Suchergebnisse

The Jobs Act (L. 10 December 2014, n. 183) represents the last Italian labor market reform, aimed at creating new stable employment through the adoption of the new form of open-ended contracts ("contratto a tutele crescenti") as the privileged form of recruitment. This goal is based on the idea that the structural rigidities of the labor market, such as the employment protection systems, the high firing costs and the strong trade union powers, are the main source of the mismatching between labor demand and supply and the persistent unemployment registered since the 90's. For this reason, over the past 20 years, the implemented policy (Treu Law, Biagi Law and Fornero Reform) has been addressed to remove this kind of rigidities, following the guidelines outlined by the flexicurity regimes used in northern Europe. However, they have not achieved the goal for which they were designed, but they have rather produce a dualist labor market with an increasing share of precarious workers, without reducing the unemployment rate. Indeed, as shown by Blanchard et al., the success of the flexicurity model in the Nordic countries reflects underlying factors, like the degree of trust between firms and workers, that may not be easily replicable in other countries as Italy. The Jobs Act tries to stimulate the long-term employment by simplifying the procedure to establish a working relationship and redefine the dismissals regime through the reduction of the cases of reinstatement and the decrease of the firing costs for the firms. At the same time, the Italian government introduced with the Budget Law (Legge di Stabilità, L. 23 December 2014, n. 190) temporary incentives lasting three years targeting those firms hiring workers according to the new labor-market regime. Employing the data collected by Italian National Institute of Statistics in February 2015 and 2016, I estimate through the pscore matching method the average effect of the treatment on the treated, i.e. the average effect of the reform -the treatment- on those firms who have applied it -the treated-, by comparing with the untreated. Estimation results show that an increase in the probability of being hired with a fixed-term contract after the introduction of the Jobs Act reform. Particularly, the 31,1 % of firms who took advantage of the reform have hired a worker with a fixed-term contract. The reasons behind these results could be several. First of all, the reform has also introduced some measures (such as vouchers as a method of payment and the abrogation of some substantial requirements to use fixed-term contracts) which contribute having fewer constraints and fewer costs for the adoption of those contracts. Secondly, we have found a significant impact of the incentives from Budget Law on the new hires. Namely the result of the cross-firm evidence is that the incentives are associated with an increase, on average, of 43,4 percentage points in the probability of hiring. Indeed these monetary incentives are exploitable not only by the firms which hire workers with an open-ended contract, but also by the firms which hire with a fixed-term contract that has to be transformed in an open-ended one in the future, considering the possibility that after those three years the workers could be easily fired given the extremely cheap dismissal conditions. The evidence provided by this study casts some doubts about the effectiveness of the measures based on the flexibilization of the Italian labor market on the long-term employment, given that the precariousness emerged in the last 20 years after the first flexibility reforms seems not decreased at all after the Jobs Act. Nevertheless, given the limited information set provided by the dataset in use, one should take the results of the analysis as a sort of starting point for further research in different direction, both obtaining a more informative dataset and applying other treatment models.

Macintosh: Power Macintosh, Minimum Macintosh OS 7.1. + Windows: Pentium processor or equivalent, Minimum Windows 95, NT 4.0

We propose a new structural VAR method to estimate uncertainty and identify its macroeconomic effects formalizing the idea that, if uncertainty affects macroeconomic variables linearly, then a suitable linear combination of these variables should reveal uncertainty. We define uncertainty as the conditional volatility of the 1-step-ahead structural shock, following a Jurado et al. (2015) regarding the idea that uncertainty is a conditional volatility; however, being interested in structural VAR methods, our focus is on the structural shocks. Focusing on a specific structural long-run shock and the related uncertainty, we propose a simple and coherent two-step econometric procedure to estimate long-run uncertainty and its effects on macroeconomic variables. Our measure of uncertainty turns out to be highly correlated with respect to existing measures of uncertainty. Moreover, we see that the uncertainty peaks in quarters characterized by important recognizable economic, institutional and political events, such as the first oil shock, the monetary policy shocks of the Volcker era and the Lehman Brother bankruptcy. Thus emerges the ability of the uncertainty shock to lead the economic cycle, causing negative effects on economic activity that will be overcome only in the medium run.

