Suchergebnisse

1: Thermodynamics -- Thermodynamics and Engineering Needs -- Statistics of Surface Contact Distributions -- Polymer Melt and Glass: Thermodynamic and Dynamic Aspects -- A Fresh Look at Solutions of Polymer Mixtures -- Polymer-Polymer Interactions and Phase Diagrams of Compatible Polyblends by Gas-Chromatography -- Application of the Mean-Field Lattice-Gas Model to Partially-Miscible Polymer Systems -- Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Mixtures of Statistical Copolymers -- Characterization of Industrial Polymers and Polymer Mixtures by Turbidimetric Measurements at the Lower Critical Solution Temperature -- II: Characterization/Solution Behaviour -- Characterization of Copolymers: Chromatographic Cross-Fractionation Analysis of Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers -- CPF: A New Method for Large Scale Fractionation -- Flow Birefringence of Associations of Polymers in Solution -- Theoretical Calculation of Diffusion Coefficient and Viscosity of Star Polymers in Solution -- A Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Investigation of Precipitation Polymerization in Liquid Vinyl Chloride -- III: Blends -- The Role of Specific Interactions in Polymer Miscibility -- Relation of Interdiffusion and Self-Diffusion in Polymer Mixtures -- Crystallization and Melting Studies on Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Mixtures -- Specific Intermolecular Interactions in Polymer Blends -- Thermal and Morphological Analysis of Poly(?-caprolactam)—Poly(etherester) Mixtures -- Isochrone Viscoelastic Functions via Activation Energy of Flow: Charge Transfer Compatibilized Polyblends -- Modification of Thermosetting Resins by Thermoplastics -- The Toughness Behavior of Emulsion ABS: Effect of Rubber Concentration and Acrylonitrile Content on the Deformation Modes -- IV: Networks -- Thermodynamics of Casein Gels and the Universality of Network Theories -- Crosslinking Theory Applied to Industrially Important Polymers -- Reversible and Irreversible Deformation of Van der Waals Networks -- Photopolymerization of Diacrylates -- Simulation Model for Densely Cross-Linked Networks Formed by Chain-Reactions -- Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of EPDM Networks -- Some Comments on the Thermodynamics of Swelling -- Thermoreversible Gelation of Vinyl Polymers -- Static and Dynamic Lightscattering of Thermoreversible Gelling iota-Carrageenan -- Effects of Poly(acrylamide) on the Solution and Gel Properties of Water-Gelatin System -- Compatibility and Viscoelasticity of Mixed Biopolymer Gels -- Halato-Telechelic Polymers as Models of Ion-Containing Polymers and Thermoreversible Polymer Networks -- Ion-Containing Networks: Structural Modifications Induced by Lithium Ions -- Ion-Containing Networks: Recent Results Concerning Transport Properties -- V: Diffusion/Barrier Properties -- Diffusion of Gases and Liquids in Glassy and Semi-Crystalline Polymers -- Transport Regulated Electrochemical Reactions in Polyimide Films -- Processing of Barrier Film by Coextrusion -- VI: Chain Dynamics -- Single-Chain Dynamics in Polymer Characterization -- Non-Ideal Statistics and Polymer Dynamics -- Computation and Display of Polymer Chain Behaviour -- Deuteron-NMR Studies of Molecular Motions in Solid Polymers -- A Two-Dimensional NMR Study of Very Slow Molecular Motions in Polymers -- Transitions and Mobile Phases by NMR Normal Alkanes and Polyethylene -- Morphology and Chain Dynamics of Polymers as Reflected from Polymer-Dye Interactions -- Emission Spectroscopy and the Molecular Mobility of Polyepoxide Networks -- Mobility of Sidegroups in Polydimethylsiloxane -- Glass Transitions in Unsymmetrically Substituted Siloxanes -- VII: Processing/Rheology -- From Molecular Models to the Solution of Flow Problems -- Transient-Network Theories: New Developments and Applications -- Rheological Properties of a LDPE Melt in Transient Uniaxial Elongational Flow, Described with a Special Type of Constitutive Equation -- Physical Background of Mould Filling With and Without Crystallization -- On the Mathematical Modelling of the Injection Moulding Process -- Mixing Processes in Polymer Processing -- Blending of Incompatible Polymers -- Polymer Reactions During Melt-Processing -- Assessing Rubber Processing Aids Effectiveness -- Plastics Processing -- VIII: Structure and Morphology -- Some Facets of Order in Crystalline Polymers as Revealed by Polyethylene -- Investigation of the Crystallization Process of Polymers by Means of Neutron Scattering -- Lamellar Organization in Polymer Spherulites -- Considerations on the Crystallization with Chain Folding in Polymers -- Chain Mobility in Phase Transformations of Inorganic Polymers -- Ultra-Drawing of High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Cast from Solution. IV. Effect of Annealing/Re-crystallization -- Microhardness of Semicrystalline Polymers -- Model Calculations for WAXS Profiles from the Polymer Crystalline Particle Size Distribution -- Infrared Spectroscopy on PET Yarns -- Interaction Between Crystallization and Orientation -- Neutron Scattering of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) -- The Similarity Between Cellulose and Aramid Fibres -- Crystalline Order in Nylon 4,6 -- Pulsed EPR Study of the Trapping Process of Radicals in Polyethylene -- Analysis of Filled Rubbers Using SAXS -- SAXS Studies of Semi-Crystalline Polymer Blends Using Synchrotron Radiation -- Ultra-Drawing of Polypropylene -- Spinning of Fibers from Cellulose Solutions in Amine Oxides -- IX: New Developments -- Future Trends in Polymer Chemistry -- Recent Investigations of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks -- Polymers with Metal-like Conductivity: Structure, Properties and Applications -- The Mechanical Properties of Polypyrrole Plates -- High Modulus Flexible Polymers -- Radiation Treatment of Polymers -- High Precision Replication of Laservision Video Discs Using UV-Curable Coatings -- Fast Curing Low-Modulus Coatings for High-Strength Optical Fibres -- Replication of High Precision Aspherical Lenses Using UV-Curable Coatings.

