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The AU's Continental Structural Conflict Prevention Framework (CSCPF) has been developed to facilitate a Commission-wide coordinated approach to structural conflict prevention. It seeks to identify and address structural weaknesses which often evolve overtime, with a potential to cause violent conflicts if they remain unaddressed. The CSCPF defines preventive action as involving both a direct and operational focus of intervening before large-scale violence occurs as well as a structural, strategic focus of addressing the structural causes of conflict. ; European Union

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how trade openness affects the structural vulnerability of developing countries. The analysis is conducted on both the entire sample of 105 countries as well as two sub-samples, namely least developed countries (LDCs) and non-LDCs.Design/methodology/approach– To perform the analysis, the author employs fixed-effects (within) regressions supplemented by instrumental variables technique based on the two-step generalized methods of moments approach.Findings– The author finds empirical evidence that although trade policy liberalization reduces the structural vulnerability on the entire sample developing countries, no statistically significant effect of such liberalization is obtained either on LDCs or non-LDCs. However, trade policy liberalization appears to reduce countries' exposure to shocks, result that applies to the entire sample as well as the two sub-samples. The author also observes that trade policy liberalization exerts no (statistically) significant effect on the size of shocks that affect developing countries, result that applies to both the full sample and the sub-samples of LDCs and non-LDCs.Research limitations/implications– In the absence of a well-established theoretical framework on how trade openness affects the structural vulnerability of developing, the author adopts a pragmatic approach by drawing upon many insights of Loayza and Raddatz (2007) who study the structural determinants of external vulnerability.Practical implications– Developing countries in general and LDCs in particular could address their structural weaknesses by making optimal use of their trade policies. In particular, they could better use the flexibilities available to them in provisions of the World Trade Organization (WTO)' Agreements. In this respect, the international community, notably donors of the developed world has a key role to play.Originality/value– This is the first study exploring how trade openness, capturing here through trade policy liberalization affects the structural vulnerability of developing countries.

Based on the authors' work in Latin America and Africa, this article describes and applies the concept 'structural vulnerability' to the challenges of clinical care and healthcare advocacy for migrants. This concept helps consider how specific social, economic and political hierarchies and policies produce and pattern poor health in two case studies: one at the USA–Mexico border and another in Djibouti. Migrants' and providers' various entanglements within inequitable and sometimes violent global migration systems can produce shared structural vulnerabilities that then differentially affect health and other outcomes. In response, we argue providers require specialised training and support; professional associations, healthcare institutions, universities and humanitarian organisations should work to end the criminalisation of medical and humanitarian assistance to migrants; migrants should help lead efforts to reform medical and humanitarian interventions; and alternative care models in Global South to address the structural vulnerabilities inherent to migration and asylum should be supported.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the individualistic and the structural nature of human capital and its relationship with poverty.Design/methodology/approachAn examination was made of the individual and the interaction effects of three dimensions of human capital (education, training, and health), gender, race, and underemployment on poverty status, after controlling for the direct effect of these variables. The sample included working‐age individuals in the USA taken from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP).FindingsThe results show that among the human capital variables, postsecondary education is a particularly important factor associated with poverty among women and minorities. Job training, on the other hand, worsened the economic situation for non‐Whites. For individuals with less than post‐secondary education, the combined effect of training participation and health status significantly reduced the likelihood of being poor. Underemployment consistently moderated the effects of human capital, gender, and race on poverty status. Interestingly, underemployed women were less likely to be poor compared to those with more secure jobs. Women with training were more likely to be poor when they were underemployed compared to being in good jobs. This same relationship held true for minority groups with training having greater likelihood of being poor when they were underemployed.Originality/valueThis study provides an empirical validation of human capital as the structurally vulnerable attributes that are disproportionately distributed in the labor market for many American poor.

The conservation of heritage structures is pivotal not only due to their cultural or historical importance for nations, but also for understanding their construction techniques as a lesson that can be applied to contemporary structures. Timber is considered to be the oldest organic construction material and is more vulnerable to environmental threats than nonorganic materials such as masonry bricks. In order to assess the structural vulnerability of heritage timber structures subjected to different types of risk, knowledge about their structural systems and configurations, the nature and properties of the materials, and the behavior of the structure when subjected to different risks, is essential for analysts. In order to facilitate the procedure, different assessment methods have been divided into the categories in situ and ex situ, which are applicable for vulnerability assessments at the element and full-scale level of a case study. An existing methodology for structural vulnerability assessments and conservation of heritage timber buildings is reviewed and a new methodology is proposed ; This work is a part of the HYPERION project. HYPERION has received funding from the European Union's Framework Program for Research and Innovation (Horizon 2020) under grant agreement no. 821054. ; publishedVersion