A 7 anni dall'avvio dell' attuazione della Politica di Coesione dell'Unione Europea 2007- 2013, l'Italia ha il tasso di assorbimento dei Fondi Strutturali più basso d'Europa, insieme alla Romania, e rischia di subire un disimpegno delle risorse, che rappresenterebbe un gravissimo fallimento economico e politico. Il contributo di questo lavoro al dibattito sull'uso dei Fondi strutturali in Italia è duplice. Da una parte, per la prima volta, si propone uno studio sistematico delle criticità nella gestione del periodo 2007-2013, che hanno causato l'attuale ritardo nella spesa. Dall'altra, si affronta il problema italiano sia da una prospettiva europea sia nella sua dimensione nazionale, indagando le differenze regionali nella performance di spesa e proponendo un'analisi basata su tre dimensioni principali delle criticità: finanziaria, politica, amministrativa. L'approccio della ricerca consiste nella convergenza di dati quantitativi e qualitativi, raccolti durante un periodo di ricerca a Bruxelles e presso le Autorità di Gestione dei Programmi Operativi cofinanziati dal FESR. La questione dell'assorbimento finanziario e del ritardo nell'attuazione è stata indagata da tre punti di vista. Una prospettiva "storica", che ha raccontato il ritardo strutturale nell'utilizzo dei Fondi Strutturali in Italia e che ha chiarito come il problema italiano, prima dell'attuale ciclo 2007-2013, sia stato non di quantità, ma di qualità della spesa. La seconda prospettiva è stata di respiro europeo, ed è servita a indagare le cause del basso livello di assorbimento finanziario dell'Italia suggerendo alcuni elementi utili a comprendere le ragioni di un simile divario con gli altri Paesi. Infine, la prospettiva nazionale e regionale ha svelato l'esistenza di un mix complesso, e micidiale, che ha letteralmente paralizzato la spesa italiana dei Fondi. Un mix di fattori finanziari, politici e amministrativi che non ha avuto eguali negli altri Paesi, e che si è concentrato soprattutto, ma non esclusivamente, nelle regioni dell'Obiettivo Convergenza. ; After 7 years of EU Cohesion Policy 2007-2013 implementation, Italy has the Europe's lowest financial absorption rate of Structural Funds, together with Romania, and risks losing part of its money because of the "decommitment" under the n+2 rule, that would represent a great economic and political failure. The contribution of this thesis to the debate on the use of Structural Funds in Italy is twofold. On the one hand, for the first time, it proposes a systematic study on the 2007-2013 management problems, that generated the current delay in expenditure. On the other hand, it faces the Italian problemboth from a European and national perspective, exploring the regional differences in the expenditure performance, and proposing an analysis based on three main dimensions: financial, political, administrative. The core of the methodology is the convergence between quantitative and qualitative data, gathered during a research period in Brussels (DG Regio) and in the Managing Authorities of the Italian Operational Programmes co- financed by ERDF. The issue of "financial absorption capacity" and the delay of the implementation are investigated from three complementary points of view. An "historical" perspective, that showed the structural delay of the Italian implementation and the qualitative, rather than quantitative, problem. The European perspective, that served to explore the causes of the Italian low absorption rate, suggesting some useful elements to understand the reasons of the wide gap between Italy and the other Member States. Finally, the national and regional perspective unveiled the existence of a complex, and deadly, mix of factors that paralysed the Italian expenditure of Structural Funds. A unique mix of financial, political and administrative factors, concentrated mainly, but not exclusively, in Convergence regions.