I: Physics and Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Compounds -- Excited State Properties of Haematoporphyrin -- Fluorescence Properties of HpD and its Components -- The Structure of the Active Component of Hematoporphyrin Derivative -- Photophysical and Photosensitizing Properties of Photofrin II -- On the Purification of Hematoporphyrin IX and its Acetylated Derivatives -- Photosensitizing Properties of Porphyrin in Model Cell Systems -- Photosensitizing Properties of Free and Bound Uroporphyrin I -- Chemical and Biological Studies on Haematoporphyrin Derivative: An Unexpected Photosensitization in Brain -- A Chromatographic Study of Hematoporphyrin Derivatives -- Protection by Carotenoids from Singlet Oxygen Photoproduced by Porphyrins -- Effect of He-Ne Laser on Human Erythrocytes Incubated with Hematoporphyrin Derivative and Bonellin: Comparative Study -- Survey of Potential PRT Dyes and their Spectroscopic Properties -- II: Interactions of Porphyrins with Model Systems and Cells -- Fluorescence of Porphyrins in Cells -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative: Fluorometric Studies in Solution and Cells -- Time-Resolved Laser Fluorescence and Photobleaching of Single Cells after Photosensitization with Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD) -- Effects of Hpd and Laser on Transformed and Corresponding Normal Cultured Cells: Differential Cytotoxicity as an in Vitro Model for Tumor Photochemotherapy -- Interaction of Free and Liposome-Bound Porphyrins with Normal and Malignant Cells: Biochemical and Photosensitization Studies in Vitro and in Vivo -- Photodynamic Inactivation of L929 Cells after Treatment with Hematoporphyrin Derivative -- Bacterial and Yeast Cells as Models for Studying Hematoporphyrin Photosensitization -- Cholesterol Impregnation into Erythroleukemia Cell Membrane Induces Resistance to Hematoporphyrin Photodynamic Effect -- Photodynamic Effect of the He-Ne Laser with HpD on the Ultrastructure of Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell -- III: Studies on Experimental and Spontaneous Animal Tumors -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Phototherapy in Experimental Oncology -- Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) of Lewis Lung Carcinoma in B6D2 Mice, Dosimetry Considerations -- Study of Irradiation Parameters in HpD Phototherapy of MS-2 Tumor Model -- Experimental ENU Induced Brain Tumors with HpD and Dye Laser Light -- Studies with Hematoporphyrin Derivative in Transplantable Urothelial Tumors -- Time Dependence of 3 H Hematoporphyrin Derivative Distribution in the Digestive Tract of the Rat -- Nd YAG Destruction of Tumor Sensitized or Non Sensitized by HpD -- HpD Phototherapy on Spontaneous Tumors in Dog and Cat -- IV: Light Dosimetry and Instrumentation for Tumor Diagnosis and Phototherapy -- Thermal and Optical Dosimetry for Photoradiation Therapy of Malignant Tumors -- Photophysics and Dosimetry of Photoradiation Therapy -- An Optimised Laser System for the Evaluation of HpD Therapy -- A Multi-Led Source for Photoradiation Therapy -- Side Radiation Optical Fibers for Medical Applications -- Fluorescence of Hematoporphyrin-Derivative for Detection and Characterization of Tumors -- In Vivo Fluorescence Excitation Spectra of Hematoporphyrin-Derivative (HpD) -- In Vivo Observation of Porphyrin and of the Light Action -- Monitoring of Hematoporphyrin Injected in Humans and Clinical Prospects of its Use in Gynecologic Oncology -- V: Clinical Applications of HpD Phototherapy -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Photoradiation Therapy, in Theory and in Practice -- Evaluation of Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) in 20 Cases of Cancers -- Hematoporphyrin Phototherapy of Malignant Tumors -- Hematoporphyrin-Derivative and Phototherapy in Extensive Basal-Cell Carcinoma of the Dorsal Skin -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Photoradiation Therapy of Endobronchial Lung Cancer -- Photoradiation Therapy in Early Stage Cancer Cases of the Lung, Esophagus and Stomach -- Experimental and Clinical Studies on HpD-Photoradiation Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer -- Endoscopic HpD-Laser Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) of Cancer -- Dye-Laser Photoradiation-Therapy of Bladder Cancer after Photosensitization with Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD)-Basis for an Integral Irradiation -- Photoradiation Therapy with Hematoporphyrin Derivative and an Argon Dye Laser of Bladder Carcinoma -- Preclinical Examination of Ocular Photoradiation Therapy -- Photoradiation for Choroidal Malignant Melanoma.

The book shows a very original organization addressing in a non traditional way, but with a systematic approach, to who has an interest in using mathematics in the social sciences. The book is divided in four parts: (a) a historical part, written by Vittorio Capecchi which helps us understand the changes in the relationship between mathematics and sociology by analyzing the mathematical models of Paul F. Lazarsfeld, the model of simulation and artificial societies, models of artificial neural network and considering all the changes in scientific paradigms considered, (b) a part coordinated by Pier Luigi Contucci on mathematical models that consider the relationship between the mathematical models that come from physics and linguistics to arrive at the study of society and those which are born within sociology and economics, (c) a part coordinated by Massimo Buscema analyzing models of artificial neural networks, (d) a part coordinated by Bruno D`Amore which considers the relationship between mathematics and art. The title of the book "Mathematics and Society" was chosen because the mathematical applications exposed in the book allow you to address two major issues: (a) the general theme of technological innovation and quality of life (among the essays are on display mathematical applications to the problems of combating pollution and crime, applications to mathematical problems of immigration, mathematical applications to the problems of medical diagnosis, etc.) (b) the general theme of technical innovation and creativity, for example the art and mathematics section which connects to the theme of creative cities. The book is very original because it is not addressed only to those who are passionate about mathematical applications in social science but also to those who, in different societies, are: (a) involved in technological innovation to improve the quality of life, (b) involved in the wider distribution of technological innovation in different areas of creativity (as in the project "Creative Cities Network" of UNESCO). TOC: Mathematics and Society Preface Vittorio Capecchi, Massimo Buscema, Pierluigi Contucci, Bruno D`Amore 1- Vittorio Capecchi: Historical Introduction Section I (mathematics and models) 2- Pierluigi Contucci, Ignacio Gallo, Stefano Ghirlanda: "Equilibria of culture contact derived from ingroup and outgroup attitudes" 3- Oscar Bolina: "Society from the Statistical Mechanics Perspective" 4- Anna M. Borghi, Daniele Caligiore, Claudia Scorolli: "Objects, words, and actions. Some reasons why embodied models are badly needed in cognitive psychology." 