason and obstacle for the establishment of consistent and stable "order" in post-soviet space. Ukraine and Georgia, being materially dependent both on Russia and Ukraine at the same time do not have stable collective identities and clearly institutionalized and compatible formal and informal "rules of the game". Meanwhile, Russian and European actors promote different structural patterns of interaction therefore promoting instability and hampering regime transformation. The dissertation provides with a comprehensive analysis of Russia's and Europe's structural features and their impact on agents' behaviour. Georgian and Ukrainian structural milieu of operation is also conducted. Finally, prospects for establishment of Russian and European structural milieu in post-soviet space are assessed and advantages/shortages of the existing measures are identified.

The problem of post-soviet political regimes' transformation is analysed in the present dissertation. Ukraine and Georgia are chosen as the case studies. Structural theoretical approach, developed in the dissertation allows the inclusion of material and ideational as well as internal and external factors into the analysis if regime transformation. It as argued that the main obstacle in the process is the intersecting influence of structural milieu promoted by different external actors. The argument is based on the presumption that Russian and European actors, which operate in different structural milieu, comprised of identity, institutions and material basis, create the phenomenon of intersecting structures. It is the main reason and obstacle for the establishment of consistent and stable "order" in post-soviet space. Ukraine and Georgia, being materially dependent both on Russia and Ukraine at the same time do not have stable collective identities and clearly institutionalized and compatible formal and informal "rules of the game". Meanwhile, Russian and European actors promote different structural patterns of interaction therefore promoting instability and hampering regime transformation. The dissertation provides with a comprehensive analysis of Russia's and Europe's structural features and their impact on agents' behaviour. Georgian and Ukrainian structural milieu of operation is also conducted. Finally, prospects for establishment of Russian and European structural milieu in post-soviet space are assessed and advantages/shortages of the existing measures are identified.

The problem of post-soviet political regimes' transformation is analysed in the present dissertation. Ukraine and Georgia are chosen as the case studies. Structural theoretical approach, developed in the dissertation allows the inclusion of material and ideational as well as internal and external factors into the analysis if regime transformation. It as argued that the main obstacle in the process is the intersecting influence of structural milieu promoted by different external actors. The argument is based on the presumption that Russian and European actors, which operate in different structural milieu, comprised of identity, institutions and material basis, create the phenomenon of intersecting structures. It is the main reason and obstacle for the establishment of consistent and stable "order" in post-soviet space. Ukraine and Georgia, being materially dependent both on Russia and Ukraine at the same time do not have stable collective identities and clearly institutionalized and compatible formal and informal "rules of the game". Meanwhile, Russian and European actors promote different structural patterns of interaction therefore promoting instability and hampering regime transformation. The dissertation provides with a comprehensive analysis of Russia's and Europe's structural features and their impact on agents' behaviour. Georgian and Ukrainian structural milieu of operation is also conducted. Finally, prospects for establishment of Russian and European structural milieu in post-soviet space are assessed and advantages/shortages of the existing measures are identified.

The problem of post-soviet political regimes' transformation is analysed in the present dissertation. Ukraine and Georgia are chosen as the case studies. Structural theoretical approach, developed in the dissertation allows the inclusion of material and ideational as well as internal and external factors into the analysis if regime transformation. It as argued that the main obstacle in the process is the intersecting influence of structural milieu promoted by different external actors. The argument is based on the presumption that Russian and European actors, which operate in different structural milieu, comprised of identity, institutions and material basis, create the phenomenon of intersecting structures. It is the main reason and obstacle for the establishment of consistent and stable "order" in post-soviet space. Ukraine and Georgia, being materially dependent both on Russia and Ukraine at the same time do not have stable collective identities and clearly institutionalized and compatible formal and informal "rules of the game". Meanwhile, Russian and European actors promote different structural patterns of interaction therefore promoting instability and hampering regime transformation. The dissertation provides with a comprehensive analysis of Russia's and Europe's structural features and their impact on agents' behaviour. Georgian and Ukrainian structural milieu of operation is also conducted. Finally, prospects for establishment of Russian and European structural milieu in post-soviet space are assessed and advantages/shortages of the existing measures are identified.

