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THIS PAPER EXTENDS THE WORK ON STRUCTURE-INDICED EQUILIBRIA BY EXPLICITLY CONSIDERING VOTERS' EXPECTATIONS. THE STANDARD ASSUMPTION OF MYOPIC EXPECTATIONS IS CONTRASTED WITH THE ALTERNATIVE ASSUMPTION OF PERFECT-FORESIGHT EXPECTATIONS.

THOUGHTFUL AND THOUGHT-PROVOKING, EDWARD GREEN'S "EQUILIBRIUM AND EFFICIENCY UNDER PURE ENTITLEMENT SYSTEMS" IS NOTEWORTHY FOR ITS PROMISE EVEN MORE THAN ITS PRODUCT, FOR THE SUBJECT IT PIONEERS EVEN MORE THAN THE RESULT IT REPORTS. THAT SUBJECT IS THE DEDUCTIVE THEORY OF ENTITLEMENT SYSTEMS, INSTITUTIONS THAT REGULATE CONDUCT AND ALLOCATE SOCIAL PRODUCT SOLEY BY ASSIGNING ENFORCEABLE RIGHTS TO INDIVIDUALS. GREEN'S MAIN RESULT IS WHAT I LIKE TO CALL A CONVERSE WELFARE THEOREM: UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, THE EQUILIBRIA OF AN ENTITLEMENT SYSTEM INCLUDE ALL THE PARETO-EFFICIENT OUTCOMES. THIS PROMISES TO BE THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF THEOREMS ABOUT ENTITLEMENT SYSTEMS, TECHNICALLY INTERESTING BECAUSE ENTITLEMENT THEORY IS MORE ABSTRACT (IT IMPUTES LESS STRUCTURE TO REALITY) THAN ORTHODOX GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM AND WELFARE THEORY.

This article outlines a strategy for examining the effect of environmentally induced change on organizational behavior. The major concern is the response of organi zations to demands to hire greater numbers of women and minorities. Central to predicting organizational response to change is a reformulation of the concept of technological core with respect to one type of structure—the public federative organi zation. Given the literature on organizational environment and change, it is predicted that organizations will accede to demands to hire more women and minorities but will channel them into positions that are thought to confer the least cost and the greatest benefit on the organization itself irrespective of the goals of affirmative action. The implications of the study are important for predicting major obstacles to policy implementation.

While the book under review provides a critical evaluation of
cost-benefit analysis, it mainly focuses on the relevance and utility of
project evaluation techniques for development planning. It has been
argued in the book that no project can be meaningfully evaluated in
isolation because its impact not only is confined to the project itself
but tends to spill over to other projects as well. Such spill-over
effects become all the more critical when the induced economic effects
of that project are not marginal. In addition to the interdependence
between projects, the author has drawn attention to an oft-neglected but
very important aspect of cost-benefit analysis: Shadow prices are not
very meaningful in the context of project evaluation exercise in the
real world if they are computed without considering the structure of the
economy, the pace of development and income distribution.