5- Luca Desanctis, Stefano Ghirlanda: "Shared culture needs large social networks" 6- C. Gallo: "Mathematical models of financial markets" 7- F. Gallo, Pierluigi Contucci, A. Coutts, Ignacio Gallo: "Tackling climate change through energy efficiency: mathematical models to offer evidence-based recommendations for public policy" 8- Simone Sarti, Marco Terraneo: "An application of the multilevel regression technique to validate a social stratification scale" 9- Robert B. Smith: "The Academic Mind Revisited: Contextual Analysis via Multilevel Modeling" Section III (mathematics and neural networks) 10 - Massimo Buscema: "The General Philosophy of the Artificial Adaptive Systems" 11 - Massimo Buscema, Pier Luigi Sacco: "Auto-Contractive Maps, the H Function and the Maximally Regular Graph (MRG): a new methodology for data mining" 12- Massimo Buscema, Pier Luigi Sacco: "An Artificial Intelligent Systems Approach to - Unscrambling Power Networks in Italy`s Business Environment" 13- Giulia Massini: "Multi - Meta SOM" 14- Massimo Buscema: "How to make data mining: The Persons Arrested Dataset" 15- Enzo Grossi: "Medicine and Mathematics of Complex Systems" 16- Massimo Buscema, Enzo Grossi: "J-Net System: a new paradigm for Artificial Neural Networks applied to diagnostic imaging" 17 - S. Tangaro, R. Bellotti, F. De Carlo, G. Gargano: "Digital Image Processing in Medical Applications" Section III (mathematics and art) 18 - Giorgio T. Bagni: "Mathematics, Art, and Interpretation: an Hermeneutic Perspective" 19- Giorgio Bolondi: "Point, line and surface, following Hilbert and Kandinsky" 20- Bruno D`Amore: Figurative arts and mathematics: pipes, horses, triangles and meanings A contribution to a problematic theory of conceptual meaning, from Frege and Magritte up to the present time" 21- Michele Emmer: The idea of space in art, technology and mathematics" 22- Raffaele Mascella, Franco Eugeni,e Ezio Sciarpa: "Mathematical structures and sense of beauty" 23- Monica Idà: "Visual impact and mathematical learning" 24- Marco Pierini: "Art by Numbers.Mel Bochner, Roman Opalka and other Philarhythmics" 25-Aldo Spizzichino: "My way of playing with the computer. Suggestions for a personal experience in vector graphics" 26- Gian Marco Todesco: "Four dimensional ideas" 27- Igino Aschieri, Paola Vighi: "From Art to Mathematics in the paintings of Theo van Doesburg" Editors`s biographies

Crowd Intelligence and Crowd Cooperative Computing -- MatricEs: Matrix Embeddings for Link Prediction in Knowledge Graphs -- Learning User Embeddings based on Long Short-Term User Group Modeling for Next-Item Recommendation -- Context-Aware Quaternion Embedding for Knowledge Graph Completion -- Dependency-based Task Assignment in Spatial Crowdsourcing -- ICKG: An I Ching Knowledge Graph Tool Revealing Ancient Wisdom -- Collaborative Analysis on Code Structure and Semantics -- Temporal Planning-Based Choreography from Music -- An Adaptive Parameter DBSCAN Clustering and Reputation-aware QoS Prediction Method -- E↵ectiveness of Malicious Behavior and its Impact on Crowdsourcing -- Scene Adaptive Persistent Target Tracking and Attack Method Based On Deep Reinforcement Learning -- Research on Cost Control of Mobile Crowdsourcing Supporting Low Budget in Large Scale Environmental Information Monitoring -- Question Answering System Based on University Knowledge Graph -- Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Scheduling Algorithm for Service Di↵erentiation in Cloud Business Process Management System -- A Knowledge Tracing Model Based on Graph Attention Mechanism and Incorporating External Features -- Crowd-Powered Source Searching in Complex Environments -- Cooperative Evolutionary Computation and Human-like intelligent Collaboration -- Task Offloading and Resource Allocation with Privacy Constraints in End-edge-cloud Environment -- A Classifier-based Two-stage Training Model for Few-shot Segmentation -- EEG-based Motor Imagery Classification with Deep Adversarial Learning -- Comparison Analysis on Techniques of Preprocessing Imbalanced Data for Symbolic Regression -- A Feature Reduction-Induced Subspace Multiple Kernel Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm -- A Deep Neural Network based Resource Configuration Framework for Human-Machine Computing System -- Research on User's Mental Health Based on Comment Text -- A Multi-objective Level-based Learning Swarm Optimization Algorithm with Preference for Epidemic Resource Allocation -- Aesthetics-Diven Online Summarization to First-Person Tourism Videos -- Visual Scene-Aware Dialogue System for Cross-Modal Intelligent Human-Machine Interaction -- A Weighting Possibilistic Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm for Interval Granularity -- An Evolutionary Multi-Task Genetic Algorithm with Assisted-task for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling -- Evaluation of Depression Tendency Based on Cyber Psychosocial and Physical Computation -- Optimization of on-ramp confluence sequence for Internet of Vehicles with graph model -- Chinese Event Extraction Based on Hierarchical Attention Mechanism -- Instance-Aware Style-Swap for Disentangled Attribute-Level Image Editing -- Collaborative Multi-Head Contextualized Sparse Representations for Real-Time Open-Domain Question Answering -- Automatic Personality Prediction Based on Users' Chinese Handwriting Change -- Domain-Specific Collaborative Applications -- A Faster, Lighter and Stronger Deep Learning-Based Approach for Place Recognition -- An Improved Prior Box Generation Method for Small Object Detection -- ACAGNN: Source code representation based on fine-grained multi-view program features -- A Framework for Math Word Problem Solving Based on Pre-training Models And Spatial Optimization Strategies -- A Spillover-Based Model for Default Risk Assessment of Transaction Entities in Bulk Commodity Trade -- The Sandpile Model of Japanese Empire Dynamics -- Active Authorization Control of Deep Models Using Channel Pruning -- A Knowledge Graph-based Analysis Framework for Aircraft Configuration Change Propagation -- Node-IBD: A Dynamic Isolation Optimization Algorithm for Infection Prevention and Control Based on Influence Diffusion -- A Hybrid Layout Method Based on GPU for the Logistics Facility Layout Problem -- An interpretable loan credit evaluation method based on rule representation learner -- A Survey of Computer Vision-based Fall Detection and Technology Perspectives -- 3D Gaze Vis: Sharing Eye Tracking Data Visualization for Collaborative Work in VR Environment -- A Learning State Monitoring Method Based on Face Feature and Posture -- Meta-Transfer Learning for Person Re-Identification in Aerial Imagery. Horizontal Federated Traffic Speed Prediction Base on Secure Node Attribute Aggregation.

