1 Introduction -- 2 Acids, bases, and the nature of the hydrogen ion -- 3 The investigation of protolytic equilibria in aqueous solution -- 4 The effect of the solvent on protolytic equilibria -- 5 The thermodynamics of protolytic equilibria -- 6 Acid-base strength and molecular structure -- 7 The direct study of rates of simple proton-transfer reactions -- 8 The indirect study of rates of proton transfer -- 9 Examples of reactions catalysed by acids and bases -- 10 Rates, equilibria, and structures in proton-transfer reactions -- 11 Isotope effects in proton-transfer equilibria -- 12 Kinetic isotope effects in proton-transfer reactions -- Author Index.
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Copper in Drinking Water -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE -- THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- THE COMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Health Effects of Excess Copper -- Recommendations -- Physiological Role of Copper -- Recommendations -- Sensitive Populations -- Recommendations -- Risk Characterization -- Recommendations -- 1 Introduction -- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- SOURCES OF COPPER IN DRINKING WATER -- COMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Physiological Role of Copper -- ESSENTIALITY -- BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY -- FACTORS AFFECTING BIOAVAILABILITY -- Effect of Age -- Dietary and Other Interactions -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Health Effects of Copper Deficiencies -- TERATOGENESIS OF COPPER DEFICIENCY -- Causes of Copper Deficiency -- Copper in Prenatal Development -- Drug-Induced Copper Deficiency -- Disease-Induced Copper Deficiency -- Copper-Diet Interactions -- Gene-Induced Copper Deficiency -- Human Copper Deficiency and Teratogenesis -- Primary Dietary Copper Deficiency -- HEALTH EFFECTS OF COPPER DEFICIENCIES IN ADULTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Disorders of Copper Homeostasis -- MENKES DISEASE -- OCCIPITAL HORN SYNDROME -- WILSON DISEASE -- GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WILSON AND MENKES DISEASES -- HETEROZYGOTES FOR WILSON DISEASE -- ACERULOPLASMINEMIA -- TYROLEAN INFANTILE CIRRHOSIS -- INDIAN CHILDHOOD CIRRHOSIS -- IDIOPATHIC COPPER TOXICOSIS -- OTHER GENETIC DISORDERS -- DISEASE-INDUCED CHANGES IN COPPER HOMEOSTASIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Health Effects of Excess Copper -- ACUTE TOXICITY -- Case Reports and Population-Based Studies -- CHRONIC TOXICITY -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity, and Carcinogenicity of Copper.
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SUMMARYMost of the important generalizations of international trade theory that owe their origin to the classical school are long‐run and static in nature, implicitly assuming that disequilibrium is a transitory state and that passage between equilibria is untroubled. Yet past experience seems to indicate that external disequilibria can remain for extended periods of time, and that the modern system is a disequilibrium system.The nature of the international disequilibrium system has sometimes been attributed, erroneously, to the Keynesian foreign‐trade‐multiplier theorem that an increase in exports will induce an increase in imports which is smaller than the initial increase in exports, and this has been the origin of the belief that "HUME'S law" is invalid in the case of saving and unemployment. However, HUME'S law is valid even in this case if gold flows are allowed to have their natural effect on the internal money supply and hence on interest rates, investment and incomes. HUME'S law is therefore valid in the case of Keynesian unemployment, although the price‐specie‐flow mechanism is replaced by an income‐specie‐flow process.The true nature of the international disequilibrium system derives from the fact that central banks do not allow externally‐induced gold flows to affect the internal supply of money since that would conflict with the new primary goal of monetary policy; full employmentwithout inflation. The new function of monetary policy leaves a policy vacuum with respect to the balance of payments, except insofar as ad hoc policies are designed to suit special circumstances. Gold flows are therefore automatically neutralized by open market operations in some countries, while in other countries monetary policy in effect cancels or reinforces the monetary effect of gold flows in the pursuit of internal stability.At critical times, when foreign exchange reserves become dangerously low and subject to speculation, or when they become burdensomely high, action by the authorities must be introduced even if this is at the expense of internal stability. Even in these cases, however, the system need not become an equilibrium system since the objective might be to recoup reserves or allow them to run down.