I -Photophysics and Photochemistry of Biological Molecules -- Time-Resolved Chromophore Resonance Raman and Protein Fluorescence of Intermediates in some Photobiological Changes -- Synchrotron Radiation Sources for Photobiology and Ultraviolet, Visible and Infrared Spectroscopy -- Photoacoustic Methods Applied to Biological Systems -- Dynamics of Heme Proteins -- Measurement of Rotational Diffusion of Membrane Proteins Using Optical Probes -- Flow Sorting on the Basis of Morphology and Topology -- Primary Processes in the Photochemistry of Proteins -- Models of Photoregulation -- U.V. Induced Formation of Polynucleotide-Protein Cross-linkages as a Tool for Investigation of the Nucleoprotein Structure and Function -- Round Table Summary: Endogeneous and Exogeneous Inhibitors and Sensitizers. Fundamental Aspects -- Round Table Summary: Prebiotic Photochemistry and Photochemical Reactions in Space -- Bioluminescence and its Applications -- The Trends and Future of Photobiology: Physical and Biophysical Aspects -- II -Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis and DNA Repair -- Cell Inactivation and Mutagenesis by Solar Ultraviolet Radiation -- Photoreactivation of Pyrimidine Dimers Generated by a Photosensitized Reaction in RNA of Insect Embryos (Smittia Spec.) -- Molecular Aspects of Error Prone Repair in Escherichia Coli -- Round Table Summary: Genetic Engineering and DNA Repair -- Aspects of Radiation-Induced Mutagenesis and Malignant Transformation -- Genetic Aspects of Repair Deficiency and Skin Cancer -- Immunologic Aspects of U.V. Carcinogenesis -- The Trends and Future of Photobiology: Biochemical and Genetic Aspects -- III -Photomedicine -- Skin: Structure, Natural and Therapeutical Targets of Ultra-Violet Radiation -- Photochemical Reactions of Furocoumarins -- A Photochemical Characterization of Reactions of Psoralen Derivatives with DNA -- Photobiology of Furocoumarins -- Photochemotherapy with Furocoumarins [Psoralens] -- Advances in Phototherapy of Skin Diseases -- Advances in Phototherapy of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia -- Photodynamic Therapy of Infections -- L'Utilisation du Laser en Ophtalmologie -- Ultraviolet Prophylaxis of Adverse Effects of Environmental Chemicals on Organisms -- Round Table Summary: Usage and Testing of Sunscreens -- The Trends and Future of Photobiology: Medical Aspects -- IV -Photophysiology -- Visual Rhodopsin and Phototransduction in the Vertebrate Retina -- Photoregulation of E.coli Growth -- Photomovements of Microorganisms -- The Mechanism of the Circadian Rhythm of Photosynthesis -- Photoregulation of Neuroendocrine Rhythms -- The Effects of Artificial and Natural Sunlight upon some Psychosomatic Parameters of the Human Organism -- Intracellular Location of Phytochrome -- The Role of Phytochrome in the Natural Environment -- Phytochrome and Gene Expression -- The Trends and Future of Photobiology: Physiological Aspects -- V -Photosynthesis and Bioconversion of Solar Energy -- Organization of the Photosynthetic Pigments and Transfer of the Excitation Energy -- Laser Studies of Primary Processes in Photosynthesis -- Systematic Modification of Electron Transfer Kinetics in a Biological Protein: Replacement of the Primary Ubiquinone of Photochemical Reaction Centers with other Quinones -- Direct Measurement of Light Induced Currents and Potentials Generated by Bacterial Reaction Centers -- Primary and Associated Reactions in Photosystem II -- Biophotolysis of Water for H2 Production using Immobilized and Synthetic Catalysts -- Solar Energy Bioconversion at the Ecosystem Level -- Utilization of Solar Radiation by Phytoplankton -- Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis. From the Chloroplast to the Plant Canopy -- Bioconversion of Solar Energy -- List of Contributors.

The wage-price guidelines announced by President Carter on 24 Oct 1978 did not slow the rate of inflation; during 1979 the decline in the purchasing power of money actually accelerated. The program obviously failed to achieve its ostensible objective, but the guidelines were not without effect, in that they: (1) imposed substantial reporting costs on hundreds of large firms; (2) disrupted several important collective bargaining negotiations, twice helping to bring about costly & disruptive strikes; (3) induced distortions in the economy's structure of relative prices, with consequent shortages of various goods & services & reductions in overall economic efficiency & consumer welfare; (4) exacerbated a variety of social conflicts; & (5) further jeopardized American liberties through the demagogic, congressionally unauthorized, & constitutionally questionable actions of the President & the Council on Wage & Price Stability. The guidelines, in sum, were simply a political circus to bemuse the masses & divert their attention from the realities of economic life. AA.

Economic Liberalism and Rural Space in Chile since 1973.