1 The Poultry Industry -- Biological Classification -- Domestication -- American Poultry Association Classification -- Commercial Classification -- Poultry as Food-Producing Animals -- Poultry as Laboratory Animals -- World Poultry Production -- The United States Poultry Industry -- Consumption of Poultry Products -- Careers in the Poultry Industry -- References -- 2 Anatomy and Structure of the Fowl -- Feathers -- Skin -- Muscles -- Skeleton -- Circulatory System -- Body Temperature -- Respiration -- Digestion -- Mouth and Esophagus -- Crop and Proventriculus -- Gizzard -- Pancreas -- Liver -- Small Intestine -- Ceca -- Large Intestine, Rectum, and Cloaca -- Excretory System -- Nervous System -- Avian Senses -- Endocrine Organs -- References -- 3 Physiology and Reproduction in Poultry -- Endocrine System -- Physiology of Reproduction -- Reproduction -- References -- 4 Genetics and Poultry Breeding -- The Cell Theory -- Cell Division -- Gene Function -- Genetic Code -- Mutations -- Phenotypic Expression (Nonadditive) -- Phenotypic Expression of Genes (Additive) -- Heritability Estimates -- Selection -- Current Breeding Systems -- Strain Crosses -- Crossbreeding -- Selecting Superior Genetic Stock -- Progeny Testing -- Sources of Genetic Stock -- Breeds and Varieties of Chickens -- The Utilitarian Concept -- Future Poultry Genetics and Breeding -- Lethal Genes -- Parthenogenesis -- References -- 5 Incubation and Hatchery Management -- Poultry Reproduction -- Storage and Selection of Hatching Eggs -- Embryonic Development -- Extraembryonic Membranes -- Daily Embryonic Growth -- Embryonic Nutrition -- Embryonic Communication -- Embryology in Research and Teaching -- Artificial Incubation -- Modern Incubators -- Temperature -- Relative Humidity -- Air Supply -- Hatching Egg Positions -- Embryonic Mortality -- The National Poultry Improvement Plan -- Hatchery Sanitation -- Franchise Hatchery System -- Hatchery Services -- References -- 6 Social Behavior and Animal Welfare -- Social Organization -- Behavior of Feral Chickens -- Communication -- Behavior of Domestic Poultry -- Social Behavior in Growing Chicks -- Other Adult Social Behavior Characteristics -- Animal Rights -- The Humane Movement -- Animal Welfarists -- Animal Rightists -- Animal Liberationists -- Agricultural Involvement with Humane Groups -- Public Relations -- Need for a Code of Ethics -- References -- 7 Environment and Housing -- Farmstead Planning -- External Services and Utilities -- Water Supply -- Poultry Building Orientation -- Aesthetic Value -- House Construction -- Turnkey Houses -- Criteria for Selecting a Manufactured House -- Vapor Barriers -- Ventilation -- References -- 8 Poultry Nutrition -- Nutrients -- References -- 9 Diseases and Parasites of Poultry -- Disease Prevention -- Diagnostic Organs in Postmortem Examinations -- Immunology of Disease Control -- Poultry Disease Control Strategy -- Vaccination -- Nutritional Deficiency Diseases -- Protozoan Diseases -- Bacterial Diseases -- Fowl Cholera -- Nonrespiratory Bacterial Diseases -- Mycoplasma -- Viral Diseases -- Fungal and Mold Diseases -- Mycotoxicosis -- External Parasites -- Internal Parasites -- Behavioral Diseases -- Reproductive Diseases -- References -- 10 Poultry and Egg Marketing -- Assembling -- Transporting -- Assumption of Risk -- Market News -- Futures Trading -- Processing Poultry -- Further Processing -- Eggs -- Storage -- Inspection and Grading -- Packaging -- Merchandising -- New Product Development -- References -- 11 Broiler Production -- United States Broiler Industry -- World Broiler Industry -- Broiler Breeders -- Housing and Egg Production -- Care of Hatching Eggs -- The Hatchery -- Housing for Broilers -- Litter -- Brooding -- Brooding Methods -- Density -- Placement -- Management Suggestions for Partial House Brooding -- Watering Equipment -- Feeding Equipment -- Lighting Programs -- Ventilation -- Gas Concentrations -- Ventilation for Partial House Brooding -- Fan Timers -- Fan Thermostats -- Air Intakes -- Broiler Diets -- Catching and Hauling Broilers -- Grower Responsibilities -- Catching Crews -- Types of Broilers -- Roasters -- Grower Contracts -- References -- 12 Commercial Egg Production -- Starting Pullets in Cages -- Brooding -- Growing Pullets in Cages -- Managing Laying Hens in Cages -- Induced Molting -- References -- 13 Turkey Production -- Origin of the Turkey -- Color Varieties -- Turkey Genetics -- Turkey Breeder Flocks -- Turkey Breeders -- Turkey Breeder Toms -- Turkey Breeder Hens -- Artificial Insemination -- Hatching Eggs -- Hatchery Services -- Brooding -- Floor Brooding -- Floor Covering -- Brooders -- Brooder Guards -- Equipment Arrangement -- Trough Feeders -- Mechanical Feeders -- Waterers -- Rearing Turkeys -- References -- 14 Waterfowl Production -- Ducks -- Geese -- Processing Waterfowl -- Handling Waterfowl -- Pinioning -- Sexing Waterfowl -- References -- 15 Miscellaneous Poultry -- Coturnix Quail -- Bobwhite Quail -- Chukar Partridge -- Pheasants -- Guinea Fowl -- Peafowl -- Pigeons -- Swan -- References -- 16 Poultry Management Practices -- Production Management -- Specialized Procedures and Devices -- Sanitation and Waste Disposal Procedures -- Financial Management -- References.

Global Change and Mountain Regions — an IGBP Initiative for Collaborative Research -- Climate Variations in Italy in the Last 130 Years -- Dendroclimatic Information on Silver Fir (Abies Alba Mill.) in the Northern Apennines -- Trends in High Frequency Precipitation Variability in Some Northern Italy Secular Stations -- Climate Change Experiments on a Glacier Foreland in the Central Alps -- High Mountain Summits as Sensitive Indicators of Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Patterns: The "Multi Summit-Approach" of GLORIA (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments) -- Temperature and Precipitation Trends in Italy During the Last Century -- Climate and other Sources of Change in the St. Elias Region -- Permafrost and Climate in Europe. Climate Change, Mountain Permafrost Degradation and Geotechnical Hazard -- Thermal Variations of Mountain Permafrost: an Example of Measurements Since 1987 in the Swiss Alps -- Climate Change and Air Quality Assessment in Canadian National Parks -- Regional Clean Air Partnerships and the ETEAM -- Land-Atmosphere Interactions -- Uncertainties in the Prediction of Regional Climate Change -- Gamma-Ray Spectrometer for "In Situ" Measurements on Glaciers and Snowfields -- Cs-137 Gamma Peak Detection in Snow Layers on Calderone Glacier -- The Effects of Global Warming on Mountain Regions: a Summary of the 1995 Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -- Global Change in Respect to Tendency to Acidification of Subarctic Mountain Lakes -- Influence of Climate, Species Immigration, Fire, and Men on Forest Dynamics In Northern Italy, from 6000 Cal. BP To Today -- Koenigia Islandica (Iceland Purslane) — A Case Study of a Potential Indicator of Climate Change in the UK -- Semi-Objective Sampling Strategies as One Basis for a Vegetation Survey -- Simulating the Impact of Climate Change on Drought in Swiss Forest Stands -- Forecasted Stability of Mediterranean Evergreen Species Considering Global Changes -- Birds as Bio-Indicators of Long-Transported Lead in the Alpine Environment -- Annual Estimations of Ecophysiological Parameters and Biogenic Volatile Compounds (BVOCs) Emissions in Citrus Sinensis (L.) Osbeck -- A Multiscale Study to Analyse the Response of Vegetation to Climatic Conditions -- Phytotoxic Ozone Effect on Selected Plant Species in a Standardized Experimental Design -- Plant Invasions in Central European Middle-Mountains: A Result of Global Change? -- Can Testate Amoebae (Protozoa) and Other Micro-Organisms Help to Overcome Biogeographic Bias in Large Scale Global Change Research? -- Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and Mineral Nitrogen Deposition on Litter Quality, Bioleaching and Decomposition in A Sphagnum Peat Bog -- Analysis of the Environmental Impact Caused by Introduced