[EN] The recovery of the "mastio" and the surrounding courtyard of the new fortress of Volterra (1472-1474) has as its objective the opening to the public of this fortified work, after 542 years from its construction, with the possibility of being enjoyed without interposing with the prison function of the complex, it also represents the possibility of knowledge and study of a constructive typology in the context of the Renaissance fortified architecture of the Italian school called "transition" with the use of the first artillery. The fortress was born as a military garrison and at the time of Lorenzo the magnificent only a part was used as a prison, it will be definitively transformed into a House of Imprisonment during the Grand Duchy of Lorraine in the middle of the eighteenth century. It is the first work by Francesco di Giovanni di Matteo called the Francione (1428-1495), it has an almost square shape with large cylindrical towers at the corners (rondelle) and at the center of the inner courtyard, a large cylindrical tower like of "mastio" (donjon) and inserted the artillery in the walls. The "mastio" consists of a basement and five floors above ground with a domed roof and connected by a narrow spiral staircase. After the cognitive essays carried out on the internal domes of the "mastio", placed in the first three floors including the cistern, the presence of "hemispherical domes" emerged, made by workers of the Opera del Duomo in Florence, built entirely in bricks without the carpentry of "centina" (self-supporting), with the system called "alla fiorentina", as well as the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence by Filippo Brunelleschi. This construction system is also applied in the fortified structures of Pietrasanta, Poggibonsi, Sarzanello, Castrocaro, Pisa and Terra del Sole. ; Taddei, D.; Calvani, C.; Pistolesi, R.; Taddei, A.; Martini, A. (2020). Recupero architettonico e strutturale del "mastio" e del suo cortile della fortezza nuova di Volterra. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. ...

Along several legislative interventions, following the Covid-19 pandemic, simplification Decrees (i.e. Decreto Semplificazioni and Semplificazioni bis) have made even permanent changes to the law on administrative procedure, law no. 241/1990, intervening in the public-private relationship, constantly evolving. Observing the articles of the law concerned by the reforms, attention is focused on the persistent decisory self-protection recognized to the public administration even in the emergency, proof of the inexhaustibility of administrative power. The need to achieve the public interest, even in the contemporary crisis of state sovereignty, is inevitably based on the principle of legality, which becomes more properly in "legality-justice". ; Tra i numerosi interventi legislativi, a seguito della pandemia da Covid-19, rilevano i decreti-semplificazione che hanno apportato modifiche anche permanenti alla legge sul procedimento amministrativo, l. n. 241/1990, intervenendo nel rapporto pubblica amministrazione-privato, in costante evoluzione. Ripercorrendo gli articoli della legge interessati dalle riforme, viene focalizzata l'attenzione sulla persistente autotutela decisoria riconosciuta alla pubblica amministrazione anche nella situazione emergenziale, prova dell'inesauribilità del potere amministrativo. La necessità di perseguire l'interesse pubblico, anche nella contemporanea crisi della sovranità statale, trova fondamento inevitabilmente sul principio di legalità, che declina più propriamente nella "legalità-giustizia".