The article discusses the agricultural counter-reform which has been taking place in Chile since 1973 and which aims to develop a capitalist agriculture orientated towards export. The introduction of liberal economic ideas into the domain of agriculture has substantially transformed its characteristics, as it has put an end to the method of development induced by the two previous agricultural reforms. The measures that have been taken are the selling of public land and infrastructure to private owners, and the concentration of capital in the hands of a new rural bourgeoisie able to perform a vertical and horizontal agricultural/industrial integration. Beside this new bourgeoisie, a peasant population still exists but is being pauperised or turned into a proletariat. The author shows the rationality of economic liberalism and his conclusion is that solving the agricultural problem in Chile does not depend on the transformation of the agricultural structure, but on a total questioning of society.

Popular prevention, modeled on therapy, involves working with adequate people in life-enhancement activities. In contrast, unpopular prevention is policy-oriented and aims at the social, economic, and political structures contributing to alcohol and drug abuse. Until the policies that reinforce the status quo change, alcohol and drug abuse prevention efforts will be unsuccessful and trivial, and popular prevention will continue to spawn programs that are piecemeal, cosmetic, ineffective, fun, and futile. Before instituting programs, prevention coordinators would do well to re-examine the most damaging and costly forms of drug abuse and raise the questions: do these efforts have anything to do with stabilizing current drug abuse? Will they have any impact on the primary drugs of abuse, alcohol and tobacco? Does the program offer anything substantive to help with problems related to drug-induced nutritional deficiency, industrial chemicals, food additives, OTC concoctions, and ethical pharmaceuticals? Or is the focus on illicit recreational euphoriants? Reviewing these and other burning questions, the author is less than optimistic about the future of prevention.

1Inhibition of Chemical Carcinogenesis by Phenols, Coumarins, Aromatic Isothiocyanates, Flavones, and Indoles -- I. Introduction -- II. Inhibitors of Chemical Carcinogens -- III. Discussion -- 2Inhibition of Carcinogen Metabolism and Action by Disulfiram, Pyrazole, and Related Compounds -- I. Introduction -- II. Disulfiram -- III. Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate and Dithiocarbamate Pesticides -- IV. Carbon Disulfide -- V. Pyrazole -- VI. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzo[a]pyrene and 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene -- VII. Hydrazo and Azoxy Carcinogens -- VIII. N-Nitrosamines -- IX. Arylamines -- X. Azo Dyes: 3?-Methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene -- XI. Ultraviolet Light -- XII. Spontaneous Tumors -- XIII. Other Effects of Thiono Sulfur Compounds -- References -- 3Retinoids and Chemoprevention of Cancer -- I. Introduction -- II. Retinoids and Epithelial Cell Differentiation -- III. Suppression of Malignant Transformation and Tumor Promotion by Retinoids -- IV. Retinoid Deficiency and Carcinogenesis -- V. Natural Retinoids and Prevention of Carcinogenesis -- VI. Structure-Activity Relationships of New Synthetic Retinoids -- VII. Prevention of Cancer in Experimental Animals with New Synthetic Retinoids -- VIII. Mechanism of Action of Retinoids in Chemoprevention of Cancer -- IX. Mechanism of Toxicity of Retinoids -- X. Combination Chemoprevention with Retinoids -- References -- 4Ascorbic Acid Inhibition of N-Nitroso Compound Formation in Chemical, Food, and Biological Systems -- I. Introduction -- II. In Vitro Studies -- III. In Vivo Studies -- IV Tests on Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of Ascorbic Acid -- V. Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of N-Nitroso Compounds -- VI. Ascorbic Acid and Carcinogenesis in Man -- VII. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 5?-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) and Its Relationship to Tumor Induction and Development -- I. Introduction -- II. Vitamin E as an Antitumor Agent -- III. Nitroso Compounds -- IV. Formation of N-Nitroso Compounds -- V. Blocking N-Nitroso Compound Formation -- VI. ?-Tocopherol Applications -- VII. Ascorbic Acid and Tocopherol Effect on Preformed Nitrosamines -- VIII. Summary -- References -- 6Trace Elements and Metals as Anticarcinogens -- I. Introduction -- II. Selenium -- III. Zinc -- IV. Copper -- V. Other Trace Elements and Metals -- VI. Closing Remarks -- References -- 7Plant Sterols: Protective Role in Chemical Carcinogenesis -- I. Background -- II. Plant Sterols: Structure and Function -- III. Animal Test Systems -- IV. Results -- V. Discussion -- References -- 8Immunoprevention -- I. Introduction -- II. Detection of Tumor-Associated Antigens in Experimental Rat Bowel Carcinomas -- III. Evidence that Embryonic Antigens are Associated with Bowel Carcinomas -- IV. Enhanced 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Tumorigenesis in Immunosuppressed Rats -- V. Inhibitory Effect on Bowel Carcinogenesis by Immunization with Transplantable Syngeneic Colon Carcinoma -- VI. Inhibitory Effect on Bowel Carcinogenesis by Immunization with Fetal Tissue -- VII. Inhibition of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Carcinogenesis in Multiparous Rats -- VIII. Effect of Tumor Resection on the Development of Additional Primary Tumors -- IX. Regression of Early Primary Bowel Carcinomas by Multimodal Immunological Treatment -- X. Conclusions -- References -- 9Summation and Future Challenges -- I. Introduction -- II. Challenges to Chemists and Molecular and Cell Biologists -- III. Challenges to Epidemiologists and Oncologists.