Animals in the Clarion Island, Archipelago of Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico -- High Mountain Environment as Indicator of Global Change -- Effects of Elevated CO2 and Nitrogen Deposition on Natural Regeneration Processes of Cut-Over Ombrotrophic Peat Bogs in the Swiss Jura Mountains -- Economic Evaluation of Italian Parks and Natural Areas -- Environmental and Human Impacts on Coastal and Marine Protected Areas in India -- Past Climate Change and the Generation and Persistence of Species Richness in a Biodiversity Hotspot, the Cape Flora of South Africa -- The World Network of Biosphere Reserves: a Flexible Structure for Understanding and Responding to Global Change -- The Role of a Global Protected Areas System in Conserving Biodiversity in the Face of Climate Change -- The Strong Reduction Phase of the Calderone Glacier During the Last Two Centuries: Reconstruction of the Variation and of the Possible Scenarios With GIS Technologies -- Digital Geomorphologic Cartography of the Top Area of the Gran Sasso D'Italia Mountain Group (Central Apennine, Italy) -- The Late Pleistocene and Holocene Temporary Lakes in the Abruzzo Parks and the Central Apennines -- The Travertine Deposits of the Upper Pescara Valley (Central Abruzzi, Italy): A Clue for the Reconstruction of the Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironmental Evolution of the Area -- The Protected Areas System for the Conservation and for an Eco-Compatible Development of the Territory: The Maiella National Park -- Environmental Protection and Social Protection: The Sirente-Velino Regional Park -- Protected Areas Management: an Example of Application in the Gran Sasso Park -- The Main Invasive Alien Plants in the Protected Areas in Central Italy (Abruzzo) -- The Historical and Iconographic Research in the Reconstruction of the Variation of the Calderone Glacier: State of the Art and Perspective -- Numerical Experiments to Study the Possible Meteorological Changes Induced by the Presence of a Lake.

Part 1. Biodiversity and Conservation -- Chapter 1. Biodiversity of medicinal plants in the Eastern Ghats of Northern Andhra Pradesh, India -- Chapter 2. Biodiversity, Conservation and Medicinal Uses of Seaweeds: The Glimpses -- Chapter 3. Tree Flora of Andhra Pradesh, India -- Chapter 4. Genetic diversity and variability analysis in sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) -- Chapter 5. Flora of Mangrove species utilized for ethnomedicinal practices in Gautami Godavari estuary, Andhra Pradesh, India -- Chapter 6. Tree diversity assessment in sacred groves of Eastern Ghats, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Part 2. Ethnobotany and Ethnomedicine -- Chapter 7. Structure design and establishment of database application system for Miao medicinal plants in Guizhou Province, China -- Chapter 8. Documentation and Protection of Traditional Knowledge -- Chapter 9. Ethnobotanical assessment of medicinal plants used by Indigenous people living around the Sacred Groves of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India -- Chapter 10. Ethno-botanico-medicine in treatment of diabetes by the tribal groups of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India -- Chapter 11. Ethnomedicine from Konda Reddis of High Altitude Agency Tracts of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India -- Chapter 12. A traditional use of plants for the treatment of bone fractures by the local people of West Sikkim, India -- Chapter 13. God's tree: A culturally coded strategy for conservation (A case study of Gairsain eco- region of district Chamoli, Uttarakhand) -- Chapter 14. Ethnomedicinal plants used by ethnic people in Eastern Ghats of Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India -- Chapter 15. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh for identification of plants with antitumour and antimicrobial potential -- Chapter 16. Controlling biological infestations in museums by medicinal plants -- Chapter 17. Hitherto unexplored aspects of medicinal plants from Ayurveda and Vrikshayurveda -- Chapter 18. Ethno veterinary medicinal plants and practices in Andaman and Nicobar Islands -- Chapter 19. Ethnobotanical trees of Sri Lankamalleswara wild life sanctuary, Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh -- Chapter 20. A Study on Medical Systems for Dengue Fever -- Part 3. Bioactive compounds from plants and microbes -- Chapter 21. Development of immunoassays for Ginsenosides in Ginseng -- Chapter 22. Elicitation of flavonoids in Kalanchoë pinnata by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation and UV-Bradiation -- Chapter 23. Biogenic silver nanoparticles from Trametes ljubarskyi (white rot fungus): efficient and effective anti candidal activity -- Chapter 24. Herbal medicinal markets in China: An Ethnobotanical Survey -- Chapter 25. Phyto chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of a traditional medicinal plant Glochidion eriocarpum (Phyllanthaceae) -- Chapter 26. Endophytic fungi and their impact on Agroecosystems -- Chapter 27. GC-MS and Insilico molecular docking analysis of secondary metabolites present in leaf extract of Cassia occidentalis Linn -- Chapter 28. Protective effect of Mimusops elengi L. on renal and hepatic markers in STZ-induced diabetic Rats -- Chapter 29. Extraction and purification of gymnemic acid from Gymnema sylvestre r.br -- Chapter 30. GC-MS Profile of the unsaponifiable and saponifiable matters of Coldenia procumbens Linn. Leaves -- Chapter 31. Isolation of sterols from the bark hexane extract of Cordia dichotoma -- Chapter 32. Isolation and characterization of pharmacologically active tannins from stem bark of Syzygium samarangense -- Chapter 33. Rare actinobacteria Nocardiopsis lucentensis VLK-104 isolated from Mangrove ecosystem of Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh -- Chapter 34. Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae): evaluation of root phytochemical constituents for antimicrobial activity -- Chapter 35. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies in different parts of Sesamum indicum L -- Chapter 36. Phytochemical investigation and comparative evaluation of various market samples of Triphala powder with references to their free scavenging and anti-diabetic activity – an in-vitro-approach -- Chapter 37. In vitro anticancer activity of Canthium parviflorum Lam extracts against cancer cell lines -- Chapter 38. Bioactive Metabolites from Streptomyces nanhaiensis VSM-1: Polyphasic taxonomy, Optimization and Evaluation of antimicrobial metabolites by GC-MS analysis -- Chapter 39. In vitro cultured cells as an option for enhancing the production of bioactive compounds: Some selected case studies -- Chapter 40. Anti-Diabetic Studies of the leaf extract of Ericostemma littorale (Blume) using Wistar Rats -- Part 4. Biotechnology -- Chapter 41. Molecular and cytogenetical approaches for genetic diversity analysis of wild and cultivated medicinal plant species from North-East India with focus on genus Curcuma -- Chapter 42. Mutagenic effect of chemicals on certain biochemical parameters in two cultivars of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) -- Chapter 43. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of Gamma rays in Musk okra (Abelmoschus moschatus L.) -- Chapter 44. Detection of genetic variation in Biophytum sensitivum Linn. by RAPD and ISSR markers -- Chapter 45. Development of standard protocols for in vitro regeneration of some selected banana cultivars (Musa spp.) from India -- Chapter 46. In vitro method of high frequency plant regeneration through internodal callus of Ruta Graveolens L -- Chapter 47. Conservation of an endangered medicinal forest tree species, Oroxylum indicum L. Kurz through in vitro culture- A review -- Chapter 48. DNA barcode: the genetic blue print for identity and diversity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et. Thonn -- Chapter 49. Microbiological and physicochemical quality of potable water in valasi, agency area, Andhra Pradesh.