The article presents the current information system (online infrastructure) of the resources of the Lithuanian language (http://lkiis.lki.lt/) and developing this system within the framework of a new project funded by the European Union structural funds. The project is expected to achieve the following goals: integrate another 3 monolingual Lithuanian language resources, which is undergoing an overhaul (http://lkiis.lki.lt/ → https://ekalba.lt/public#/home/main): digitalised the great Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (20 volumes), the digital Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language with a list of titles, and the digital Database of Lithuanian Neologisms; design a semantic WordNet of the Lithuanian language and some more new e-services for the users. Also, the development of the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania (the data administrator and manager of the Information System of the Lithuanian Term Bank is the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language, see http://terminai.vlkk.lt/) as well as the information about some other innovative digital resources, public services and language tools in Lithuanian language industry are presented, and various challenges are provided.

The article presents the current information system (online infrastructure) of the resources of the Lithuanian language (http://lkiis.lki.lt/) and developing this system within the framework of a new project funded by the European Union structural funds. The project is expected to achieve the following goals: integrate another 3 monolingual Lithuanian language resources, which is undergoing an overhaul (http://lkiis.lki.lt/ → https://ekalba.lt/public#/home/main): digitalised the great Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (20 volumes), the digital Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language with a list of titles, and the digital Database of Lithuanian Neologisms; design a semantic WordNet of the Lithuanian language and some more new e-services for the users. Also, the development of the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania (the data administrator and manager of the Information System of the Lithuanian Term Bank is the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language, see http://terminai.vlkk.lt/) as well as the information about some other innovative digital resources, public services and language tools in Lithuanian language industry are presented, and various challenges are provided.

Key words: public sphere, public discourse, civic society, public interest, J. Habermas, movie theatre "Lietuva". A student of the Frankfurt School of Social Research – which advanced a Marxist critique of western capitalism and its discontents – Habermas wrote The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962). Sensing a collapse of the public sphere and therefore a crisis of democratic politics, Jørgen Habermas published The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere in 1962. In this highly influential work he traced the development of a democratic public sphere in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and charted its course to its decline in the twentieth century. In that work and arguably since then as well, Habermas' political intent was to further "the project of Enlightenment" by the reconstruction of a public sphere in which reason might prevail, not the instrumental reason of much modern practice but the critical reason that represents the best of the democratic tradition. Habermas defined the public sphere as a domain of uncoerced conversation oriented toward a pragmatic accord. Conception of public space is related to alternation of state organization and communication forms. Radio, television and internet invoked public discussions in the last century. What is "the public sphere" in Lithuania? Public sphere is often realized as not privatize territory in Lithuania. But this opinion is changing now and the question is what is the perception about public sphere now in Lithuania? How it represent in communication campaigns? What kinds of power it have in a representative democracy? These questions are of central concern in this research work. Problems of public sphere and effective of communication campaigns in it is showing through the one study case, about cinema theatre "Lietuva" liquidation.

Key words: public sphere, public discourse, civic society, public interest, J. Habermas, movie theatre "Lietuva". A student of the Frankfurt School of Social Research – which advanced a Marxist critique of western capitalism and its discontents – Habermas wrote The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962). Sensing a collapse of the public sphere and therefore a crisis of democratic politics, Jørgen Habermas published The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere in 1962. In this highly influential work he traced the development of a democratic public sphere in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and charted its course to its decline in the twentieth century. In that work and arguably since then as well, Habermas' political intent was to further "the project of Enlightenment" by the reconstruction of a public sphere in which reason might prevail, not the instrumental reason of much modern practice but the critical reason that represents the best of the democratic tradition. Habermas defined the public sphere as a domain of uncoerced conversation oriented toward a pragmatic accord. Conception of public space is related to alternation of state organization and communication forms. Radio, television and internet invoked public discussions in the last century. What is "the public sphere" in Lithuania? Public sphere is often realized as not privatize territory in Lithuania. But this opinion is changing now and the question is what is the perception about public sphere now in Lithuania? How it represent in communication campaigns? What kinds of power it have in a representative democracy? These questions are of central concern in this research work. Problems of public sphere and effective of communication campaigns in it is showing through the one study case, about cinema theatre "Lietuva" liquidation.