Since the mid-sixties an important change in the attitude of local authorities towards cultural infrastructure such as meeting halls, public libraries, sporting accommodation, etc. can be noticed. Induced by the government many state-subsidized initiatives have been taken in this field, implicating an active role of public authorities and contrasting with the former merely supporting policy. However cultural policy also supposes citizen's participation. This involvement has been legally guaranteed: every ideological tendency in the population bas the right to participate in the management of public provisions in the cultural sector. Up to now the scale enlargement of the municipalities had no directimpact on the expansion of the cultural infrastructure. Many options were decided before the mergers and since 1977 the crisis in public finance lead to other priorities. The participatory structures have been reorganized on the level of the new municipalities, thus creating a social distance to the grass roots.
The decline in support for religion among the populace and the intelligentsia which marked the opening decades of the twentieth century has been reversed during the years since World War II. On the one hand, swelling church memberships have been accompanied by a bland popular piety. On the other hand, intellectuals have undertaken a challenging new era of revisionist theology. The supply of clergymen has not kept pace either with the increasing memberships or with the expanding functions of the churches. One result is the enhanced importance of the laity. The financial needs of the churches have induced them to approach ever more closely the methods and structures of business. The divisions between the various denominations on doctrinal and ethnic points have lost much of their relevance, and efforts at merger and unification have been productive. The splintering and growth of sects and cults continues.
The decline in support for religion among the populace & the intelligentsia which marked the opening decades of the 20th cent has been reversed during the yrs since WWII. On the one hand, swelling church memberships have been accompanied by a bland popular piety. On the other hand, intellectuals have undertaken a challenging new era of revisionist theology. The supply of clergymen has not kept pace either with the increasing memberships or with the expanding functions of the churches. One result is the enhanced importance of the laity. The financial needs of the churches have induced them to approach ever more closely the methods & structures of business. The divisions between the various denominations on doctrinal & ethnic points have lost much of ltheir relevance, & efforts at merger & unification have been productive. The splintering & growth of sects & cults continues. AA.
HEALTH EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO RADON: Time for Reassessment? -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radiation Biology and Carcinogenesis -- INTRODUCTION -- RANGE AND TRACK STRUCTURE OF PARTICLES EMITTED BY RADON PROGENY -- RADIATION BIOLOGY OF -PARTICLE IRRADIATION -- Cell Lethaity -- Mutations in Cultured Cells -- Oncogenic Transformation In Vitro -- Comparison of Effects In Vivo and In Vitro -- Carcinogenesis in Laboratory Animals -- RBE VERSUS LET -- DOSE-RATE EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RISK ESTIMATES -- MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS -- MARKERS OF EXPOSURE -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 3 Exposure-Dose Relations -- STATUS OF STUDIES -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 4 Epidemiologic Investigations -- STUDIES OF MINERS -- Overview -- Cohorts of Miners -- Lung Cancer in Pooled Analysis of 11 Cohorts -- Assessment of Uncertainty in Lifetime Risk Estimates -- Nonrespiratory Cancers -- Nonmalignant Respiratory Diseases -- STUDIES OF LUNG CANCER IN THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENT -- Overview -- Case-Control Studies -- Status -- Problems and Limitations -- Ecologic Studies -- Status -- Problems and Limitations -- Radon-Induced Cancers Other than Lung Cancer -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Studies of Miners -- Studies of Lung Cancer in the General Environment -- Literature Cited -- Information on Committee Members.
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The analysis of development of African primitive (subsistence) economies (which lack market transactions) & peasant economies (in which people depend on production for sale as the prime source of livelihood) dealing with the following issues: (1) the way traditional soc & econ structures of Ru African subsistence economies affect their att's to steps toward successful development, (2) the elements which constitute `successful' econ & soc development, (3) the nature of the relationship between econ & technological change, (4) the degree to which it is possible to generalize from particular case studies of Ru Africa, & (5) the development policies which are suggested from a consideration of the above issues. A consideration of cases of both successful & unsuccessful development efforts suggests that undirected piecemeal change in primitive societies is usually unsuccessful, & that the problem of inducing development successfully has soc, cultural, econ & technological dimensions. Change must be induced in a way which is meaningful to societal members of both primitive & peasant economies. D. Cooperman.
