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Intro -- DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- REFERENCES -- 2 Fertility Levels, Differentials, and Trends -- INTRODUCTION -- SOURCES AND QUALITY OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA IN AFRICA -- METHODS FOR ESTIMATING TOTAL FERTILITY RATES -- CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICAN FERTILITY -- Estimates of Total Fertility Rates -- Shape of the Fertility Distribution -- First Births -- Timing of Subsequent Births -- Socioeconomic Differentials in Achieved Family Size -- Place of Residence -- Level of Education -- RECENT EVIDENCE OF A FERTILITY DECLINE IN COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE DHS -- Group A: Countries in Which Fertility Declines Have Occurred -- Group B: Countries in Which Fertility May be Declining -- COMPARISON OF RECENT FERTILITY TRENDS IN AFRICA AND OTHER DEVELOPING REGIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 The Proximate Determinants of Fertility -- INTRODUCTION -- DATA -- FRAMEWORK -- Marriage or Union Patterns -- Contraception -- Postpartum Infecundability -- Pathological or Primary Sterility -- Summary of Model -- EMPIRICAL RESULTS -- National-Level Results for DHS Countries -- Marriage -- Contraception -- Postpartum Infecundability -- Pathological Sterility -- Interpreting the Results -- Summary -- Differentials for DHS Countries -- Age -- Residence -- Education -- Change Over Time: Comparison of WFS and DHS Results -- Kenya -- Senegal -- Sudan -- Ghana -- CONCLUSION -- TECHNICAL NOTES -- Data Sources -- Derivation of Indices -- Index of Marriage -- Measured Births Outside Marriage and Adjusted Index of Marriage -- Index of Contraception -- Index of Postpartum Infecundability -- Index of Sterility -- Effects of Indices -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- 4 Recent Trends in Marriage Ages -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCEPTUAL AND MEASUREMENT ISSUES -- Definitions -- Problems of Recall and of Age Reporting.

Intro -- FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN SUB-SAHARANAFRICA -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- KEY ISSUES -- FINDINGS -- 1 Introduction -- THE CONTRACEPTIVE REVOLUTION IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD -- CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -- Historical Factors Leading to High Fertility -- Family Planning Initiatives -- Potential Effect of AIDS on Contraceptive Use -- Implications of the Rise in Contraceptive Use -- LEVELS OF SOCIOECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE -- National Level -- Regional Level -- Community, Kinship, and Household -- Individual Level -- ORGANIZATION OF REPORT -- 2 Levels and Trends in Contraceptive Use -- SOURCES OF DATA ON CONTRACEPTIVE USE -- DEFINITION OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE -- PREVALENCE OF CURRENT CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN SELECTED COUNTRIES -- Results from Demographic and Health Surveys Conducted from 1986 to 1990 -- Results of WFS, CPS, and Other Surveys, 1975-1990 -- Trends in Modern Contraceptive Prevalence -- Differentials in Use -- Reason for Use: Spacing Versus Limiting -- OTHER INDICATORS RELATED TO CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICE -- Ever Use of a Modern Method -- Discontinuation -- Knowledge of a Modern Contraceptive Method -- Sources of Modern Contraceptive Methods -- Fertility Preferences -- RESULTS FROM MALE SURVEYS -- CONCLUSION -- 3 The Socioeconomic Context -- SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS OF FERTILITY -- National-Level Relationships -- Mortality -- Educational Attainment of Adults -- Schooling of Children: The Quantity-Quality Trade-Off -- The Combined Relation of Per Capita Income, Mortality, Education, and Fertility -- Household-Level Research -- EVIDENCE ON CHANGES IN CHILD MORTALITY -- Links to Fertility -- EVIDENCE ON CHANGES IN THE QUANTITY-QUALITY TRADE-OFF -- Opportunity Costs of Schooling -- Direct Costs -- Perceived Benefits of Schooling.