Defence date: 10 June 2013 ; Examining Board: Professor Martin Scheinin, European University Institute (Supervisor) Professor. Ruth Rubio-Marin, European University Institute Professor Christine Chinkin, London School of Economics and Political Science Judge Antônio Augusto CançadoTrindade, International Court of Justice ; First made available online 24 May 2019 ; Human security has been qualified as "the emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities". Articulated by UN and regional bodies over the last twenty years, its person-centred axis of freedom from fear, from want and to live in dignity and its protection and empowerment strategies, suggest communicating bridges with human rights law. However, this connection has seldom been explored at a deeper level that transcends human rights as discourse or token. This thesis analyses whether human security may provide tools for an expansive and integrated legal interpretation of international human rights, state and non-state obligations in the context of structural vulnerability; and whether a gendered and human rights-based approach can more accurately define the scope of human security and the types of violence and deprivation it considers. Thus, on the basis of an initial interdisciplinary research, this thesis maps and critically evaluates the expressions of human security/human rights interaction in international law, particularly human rights law, with a cross-cutting emphasis on socio-economic vulnerabilities as authentic security concerns. Then it explores the practical applications of the human security/human rights symbiosis in the legal analysis of two thematic cores: 1) violence against women and girls, and 2) undocumented migrants and other non-citizens; throughout the UN, and the Inter-American, European, and African systems of human rights. In the last chapter, the thesis extrapolates this evidence to reveal and propose ways in which human security is and can be relevant to human rights law, and how human rights standards and indicators can deliver a needed more precise, normatively grounded and operational conception of human security. These identified 'interpretative synergies' offer promise for shifting the boundaries of international human rights law: in constructing integrative approaches to fill legal gaps, better preventing and addressing protectively collective threats, and creating an 'enabling environment' to fulfil all human rights, especially, for those not only confronting isolated moments of risk or individual human rights violations, but rather conditions of structural vulnerability affecting their everyday lives.

Few studies have examined how handling pesticides affects self-reported pain or discomfort, representing a critical yet under-examined dimension of farmworkers' overall well-being. Guided by the social determinants of health framework, structural violence theory, and a "normalization of suffering" perspective, we ask: (1) what is the relationship between loading, mixing, or applying pesticides and self-reported musculoskeletal pain/discomfort? (2) When controlling for handling pesticides, what factors are associated with self-reported pain? We address these questions by drawing on the National Agricultural Workers Survey and find that handling pesticides within the past year increases the odds of self-reported pain. We also find that female and indigenous farmworkers have higher odds, net of handling pesticides and other occupational, health, and socioeconomic risk factors. Moreover, female farmworkers who handle pesticides report higher odds of pain relative to males who handle pesticides as well as females and males who do not. We conclude by discussing implications for the extant literature on farmworkers and by providing policy recommendations that may help researchers and policymakers better assess the health risks associated with handling pesticides.

Introduction -- I. Literature Review and the Current Debate -- II. The Argument -- III. Chapter Synopses -- Part I: Conceptual Outlines -- 1. Human Security: An Overview -- I. Historical Evolution of Human Security -- II. The 2012 'Common Understanding' of Human Security and Beyond -- III. International, Regional and National Uses of Human Security -- IV. A Holistic Human Security: All Human Rights and a Threshold Definition -- 2. Human Security, International Law and Human Rights -- I. International Law, Risk and Structural Vulnerability -- II. Human Security and Human Rights -- 3. The Human Security-Human Rights Synergy -- I. Article 28 of the UDHR and Human Security: An Enabling Environment -- II. Human Security and 'Core Content' of Human Rights -- III. The Framework in a Nutshell -- Part II: Practical Applications of the Human Security-Human Rights Synergy in Legal Analysis -- 4. Violence against Women, Human Security and Women's Human Rights -- I. Introduction -- II. Human Security and its Gender Implications -- III. VAW under Human Rights Law: Demarcating the Scope of Human Security -- IV. Human Security and VAW: Synergies Reinforcing Women's Human Rights -- V. Some Conclusions: Gendered Human Security and the Right to Live Free from Violence -- 5. Human Security and Rights of Undocumented Migrants and Other Non-Citizens -- I. Introduction -- II. Undocumented Migrants, Other Non-Citizens, and Human Security -- III. International Human Rights Law on Migrants and Non-Citizens -- IV. A Human Security Lens to Migrant Human Rights: Legal Irregularity as a Source of Risk -- V. Some Conclusions: Migratory Regimes as the Ultimate Test to Human Security -- and Human Rights -- 6. Undocumented Female Migrants and Illustrative Migrant Cases -- I. Introduction -- II. Undocumented Female Migrants: Workers and Women at Risk -- III. Illustrative Legal Cases of a Human Security Approach to Migrants' Human Rights -- IV. Some Conclusions on Undocumented Migrants and Women: Human Security as the 'Right to Have Access to Rights' -- 7. Conclusions on the Human Security-Human Rights Synergy and Prospective Routes -- I. Some Conceptual Conclusions -- II. Legal Interaction: Interpretative Synergies Between Human Security and Human Rights -- III. Prospective Routes