Dottorato di ricerca in Ecologia e gestione delle risorse biologiche ; La presenza naturale di arsenico nelle acque sotterranee del distretto vulcanico Cimino-Vicano, nota da molti anni, è diventata un argomento di grande rilevanza ambientale in seguito alle nuove disposizioni legislative in materia di acque destinate al consumo umano (Direttiva comunitaria 98/83 CE). La massima concentrazione di arsenico ammessa per le acque potabili, infatti, è stata modificata da 50 μg/L a 10 μg/L, principalmente a causa delle conseguenze sulla salute umana riscontrate sulle popolazioni esposte ad acque potabili ricche in arsenico. Poiché numerosi punti d'acqua, pozzi e sorgenti, nell'area Cimino-Vicana superano questo nuovo limite di legge, l'arsenico è diventato la più urgente problematica degli organi governativi locali. Uno studio integrato, basato su idrostratigrafia, idrogeologia e chimica analitica, è stato applicato al fine di comprendere i processi geo-ambientali alla base di questo fenomeno. L'indagine scientifica è stata prevalentemente focalizzata sulle acque che confluiscono negli acquedotti dei vari comuni dell'area in esame. Tuttavia, anche alcune acque termali sono state prese in considerazione, poiché è noto che i processi idrotermali possono essere legati alla mobilizzazione geochimica dell'arsenico. Un totale di 65 campioni, suddivisi in acque fredde e termali, di cui 43 prelevati da pozzi e 22 prelevati da sorgenti, sono stati raccolti e sottoposti ad analisi chimico e chimico-fisiche (svolte sia in campo sia in laboratorio). Un range di arsenico pari a 1,6-195 μg/L è stato riscontrato nelle acque fredde, evidenziando che circa il 62% di esse ha un valore di concentrazione superiore al limite di legge di 10 μg/L. Per le acque termali, invece, è stato ricavato un range di concentrazione di arsenico pari a 176-371 μg/L. Integrando i risultati delle analisi chimiche con le informazioni sull'assetto idrogeologico e idrostrutturale, è stato concluso che l'arricchimento in arsenico delle acque sotterranee è principalmente legato alla risalita di fluidi idrotermali profondi e alla loro miscelazione con le acque d'infiltrazione superficiale. I risultati ottenuti rappresentano una risorsa fondamentale per la corretta gestione delle acque sotterranee e per la valutazione della vulnerabilità degli acquiferi dell'area Cimino-Vicana. ; The occurrence of natural arsenic in the groundwater of the Cimino-Vico volcanoes (Central Italy) is know from many years, and become recently a primary topic following the new maximum concentration limit of 10 μg/L (98/83 CE Directive). Arsenic has many potential health effects, and serious chronic long-term effects were observed in populations exposed to arsenic via the drinking waters. An integrated approach, based on hydrostratygraphy, hydrogeology and analytical chemistry, was used in order to characterise and to explain the setting of the studied area and the reasons behind the natural arsenic occurrence. The study was primarily focused on cold, drinking waters, that represent the main drinking water supply in the area. However, some thermal waters were also taking in account, since the hydrothermal processes, present in the Cimino-Vico, were important to understand the arsenic hydrogeochemistry. A total of 65 waters, 43 wells (42 cold waters and 1 geothermal water) and 22 springs (18 cold waters and 4 geothermal waters), were sampled. On field and laboratory chemical analyses were performed, revealing a wide range of arsenic concentration (1.6-195 μg/L for cold waters, and 176-371 μg/L for thermal waters). About the cold waters, the water used as drinking resource by the population resident in the studied area, about 62% of the result over the current maximum limit of 10 μg/L. By overlapping the chemical analyses with the hydrogeology background, it was understood that the arsenic occurrence is mainly related with the deep-rising fluids that characterize the hydrothermal system. In fact, the relatively high arsenic concentrations (20-100 μg/L) found in cold drinking waters are the result of mixing between deep groundwater and the recharging infiltration waters from the top of the volcanic aquifer. The waters sampled where the volcanic aquifer recharge is affected only by top infiltration, concentrations less than 10 μg/L were found. The obtained results represent a solid and key resource useful in the groundwater monitoring and in the evaluation of the aquifer vulnerability. Moreover, the results will be useful to the administrators of the drinking water resources of the area, in order to better manage the existing supplying points and in order to better select the future ones. Other than arsenic, also the occurrences of many other minor elements were studied. Among the other trace elements analysed, the uranium distribution called attention. The cold waters showed a richer amount in uranium (0.04-49 μg/L) than the thermal ones (0.06-0.09 μg/L). The highest values of uranium concentrations (>10μg/L) concern the south-western zone of volcanic aquifer, constituted mainly by the Vico products, that it is exactly located in the area where uranium mineralizations in the alkaline volcanic deposits were documented. Even if there is not a maximum concentration value for uranium in drinking waters, it is important to monitor the presence of this trace element. In fact, the drinking water represents usually the major intake source of uranium, since the intake from air and food is extremely low. However, until now, the exposure to soluble uranium from drinking waters has not been shown to increase the risk of developing serious health effects.