SUMMARYA series of research studies started in 1961, by which the phenomena related to the liberation and the occupation of farm holdings have been studied. This has induced the authors to establish a predictive model of these phenomena.This model, on the one hand, takes into account the French policy of intervention in the field of the structure of farm holdings, and, on the other, the factors of mortality, total or partial retirement, desired increases in land holdings, mobility within the agricultural profession, and departure from the profession.Nine French 'départements' have been studied in terms of their characteristics with regard to the intervention policy.RÉSUMÉUne série d'études poursuivie depuis 1961 dans le but d'appréhender successivement les phénomènes de libération ou de prise de possession des exploitations agricoles a conduit les auteurs àétablir un modèle synthétique, prévisionnel de libération et de demande de terres.Ce modèle tient compte d'une part du cadre législatif de la politique française d'intervention dans le domaine des structures des exploitations agricoles et, d'autre part, des facteurs de mortalité, de retraite totalc ou partielle, de désir d'agrandissement, de mobilité dans la profession agricolc et de départ hors de l'agriculture.Neuf départements français ont ainsi étéétudiés dans le but de les caractériser par rapport à une politique d'intervention.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEiner Reihe 1961 begonnener Untersuchungen über den Besitz‐wechsel in der französischen Landwirtschaft haben die Autoren veranlaßt, für dieses Phänomen ein Modell der Vorausschau zu entwickeln.Neun 'Départements' wurden untersucht mit dem Ziel, die Ausgangsdaten für die Strukturpolitik zu erarbeiten.
A guide to the literature in econ theory covering the period 1964-1967 is given; it also updates 'Theoretical Economics' by the same author which appeared in this journal in 1964, 354, Mar, 152-164. An attempt is made to provide for the nonspecialist reader some indication of ideas developed in major monographs or in journal articles in major professional publications here & abroad. Topics included are demand theory, the theory of the firm, production theory, conservation analyses, market structures, the special problems of advertising, some unconventional analyses of entrepreneurial motivation, antitrust literature, peak-load pricing with application to public utility enterprises, the newer treatment of uncertainty aspects in decision-making, & the newer insights into the cost of capital of the firm. On the overall macroecon view, the content of recent work on general equilibrium, on the theory of money & the implications for monetary policy, on the structure of interest rates, & the recent approaches to the inflation issue, including the Phillips curve stress on relations of unemployment to wages & prices is conveyed. Extensions in growth theory are also noted. The theory of income distribution is undergoing some transformation & the developing literature & ideas are elaborated. Major theoretical importance can also be attached to a recent series of papers on 'capital reswitching' in which skepticism is cast on the traditional view that lower interest rates lead to the use of more capital per employee. Also of some sociol'al concern are the arguments on induced invention, concerning which it is suggested that improvements in the wage share have as their consequence technological changes which tend to reduce labor inputs. Current directions taken by welfare econ's are also outlined. Modified AA.
The goal of the rich countries should be to aid the poor countries to increase their standard of living but not to increase their holding of weapons. It is shown that a basic conflict of goals arises. The structure of "consumption" of the recipient countries cannot be influenced by giving the aid in the form of (civilian) goods in contrast to, the transfer of untied foreign exchange. In any case there results a substitution towards the bundle of commodities desired by the developing countries. Compared to that situation, the consumption of civilian goods can be induced to increase by granting a price-subsidy which, however, leads to a smaller increase in. utility than with a transfer in money or kind. Transfers of goods with restricted substitutability and "all-or-none" schemes are suggested to overcome the conflicts mentioned but they are most difficult to put into practice. To be effective, they imply an interference with the internal affairs of the poor countries which is per se undesirable. The paper suggests .that much more thought should be given to this important problem which is only rarely explicitely considered but which is most difficult to solve.
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A system of effective quantitative restrictions on the supply of imported commodities will raise domestic prices of imports to levels well above their landed cost, i.e., price plus taxes, tariffs, and a normal markup. In 1965, Pal estimated the magnitude of such scarcity premia for a number of important commodities for East and West Pakistan [1; 2]1. His study has proved very useful both in measuring the influence of quantitative restrictions on the price of imports and, equally important, in showing the structure or incidence of restriction-induced profits—their distribution among consumption, intermediate and capital goods and their incidence relative to import policy. Pal's study was unavoidably static in nature and does not allow us to trace the changes over time. The purpose of the present paper is three-fold: first, to provide a comparison with Pal's study using data collected after two years and after a number of changes in Pakistan's import policies. This part of the analysis Is based strictly on Pal's commodity list. Second, in order to examine the impact of changing import composition, we shall recompute the scarcity premia on the basis of a new list of commodities and a changed set of weights (value of imports). Finally, we shall analyse the significance of the results for import control policy.