SOCIAL DYNAMICS OF ADOLESCENT FERTILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -- POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- CHANGES IN TWO CONFIGURATIONS OF ADOLESCENT FERTILITY -- ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR EXPLAINING CHANGE IN ADOLESCENT FERTILITY -- OUR APPROACH: SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON THE OUTCOMES OF ADOLESCENT FERTILITY -- PLAN OF THE REPORT -- 2 Levels and Trends in Adolescent Fertility -- LEVELS OF EDUCATION, SEXUAL EXPERIENCE, MARRIAGE, FERTILITY, AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG ADOLESCENTS -- TRENDS IN EDUCATION, MARRIAGE, AND FERTILITY AMONG ADOLESCENTS -- Education -- Marriage -- Fertility -- PUTTING THE INDICATORS TOGETHER -- Group 1 -- Group 2 -- Group 3 -- CONCLUSION -- 3 Marriage: New Forms, New Ambiguities -- CUSTOMARY" MARRIAGE IN AFRICA -- Bridewealth -- Participation of Kin -- Polygyny -- Problems in Defining Customary Marriage -- Variance in Marital Forms -- Marriage as a Process -- EFFECTS OF AMBIGUOUS MARITAL STATUS ON LEGITIMATE REPRODUCTION -- CHANGES IN MARRIAGE IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA -- Economics -- New Legislation -- Religion: Islam and Christianity -- Education -- Urbanization -- EFFECT OF THESE CHANGES ON MARRIAGE -- EFFECTS OF MARITAL CHANGES ON PREMARITAL SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTION -- 4 Reproductive Entitlement: The Social Context of Fertility and Parenthood -- THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF MARRIAGE AND REPRODUCTION -- THE VALUE OF CHILDREN -- REPRODUCTION WITHIN THE SEQUENCE OF LIFE EVENTS -- EARNING REPRODUCTIVE ENTITLEMENT -- THE BOUNDARIES OF ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY -- THE REGULATION OF PATERNITY -- CHANGES IN ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTION -- New Patterns of Male Sexuality and Reproduction -- New Pressures on Women -- CHANGES IN UNSANCTIONED BIRTHS -- 5 Education and Adolescent Fertility -- THE "CULTURE" OF FORMAL EDUCATION: AN EXAMPLE FROM SIERRA LEONE.

FrontMatter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- Part I--Report -- 1 Aging in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recommendations for Furthering Research -- References -- Part II--Papers -- 2 Aging in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Changing Demography of the Region--Victoria A. Velkoff and Paul R. Kowal -- 3 Demographic Impacts of the HIV Epidemic and Consequences of Population-Wide Treatment of HIV for the Elderly: Results from Microsimulation--Samuel J. Clark -- 4 The HIV/AIDS Epidemic, Kin Relations, Living Arrangements, and the African Elderly in South Africa--M. Giovanna Merli and Alberto Palloni -- 5 Older Adults and the Health Transition in Agincourt, Rural South Africa: New Understanding, Growing Complexity--Kathleen Kahn, Stephen Tollman, Margaret Thorogood, Myles Connor, Michel Garenne, Mark Collinson, and Gillian Hundt -- 6 The Situation of Older People in Poor Urban Settings: The Case of Nairobi, Kenya--Alex C. Ezeh, Gloria Chepngeno, Abdhalah Ziraba Kasiira, and Zewdu Woubalem -- 7 Labor Force Withdrawal of the Elderly in South Africa--David Lam, Murray Leibbrandt, and Vimal Ranchhod -- 8 HIV/AIDS and Older People in South Africa--Victoria Hosegood and Ian M. Timaeus -- 9 Interactions Between Socioeconomic Status and Living Arrangements in Predicting Gender-Specific Health Status Among the Elderly in Cameroon--Barthélémy Kuate-Defo -- 10 Survey Measures of Health: How Well Do Self-Reported and Observed Indicators Measure Health and Predict Mortality?--Randall Kuhn, Omar Rahman, and Jane Menken -- Appendixes -- Appendix A Workshop Agenda -- Appendix B About the Contributors.