AbstractThe Spatial Distribution Analysis arises from the need to investigate the issue of ongoing projects in Val d'Agri (Basilicata, Italy), within the RI.P.R.O.VA.RE. The purpose of the paper is to verify the effective distribution of resources in an internal area of the Basilicata Region and highlight the problems that lead to an imbalance in the use of resources belonging to a community and local policies. The structure of the paper is organized into four sections, preceded by an introduction to the topic: the first section contains a brief review of the main European Structural Funds and local policies in the area, of which it clarifies the objectives; the second illustrates the materials and methods used for the analysis of spatial distribution; the third section is dedicated to the Val d'Agri case study and the description of the first results; finally, in the last section, conclusions are drawn based on the analysis experience implemented.

La politica dell'Unione Europea pone grande importanza ad uno sviluppo del trasporto efficiente e sostenibile, da attuarsi attraverso il rafforzamento dei traffici intermodali e la liberalizzazione dei porti con tariffe competitive nei servizi di movimentazione container. Il Mediterraneo, in particolare, ha visto una notevole espansione di tale tipologia di traffico, dovuta a una rinnovata centralità per il trasferimento del fulcro dell'economia mondiale verso l'Estremo Oriente. La programmazione europea al 2020 ha, inoltre, ridefinito il Corridoio I delle reti TEN-T, estendendo l'asse da Helsinki a Malta, includendo la Sicilia. In una situazione globale di questo genere i porti di queste aree potrebbero acquisire una condizione di vantaggio competitivo. Questo lavoro analizza la situazione attuale e le potenzialità del sistema portuale siculo-maltese, tema d'interesse per la valutazione di politiche d'intervento infrastrutturale e organizzativo. Il presente articolo, dopo aver analizzato l'andamento dei traffici, la dotazione di infrastrutturale e il ruolo che tali porti ricoprono nel Mediterraneo, si sofferma sulle politiche europee e nazionali rilevanti per questi scali. In tale scenario emerge una traiettoria di sviluppo necessaria ma anche rischiosa, che deve considerare attentamente i costi-opportunità nella realizzazione di grandi opere di ammodernamento e di collegamento. L'obiettivo del rilancio del sistema portuale siculo-maltese è possibile perché vi sono i presupposti non solo geografici ma anche commerciali. E' però necessario investire sulle infrastrutture per rendere funzionale la circolazione delle merci all'interno di tale sistema logistico integrato. In assenza di tali interventi si rischia di non cogliere possibili opportunità ma, addirittura, di scomparire come porti container. Il lavoro si conclude formulando alcune proposte di policy per evitare tale rischio e prospettando un percorso di sviluppo basato su nuove, e possibili, sinergie.

Analyzing with an ethnographic approach The Wire, one of the most important TV series on American ghettos, to understand and question the sociological perspective that emerges from the series, positioning it into the broader scientific debate. This is, in a nutshell, the work presented in the book It's all in the Game, the outcome of a laboratorial research activity carried out in 2020 by students and teachers of the Sociology of Communities and Urban Neighborhoods class, at the University of Bologna. The text is structured into four chapters, resulting from the four topics used to analysis the TV series: forms of social capital, the relationship between structural forces- culture of poverty and individual agency, neighborhood effects mechanism and the relationship between statistics and political action. Four subjects that are the core of many neighborhood- studies related researches and on which the TV series makes a clear stand. We analyzed those topics through a critical perspective, not considering them as a truth about ghettos, but as a very precise way of thinking about life in the American suburbs.

National audience ; Amoral familism is a sociological theory, constantly referred to explain the lack of collective action in the south of Italy and other geographical areas, and highly influential in different fields, i.e. political sociology, anthropology, business studies, economics, and psychology. This paper moves from the current theoretical debate to an empirical verification of amoral familism using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and EVS dataset (1999-2000). The findings suggest a paradox: amoral familists are less incline to collective action; however, amoral familism does not explain the lack of collective action among southern Italians. We conclude affirming the general validity of Banfield theory and explaining the incorrect association between amoral familism and southern Italian ethos.