to Volume Two -- Classification -- The 18-electron rule -- 1. Two-Electron Ligands -- A. Classification -- B. The preparation of olefin-transition metal complexes -- C. A molecular orbital description of the bonding in organo-metallic complexes -- D. A description of the bonding of 2-electron ligands to transition metals -- E. General comments of 2-electron ligands -- F. Particular complexes of metals with 2-electron ligands -- 2. Three-Electron Ligands -- A. Preparation of ?-enyl complexes -- B. The structure of ?-enyl complexes -- C. The ?-allyl metal bond -- D. Dynamic equilibria in allyl complexes -- E. The chemistry of particular ?-enyl complexes -- 3. Four-Electron Ligands -- A. Some differences between unconjugated and conjugated olefin ligands -- B. The bonding of 4-electron ligands to transition metals -- C. Particular studies -- 4. Five-Electron Ligands -- A. Cyclopentadienyl metal complexes -- B. ?-Cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- C. Cyclopentadienide transition metal complexes -- D. The bonding in mono-?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- E. ?-Cyclopentadienyl carbonyl complexes -- F. ?-Cyclopentadienyl nitrosyl complexes -- G. Brief notes on binuclear ?-cyclopentadienyl complexes containing bridging ligands -- H. ?-Cyclopentadienyl hydride complexes -- I. ?-Cyclopentadienyl halides and oxides -- J. Other 5-electron ligands -- K. The organic chemistry of ?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- L. Some particular reactions -- 5. Six-Electron Ligands -- A. Arene transition metal complexes -- (a) Preparation -- B. Olefin 6-electron ligands -- C. Transition metal complexes containing ?-bonded heterocyclic ligands -- 6. Seven-Electron Ligands Mixed Sandwich Complexes Related Azulene Derivatives and Cyclo-Octatetraene Complexes -- A. 7-Electron ligands -- B. Mixed sandwich complexes -- C. Metal complexes formed from azulenes -- D. Cyclo-octatetraene complexes -- 7. One-Electron Ligands -- I.1. Hydrocarbon alkyl and aryl complexes -- I.2 Transition metal-acyl complexes -- I.3. ?-Cyclopentadienyl complexes -- II. Transition metal fluorocarbon complexes -- III. Transition metal acetytides and alkynyls -- 8. Organometallic Complexes Formed From Acetylenes -- A. Monoacetylene, mononuclear complexes: acetylenes as 2-elec-tron ligands -- B. Monoacetylene binuclear complexes: acetylenes as 4-electron ligands -- C. Monoacetylene trinuclear complexes -- D. Monoacetylene tetranuclear complexes -- E. Bis-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- F. Bis-acetylene trinuclear complexes -- G. Tris-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- H. Tris-acetylene binuclear complexes -- I. Miscellaneous -- 9. The Role of Organotransition Metal Complexes in Some Catalytic Reactions -- A. Some chemistry of transition metal hydride complexes -- B. Some catalytic reactions which involve hydrogen transfer: isomerization reactions -- C. Homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and acetylenes -- D. Some dimerization oligomerization and polymerization reactions of olefins and acetylenes -- E. Hydroformylation and related carhonylation reactions -- F. Some general comments on the relationship between heterogeneous and homogeneous transition metal catalysts -- G. Miscellaneous -- Author -- Subject -- Crystal Structures>.