Essays -- Public Choice and Constitutional Political Economy -- Public Choice: An Introduction -- Are Vote and Popularity Functions Economically Correct? -- Constitutional Political Economy -- Corruption -- Dictatorship -- Environmental Politics -- Experimental Public Choice -- Gordon Tullock at Four Score Years: An Evaluation -- Interest Group Behavior and Influence -- International Trade Policy: Departure from Free Trade -- James M. Buchanan -- Milton Friedman, 1912: Harbinger of the Public Choice Revolution -- Monetary Policy and Central Bank Behavior -- The Political Economy of Taxation: Positive and Normative Analysis When Collective Choice Matters -- Public Choice from the Perspective of Economics -- Public Choice from the Perspective of the History of Thought -- Public Choice Theory from the Perspective of Law -- Public Choice from the Perspective of Philosophy -- Public Choice from the Perspective of Sociology -- Public Finance -- Regulation and Antitrust -- Scholarly Legacy of Mancur Olson -- Shadow Economy -- Social Choice, Contracts and Logrolling -- Spatial Theory -- Trade Liberalization and Globalization -- William H. Riker -- Concepts -- Academia -- Al-Qaeda -- Alternative Voting Methods -- Altruism -- The Anatomy of Political Representation -- Approval Voting -- Arbitration and Bargaining -- Arrow's Impossibility Theorem -- An 'Austrian' Perspective on Public Choice -- Autocracy -- Autocratic Succession -- Bicameralism -- Blackmail -- Black's Single-Peakedness Condition -- Budgetary Processes -- Budget Deficits -- Bureaucratic Discretion -- Campaign Contributions and Campaign Finance -- Campaign Finance 1 -- Campaign Finance 2 -- Central Banks -- Chicago Political Economy -- The Clayton Act -- Coalitions and Power Indices -- Coalitions and Social Choice -- Coase Theorem and Political Markets -- Coercion -- Collective Action Under the Articles of Confederation -- Committee Assignments -- Committee Jurisdictions and PAC Contributions -- Committees in Legislatures -- Commons and Anticommons -- Constitution -- Constitutional Frameworks and Economic Progress -- The Constitution of the European Union -- Constitutional Political Economy -- The Contemporary Political Economy Approach to Bureaucracy -- Contractarianism -- Corruption 1 -- Corruption 2 -- Cost and Choice -- The Cost Disease of the Personal Services -- Customary Law -- The Demand-Revealing Process -- Deregulation of Postal Service -- Dictators and Social Contracts -- Direct Democracy -- Discrimination -- Dynamic Inconsistency -- Economic Freedom and its Measurement -- Economic Freedom and Political Freedom -- Economic Regulation -- The Economic Theory of Clubs -- Economists Versus the Public on Economic Policy -- Education and the State -- Efficiency of Democracy -- Efficiency of Democracy? -- The Efficiency of the Common Law Hypothesis -- Elected Versus Appointed Regulators -- Election Models -- Electoral College -- Electoral Competition in Mixed Systems of Representation -- The Elusive Median Voter -- Emerging from the Hobbesian Jungle -- Endogenous Morality -- Enron -- Environmental Politics and Economic Development -- The Euro -- European Political Integration -- Evolution of Institutions -- The Evolution of Law -- Experimental Economics and Public Choice -- Experimental Public Choice -- Expressive Voting and Redistribution -- Fair Division -- Fame and Politics -- Federal Reserve System -- Forecasting Presidential Elections in the United States -- Game Theory -- Game Theory in Public Choice -- Generality and the Efficiency of Government Decision Making -- Group Roles in Evolution and Cognition -- Growth of Local Government in the United States -- The Growth of Public Expenditure -- The Growth of the Relative Size of Government -- Heresthetics and the Evolution of the Us Constitution -- Homo Economicus -- Human Evolution and Political Behavior -- Ideology -- The Importance of the Middle in Spatial Politics -- Initiative and Referendum -- Institutions of Trade Protection -- Interest Groups 1 -- Interest Groups 2 -- International Game of Power -- International Organization -- Internet Voting -- Is Russia a Market Economy? -- Is Voting Rational? -- The Italian Public Finance Contribution to Public Choice -- The Judiciary -- The Law and Economics Movement -- Legal Precedents and Judicial Discretion -- Legal Rules and Standards -- Legislative Politics -- Legislators -- Leviathan Models of Government -- Logic of Collective Action -- The Logic of Liberty -- Logrolling 1 -- Logrolling 2 -- Meddlesome Preferences and Rent Extraction: The Tobacco Shakedown -- The Median in Politics -- The Median Voter Model -- Medieval Church -- Mercantilism -- Monetary Politics -- The New Deal -- Nonprofit Organizations -- The Origins of Social Choice Theory -- The Paradox of Rebellion -- Parchment Versus Guns -- Political and Cultural Nationalism -- Political Business Cycles -- Political Economics and Public Choice -- The Political Economy of FEMA Disaster Payments -- The Political Economy of Italian Electoral Reform -- Political Transaction-Cost Manipulation -- Pressure Groups and Uninformed Voters -- Principal-Agent Relationships in the Theory of Bureaucracy -- Prohibition -- Public Choice and Socialism -- Public Choice and the Chicago School of Antitrust -- Public Choice in Italy -- Public Enterprise -- Public Finance and the Median Voter Model -- Public Finance in Democratic Process -- Public Goods -- Public Schools -- Public Utility Regulation -- Rational Choice Approaches to Economic and Political History -- Rational Ignorance -- Rational Irrationality -- Reciprocity -- Redistributive Politics 1 -- Redistributive Politics 2 -- Regulating Government -- Regulatory Takings -- Rent Dissipation -- Rent Extraction -- Rent Seeking -- Rent Seeking and Political Institutions -- Rent-Seeking Games -- Rent Seeking in Development -- The Rule of Law -- Rules Versus Standards -- Self-Interest -- Selfish Gene -- September 11, 2001 -- Single-Peaked Preferences and Median Voter Theorems -- The Social Cost of Rent Seeking -- Sortition -- Standard Oil and Microsoft: Antitrust Lessons -- State-Sponsored Murder as a Rent-Seeking Activity -- Structure-Induced Equilibrium -- Supply of Public Goods -- The Supreme Court -- Takings and Public Choice: The Persuasion of Price -- Term Limits 1 -- Term Limits 2 -- Terrorism -- The Theory and Measurement of Economic Freedom -- Totalitarianism -- Trade Protectionism -- Transitional Economies -- Transitions from Autocracy to Democracy -- Triangulation -- Underground Government: The Off-Budget Public Sector -- The Value of Voting Rights -- Votes for Women -- Voting Equipment, Minorities and the Poor -- Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections -- Voting Paradoxes in List Systems of Proportional Representation -- The War on Drugs -- Welfare Economics and Public Choice -- Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State -- Why Government Succeeds.