Key words: public sphere, public discourse, civic society, public interest, J. Habermas, movie theatre "Lietuva". A student of the Frankfurt School of Social Research – which advanced a Marxist critique of western capitalism and its discontents – Habermas wrote The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962). Sensing a collapse of the public sphere and therefore a crisis of democratic politics, Jørgen Habermas published The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere in 1962. In this highly influential work he traced the development of a democratic public sphere in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and charted its course to its decline in the twentieth century. In that work and arguably since then as well, Habermas' political intent was to further "the project of Enlightenment" by the reconstruction of a public sphere in which reason might prevail, not the instrumental reason of much modern practice but the critical reason that represents the best of the democratic tradition. Habermas defined the public sphere as a domain of uncoerced conversation oriented toward a pragmatic accord. Conception of public space is related to alternation of state organization and communication forms. Radio, television and internet invoked public discussions in the last century. What is "the public sphere" in Lithuania? Public sphere is often realized as not privatize territory in Lithuania. But this opinion is changing now and the question is what is the perception about public sphere now in Lithuania? How it represent in communication campaigns? What kinds of power it have in a representative democracy? These questions are of central concern in this research work. Problems of public sphere and effective of communication campaigns in it is showing through the one study case, about cinema theatre "Lietuva" liquidation.

Key words: public sphere, public discourse, civic society, public interest, J. Habermas, movie theatre "Lietuva". A student of the Frankfurt School of Social Research – which advanced a Marxist critique of western capitalism and its discontents – Habermas wrote The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962). Sensing a collapse of the public sphere and therefore a crisis of democratic politics, Jørgen Habermas published The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere in 1962. In this highly influential work he traced the development of a democratic public sphere in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and charted its course to its decline in the twentieth century. In that work and arguably since then as well, Habermas' political intent was to further "the project of Enlightenment" by the reconstruction of a public sphere in which reason might prevail, not the instrumental reason of much modern practice but the critical reason that represents the best of the democratic tradition. Habermas defined the public sphere as a domain of uncoerced conversation oriented toward a pragmatic accord. Conception of public space is related to alternation of state organization and communication forms. Radio, television and internet invoked public discussions in the last century. What is "the public sphere" in Lithuania? Public sphere is often realized as not privatize territory in Lithuania. But this opinion is changing now and the question is what is the perception about public sphere now in Lithuania? How it represent in communication campaigns? What kinds of power it have in a representative democracy? These questions are of central concern in this research work. Problems of public sphere and effective of communication campaigns in it is showing through the one study case, about cinema theatre "Lietuva" liquidation.

Most academic systems and structures, as they exist today, are based on models which were designed centuries ago, at a time when men exclusively predominated in universities. There is certain scepticism towards what can be achieved, though. A continuing evident gap is apparent between principles, rhetoric and reality. In 2010, women were pursuing upper secondary and higher education more actively than men, but, evidently, women remain more strongly underrepresented among researchers than among highly qualified professionals in traditionally maledominated scientific and professional fields. This could point towards a situation where the organisational culture mounts resistance against the integration of women. Briefly, they require but often lack conceptual frameworks. The purpose of this study was to examine how institutional culture promoted or impeded the implementation of one of the EU flagship initiatives 'Implementing structural change in research organizations/universities' in Lithuania, which should be designed to improve the institutional culture for women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). This study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a conceptual framework and methodology was developed for designing institutional transformational change at STEM faculties of University to sustain the practice of gender equality. In the second stage, the design of the Model Institutional Transformational Change was attempted to be conceptualized in order to achieve change on institutional, departmental and individual levels.