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This Thesis investigates the residential structure of Wynberg, a suburb of Cape Town, and it has both a short and long term purpose. The main intent of the Thesis is contained in its short term purpose, that is it attempts to find patterns of selective differentiation in residential location for various groups in the community. An assessment of the factors that are most salient in the location of households must begin with an appreciation of the range of the relevant variables which will vary according to the scale of the project and the general mode of analysis that is contemplated. It is not intended in this study to examine the interaction between those variables such as population, economic organisation, technology and environment which would be expected to play a role in shaping a macroscale study of residential structure at Metropolitan level. The general mode of analysis here is on the suburban or microscale and it is intended to compare various attributes associated with environmental quality (using an experimental vocabulary and scoring system) with a constant unit of measurement studied over time. This unit of measurement is the market price of property adjusted for comparability over time and for which a large source of primary data is available in the records of property transactions in the Valuation Department of the Cape Town City Council. It is assumed that the price people pay for dwellings is a good index of.socio~ economic status and that decisions made in the market place are by and large rational ones. Wynberg was chosen because it ·appeared to have a wide range of residential building types in various income groups and because it contained both White and Coloured Group Areas with little induced change due to Government legislation. The study is restricted in deptp to transactions in the property market between the years 1963 to 1967. It was originally intended to study a ten year period, but the length of time taken to procure the data from the Valuation Department precluded so long a study. The evaluation of environmental quality includes physical, perceptual and social factors and a necessary part of the study is a testing of the expeF.imental vocabulary and scoring system. The variables to be studied in the analysis are therefore qualit~tive in the case of environment and quantitative in the case of the market price of property. The long term purpose of the study is to find a benchmark for further study on a city-wide scale of the locational patterns of high value residential areas. Before such a study could be undertaken some assumption would have to be made about 'high value residential areas'. What are the factors which influence location in Aigh value residential areas? One could postulate that a high scoring on the environmental quality scale would be a more significant factor in location in higher value areas than accessibility to work place, or to public transport routes. Therefore, if a positive correlation was found between environmental quality and high market price in the Wynberg area, a threshold market value might be revealed above which one couid study high value locational patterns throughout the Metropolitan area. Analysis of high value areas was carried out by the Chicago School of Ecologists in the 1920's when American cities were experiencing the first rapid expansion to the suburbs, brought about by wide spread use of the automobile in a period of increasing economic growth and affluence. Since then, according to Leo F. Sc0 hnore (i), studies of ecological structure have been carried out in at least one city in every major region of the world. To the writer's knowledge, no such study has yet been carried out into the locational patterns of high class residential areas in South African cities. The Thesis is divided into three parts. The first summarises research in the related fields of residential structure, environmental psychology and urban design. The second part is the main body of the Thesis containing the Wynberg Case Study and the third part is concerned with conclusions.
11 autobiographical sketches by soc sci'ts are presented. In "A. P. Elkin: Dean of Australian Anthropologists," Elkin describes his field work, professional career, publications, & res interests, noting, the official recognition he received in the 1960's. "Celso Furtado: Adventures of a Brazilian Economist," shows how his childhood world, dominated by tyranny & violence, induced him to study soc org, planning & econ's, & led him to connect soc structure & the notion of a decision center under a historical perspective. "Otto Klineberg: Reflections of an International Psychologist of Canadian Origin," stresses the influence of a bilingual & bi-cultural atmosphere which led him to a concern with intergroup relations & the study of relations between nations, culminating in his work for UNESCO & the Internat'l Center for the Study of Intergroup Relations. "Rene Konig: Sketches by a Cosmopolitan German Sociologist," traces how through his own life experience he arrived at an understanding of a multiplicity of cultural forms & how he aimed to combine the teaching of sociol with res through his editorship of the Kolner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie & other publications. "A. R. Luria: The Long Road of a Soviet Psychologist," explains his efforts to promote the application of psychol'al methods to the study of the functional org of the brain & recent concern with the influence of soc activity & soc org upon the basic patterns of human thought. "T. H. Marshall: A British Sociological Career," stresses internat'l aspects of sociol & the need for synthesis in the soc sci'ts. "Ali A. Mazrui: The Making of an African Political Scientist," shows in a sketch of his "yrs as a Sch 'dropout' " how he discovered soc processes in operation Africa. "Wilbert E. Moore: An Interim Report on the Calling and Career of an American Sociologist," describes the character of his career as influenced by the opportunities to exchange ideas with scholars from many countries & rejects the recent notion that sociol is in crisis. "M. N. Spinivas: Itineraries of an Indian Social Anthropologist," traces his emergence as a soc sci'ts from the specific context of Indian culture & his conversion to functionalism under the influence of E. R. Radcliffe-Brown. "Jan Szczepanski: Tribulations of a Polish Sociologist," describes his background as a forced unskilled industr worker in Hitler's totalitarian state, & his efforts to reconstruct sociol in post-WWII Poland & to promote internat'l understanding among sociol'ts. "John Vaizey: Emergence of a British Economist," relates his socialist orientation & work at various instit'al settings to his insights into soc processes, concern with soc justice, & a deep pessimism re whether a rational soc sci can be developed. M. Maxfield.