From the introduction: For more than two decades, scientific and political communities have debated whether and how to act on climate change. This discussion moved on. Today science is very clear about the magnitude of the risks imposed by unmanaged climate change: 'What we are doing is redifining where people could live and if we do that as a world than hundreds of million of people will move. Probably billions will move. We are talking about gambling the planet, we are talking about a radical change of the way in which human beings could live and where they could live and, indeed, how many of them." With regard to these risks the application of the precautionary principle telling us 'to better be safe than sorry" appears to be imperative and makes traditional cost-benefit analysis become obsolete. Thus combating global warming has become one of the most important issues facing the world in the 21. century. As nobody would be immune from the transformation the planet faces, avoiding this gamble should, in theory, be in the interest of all nations. Unfortunately, a common response in the scale necessary is hard to organize. While the industrialized countries fear the costs of the transformation from a high-carbon to a low-carbon economy, it is the poorest people who are facing a double unequity as they 1. will be hit earliest and hardest by the adverse impacts of climate change, and 2. are least responsible for the stock of current concentrations in the atmosphere. This inequity consequently leads to a great sense of injustice in developing countries being asked cut emission, while knowing, that the developed world got rich on high-carbon growth. Without any doubt the outcome of this is a historical responsibility of industrialized countries to take over leadership in reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. However, bearing in mind that by 2050, approximately eight out of nine billion people in the world will be living in developing nations, it is impossible to get down to emission levels needed without at the same time covering the developing world as well. Against this background international climate protection is a sociopolitical, economical, and ethical challenge, concerning all nations, which have to understand that they are a community based on the principle of mutual solidarity. The international climate regime is regarded as the main platform to further cooperation between nations in order to succesfully combat global warming. Ever since the first world climate conference in 1979 the international community of states pursues the goal of stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions in the medium-term, before finally reducing them in the long-term. In the end of 2009 and 2010, the 15th and 16th Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) aimed at achieving the final breakthrough with regard to framing new long-term mitigation commitments necessary in the scale needed to assure that global warming will not exceed 2° C above preindustrial levels; the line of demarcation from which on climate change is supposedly irreversible. Going from this initial situation this thesis will try to determine the driving-forces of the climate regime and research if the regime theory is a capable tool to explain them. In the following chapter it will be started by highlighting the scientific and economic consequences of anthropogenic climate change to amplify, why there is such an urgent need to fight global warming. Thereafter part three is going to deal with the regime theory. After presenting its interest-based, power-based, and knowledge-based school, these different approaches will, in a second step, be applied to the issue area of climate change. Basing on this analysis it is possible to hypothesize on how actors are supposed to behave within the regime. Due to the fact, that this thesis has a limited volume it will be focused on the three actors, which are regarded as not only most important for the regime's success but also possess the biggest influence within the international community, namely the United States, China, and the European Union. Thereby it will be strongly concentrated on the role of the United States. Understanding this role within the international climate regime is considered as absolutely central since the absolute emissions of the US surpass - with the exception of China - those of any other country and its per capita emissions are also amongst the highest in the world. As a result the US although containing just around one-twentieth of the world's population produce almost one-fifth of the world's total emissions of greenhouse gases. Being the world's largest economy the US moreover not only has considerable financial resources which could be directed to environmental problems abroad, but also a technological capability with huge mitigation potentials. Consequently there is a great chance that a possible decision of the US to take a leading role on addressing climate change would set an example that other countries would follow. On the other hand the rest of the world, and here especially developing countries, such as China or India, very likely will not agree to needed actions either, if the US chooses to reject such a leader-role. Therefore it is often spoken of a 'moral duty' of the US to take the lead in the response towards global warming, a duty which is amplified by the fact that the US alone is historically responsible for almost 30% of the total concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. While the EU has recognized its responsibility for anthropogenic climate change and implemented, as the first region worldwide, a comprehensive and demanding programme to fight the greenhouse effect, China's participation and cooperation in the climate change regime is particularly important for two reasons. First, China's impact on climate change is forecasted to be enormous: China's large population, rapid economic growth and heavy reliance on fossil fuels collectively imply large increases in CO2 emissions and thereby a disproportionate influence on climate change. The fourth part is divided in three sections. Since in isolation from its historical and institutional antecedents the global climate regime and the challenges it currently faces, cannot be properly understood, the first section will take a closer look at the current regime, which is founded on the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on climate change and supplemented by its 1997 Kyoto-Protocol. In this context special attention will be given to the exit of the US from the Kyoto process as the slow progress in the international climate negotiations from that point on was mainly triggered by the reluctance of the US to endorse the Kyoto approach. The second section focuses on the main priorities of the actors within climate negotiations, which are in turn highly affected by their energy political situation. The negotiations in Copenhagen and to a minor extent in Cancun will from this basis offer valuable clues to the question to which extent the actors have been able to convert their interests within the regime. In the final part it will be possible to draw a conclusion regarding the driving-forces of the regime and how they affect its effectiveness and robustness. After giving a compressed outlook on potential future driving-forces an assumption will be issued whether the hypotheses developed in the third part can be coroborated as valid.