Antennas presently being used for vehicular military VHF communications are narrowband. New generation frequency hopping radios, however, require broadband antennas. The antenna must be base isolated in order to reduce undesirable pattern nulls and impedance variations caused by currents induced on the support structure. Physical constraints limit the antenna length to three meters while operating from a frequency of 30 MHz to 88 MHz. To satisfy the above requirements a model of a broadband, base isolated, cylindrical antenna less than three meters long was analyzed and built. Equations for the current distribution as a function of the physical parameters were formulated and solved. The antenna selected as most optimum, i.e., maximum gain on the horizon, was 2.5 meters in length and fed 1.0 meters above the mounting surface. The most optimum base isolation network consisted of a coaxial cable choke wound on a ferrite toroid. The cable choke was made resonant at 25 MHz with minimum distributed capacity. The equalizer network for this antenna was located at the feed-point. Several network configuration were examined before selecting a two-pole T-network and autotransformer. The equalizer network reduced the antenna VSWR to 7:1. A 2 dB attenuator is required to reduce this VSWR to an acceptable 3.5:1.

In roughly a dozen years, Brazil has created a sophisticated multi-billion dollar system of public debt in the midst of an unpredictable inflationary financial climate. During this time the government bonds were initially all indexed against inflation; the obligations were automatically periodically adjusted in accordance with price index changes. However, as shall be seen, the indexation of the bonds was not necessarily the cause of the expansion of the market for public debt. The legal-economic mechanism of Brazilian indexation is not widely understood in the United States. The method used to calculate the index that provides the basis for readjusting the indexed Brazilian government obligations has been frequently and unpredictably changed, primarily to improve and refine the index. At other times strong macroeconomic justifications support the changes. Thus, because the indexed adjustments are not made solely on the basis of predetermined and objective indicia of inflation, a jurisprudential structure has arisen similar to that in other systems in which the government undertakes macroeconomic adjustments that often unpredictably affect private obligations. Because the Brazilian government itself chooses the method by which the value of its existing debt is calculated, informed autonomous buyers of indexed government bonds have been relying upon the government not to alter the method of calculation unless there is a technical, economic justification for doing so, and have been discounting the risk of such unforeseen changes. Much of the indexed government bond market is, however, not autonomous; the indexed government bond in effect serves as a flexible accounting device for ordering the obligations of large, state-controlled enterprises and private enterprises that are required or induced by regulation to acquire the government's indexed bonds. This article will examine the development of indexed financial instruments of the Brazilian government and related public and private indexed instruments, and will ...