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents 1.Introduction1 2.Scientific and economic consequences of anthropogenic climate change4 2.1.The natural and anthropogenic greenhouse effect4 2.1.1.The IPCC and its 4th Assessment Report6 2.1.2.The Stern Review and the economics of climate change10 3.The regime theory14 3.1.Three schools of thought within the theory of international regimes15 3.1.1.The interest-based approach15 3.1.1.1.Two-level games19 3.1.2.The power-based approach21 3.1.3.The knowledge-based approach23 3.2.Application of the three approaches to the issue are of climate change25 4.The issue area of climate change33 4.1.The current climate regime33 4.1.1.The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change34 4.1.2.The Kyoto Protocol35 4.1.2.1.The exit of the United States38 4.1.2.2.Basic weaknesses of the Kyoto Protocol41 4.1.3.The Bali Action Plan42 4.2.Prorities of the main actors42 4.2.1.The United States of America44 4.2.1.1.Obama's new climate policy46 4.2.2.China48 4.2.2.1.China's plead for consumption-based inventories54 4.3.International negotiations for a post-2012 agreement in Copenhagen and Cancun58 5.Analysis of the driving-forces in the climate regime64 5.1.The effectiveness and robustness of the climate regime64 5.2.Analysis of the driving-forces with regard to the effectiveness of the international climate regime65 5.2.1.Analysis of the current climate regime65 5.2.2.Analysis of the negotiations for a post-2012 climate regime67 5.2.3.Outlook regarding the regime's potential future driving-forces75 5.2.3.1.A shift in Obama's political priority setting75 5.2.3.2.Developments at the state and local level in the US77 5.2.3.2.1.The ballot on Propostion 23 in California82 5.3.Conclusion83 References90 Table of figures Figure 1:Development of global annual average temperature and CO2-concentrations5 Figure 2: Examples of impacts associated with global average temperature change8 Figure 3: Example of a payoff matrix in the Prisoner's Dilemma17 Figure 4: Example of a payoff matriv in the Battle of the Sexes22 Figure 5: Classification of a country's support for international environmental regulations27 Figure 6: Types of domestic political interest28 Figure 7: Targets of the Kyoto Protocol and actual reductions39 Figure 8: Coal producing states in the US44 Figure 9: Cross-party voting on the ACES in the House of Representatives45 Figure 10: Total energy consumption in China, by type (2008)49 Figure 11: China's exports and CO2-emissions since 200256 Figure 12: C02-emissions from China's net exports in 2004 in comparison with total emissions from China and other countries57 Figure 13: Renewable alternative portfolio standards in the US79 Figure 14: Regional cap and trade programs in the US80 Figure 15: Total global investments in clean energy in $ bn from 2004 to 201085 Appendixes Appendix 1: World carbon dioxide emissions by region107 Appendix 2: National reduction targets in the Non-ETS-Sector in the EU108 Appendix 3: Global carbon dioxide emissions from coal use in million metric tons, by region from 2005 to 2035109 Appendix 4: Global carbon dioxide emissions in million metric tons, by regionfrom 2005 to 2035110 Appendix 5: Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons per person, by region and country from 2005 to 2035111 Appendix 6: China's coal deposits and major railway infrastructure112 Appendix 7: Copenhagen Accord emission mitigation goals of selected countries113 Appendix 8: New constructions of coal-fired power plants in Germany114 Appendix 9: World nuclear enery consumption, by region from 2005 to 2035115 Appendix 10: Transcript - Interview: Nicholas Stern116 Appendix 11: Transcript - Interview: Hermann Ott.120 Appendix 12: Transcript - Interview: Steve Kretzmann120Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 3., The regime theory: The regime theory originated in the late seventies initially in the United States. It searched for answers to challenges in a time when especially crude oil induced shocks in industrial countries have plastically shown the practical consequences of the grown interdependency of economies. So the American study of regimes first and foremost concentrated on the field of the international political economy and was trying to ensure a better understanding of international cooperation. At the same time another phenomenom occured, namely the significant increase in the numbers of international governmental and non-governmental organisations, while the dominance of the United States in the world politics declined. This was a surprising development as, according to the at this time predominant approach of neorealism, international institutions like GATT or the IMF were supposed to become ineffective as a result of the US loosing its status as a global hegemon. To primarily get a better understanding of what international regimes actually are it is useful to study them as social institutions. By means of separating international regimes from international organisations, which are likewise social institutions, two of their main criteria - besides fulfilling the criteria of durability - become especially apparent: In contrast to international organisations, which often have an effect across problems, international regimes always refer to a specific problem area of international politics, like the protection of the ozon layer, trade liberalisations or the problem of climate change, While international organisations can act as cooperative actors, international regimes lack this attribute. In the following it will be concentrated on the interest-based, power-based and knowledge based approach to explain the emergence and characteristics of international regimes. The main focus of attention will be put on the work of Robert Keohane, who produced the most elaborate and also most widely discussed neoliberal approach. While Keohane's formulation had such a strong influence that it has been widely equated with 'regime theory' as such, the neoliberal school of thought, whose overriding emphasis has been on showing the role of international regimes in helping states to realize common interests, has come to represent the mainstream approach analyzing international regimes. Keohane's theory will be complement by Putnams theory of the two-level-games to factor in domestic influences on the interests of states in international negotiations. Thereafter not only the main criticisms of the neorealist school regarding the neoliberal theory will be pointed out, but also the cognitivist perspective will be shown. Hereby it will concentrate on the branch of weak cognitivism that regards the demand for regimes in international relations as depending on the actors' perception of international problems, which in turn are - e.g. in the case of environmental problems - heavily influenced by the information provided by scientists and so called epistemic communities. The cognitive perspective distinguishes itself from the other two approaches since it is the only one, which does not have a rational but sociological meta-theoretical orientation and is another useful complementation of Keohane's regime theory. While none of the present approaches denies regimes any impact, the degree of institutionalism varies considerably, what not least has something to do with the behavioural models on which neoliberals, realists and cognitivists base their analyses. 3.1, Three schools of thought within the theory of international regime: 3.1.1, The interest-based approach: The interest-based theory attributes international institutions a significant role in international politics and therefore dealt critically with the approach of neorealism, which during the first quarter century after WWII has been predominant in the international relations. Neoliberal and realist theories of international regimes though share their commitment to rationalism, which assumes that states, which act in anarchic structures are the most important actors in international politics. By following selfishly defined interests to maximize own profits they behave as rational egoists for whom altruistism never is a motivating force. Compliance to international rules and norms is according to rationalists not a result of a moral obligaion but of a situation where own short-term gains fail to outweigh own losses in the long-run. In contrast to neorealism the interest-based approach consequently stresses, that stable international cooperation is possible even beyond hegemonic power structures, when cooperation is due to increasing interdependent relations beyond national borders in the common interest of all involved states. Since the actions of a player in a field are driven by its interests and every player behaves as a utility maximizer problematic acting interdependencies might emerge, in which a better collective result can solely be reached through cooperation. A need for cooperation is typical for the utilization of global collective goods, which once provided can be used by everyone not only by its providers but also by free-riders, namely states not contributing to make the good available. This is a situation, entitled by Garrett Hardin as the 'tragedy of the commons", that entails two major problems. 1. unless it happens to produce significant side-effects in the form of private goods an individual actor, contemplating whether to contribute to the collective good or not, most likely won't find a unilateral effort that will pay off, and 2. concerning the collective good itself, the smaller the actor the more its own benefit-cost ratio for unilateral efforts will negatively deviate from that of the world. Although in this constellation players have a common interest in securing the common good, cooperation seems very unlikely since each player will regard it as irrational.