Intro -- Effects Of Health Programs on Child Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- DISEASE- AND INTERVENTION-SPECIFIC FINDINGS -- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Trends in Mortality and Causes of Death in Africa -- TRENDS IN CHILD MORTALTY -- Data Collection and Estimation Techniques -- Current Levels of Mortality and Trends Since 1960 -- CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG AFRICAN CHILDREN -- Verbal Autopsies -- Studies of Causes of Death Among Infants and Children -- Effects of AIDS on Child Mortality -- SUMMARY -- 3 Immunization Programs -- MEASLES -- EPIDEMIOLOGY -- VACCINE EFFICACY -- WHY AFRICA MIGHT BE DIFFERENT -- EVIDENCE OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY EFFECTS FROM AFRICA -- Effects of General Measles Immunization Programs -- Effects of Measles Vaccinationin Field Trials and Model Programs -- Vaccine Field Trial in Khombole, Senegal -- Kasongo Project in Zaire -- Pahou Primary Health Care Project, Benin -- Estimates of Effect from Cases of Vaccine Failure -- Effect of Programs on Incidence in Africa -- NONLINEARITIES IN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COVERAGE AND EFFECT -- Vaccination and Frequency of Epidemics -- Effect of Vaccination on Age Distribution of Cases -- Changes in the Proportion of Secondary Cases -- Other Factors -- PROGRAM HISTORY, COVERAGE, AND QUALITY -- TREATMENT OF MEASLES (INCLUDING VITAMIN A) -- SUMMARY -- PERTUSSIS (WHOOPING COUGH) -- PERTUSSIS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES -- Epidemiology -- Vaccine Efficacy -- PERTUSSIS IN AFRICA -- Epidemiology -- Vaccine Efficacy -- PROGRAM EFFORT -- SUMMARY -- TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY -- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS -- PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS -- EFFICACY OF BACILLE CALMETTE-GUÉRIN (BCG) VACCINATION -- BCG Efficacy Against Tuberculosis in Africa -- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LEPROSY -- PROGRAM COVERAGE -- SUMMARY -- TETANUS -- EPIDEMIOLOGY.

FrontMatter -- Reviewers -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Background -- 2 Systems of Care for MNS in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 3 MNS Healthcare Policy -- 4 Needs, Opportunities, and Next Steps -- Appendix A: Putting into Context MNS Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Appendix B: References -- Appendix C: Agenda -- Appendix D: Registered Attendees -- Appendix E: Speaker Biographies.

Intro -- Population Dynamics of Kenya -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- MORTALITY -- FERTILITY -- THE FUTURE -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Demographic and Socioeconomic Background -- SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT -- DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE -- Data Sources -- Census and Survey Results -- SUMMARY -- 3 Mortality Trends -- CHILD MORTALITY -- Child Mortality Before the Mid-1970s -- Child Mortality After the Mid-1970s -- Differentials in Child Mortality -- The Possible Effects of AIDS on Child Mortality -- ADULT MORTALITY -- SUMMARY -- APPENDIX -- 4 Fertility Trends -- EVIDENCE OF DECLINES IN FERTILITY FROM RECENT SURVEYS -- DIFFERENTIALS IN THE DECLINES IN FERTILITY -- PATTERNS OF FERTILITY DECLINE -- COMPARISON OF THE PATTERN OF FERTILITY DECLINE IN KENYA WITH OTHER POPULATIONS -- DIFFERENTIALS IN THE PATTERNS OF FERTILITY DECLINE -- FERTILITY DECLINES BY DISTRICT -- SUMMARY -- APPENDIX -- 5 Proximate Determinants of Fertility -- FRAMEWORK -- Percentage of Women in Sexual Union -- Contraception -- Postpartum Infecundability -- Pathological or Primary Sterility -- Abortion -- RESULTS -- Marriage -- Contraception -- Postpartum Infecundability -- Primary Sterility -- Summary -- RELATION BETWEEN CHANGES IN PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS AND FERTILITY -- COMPARISONS OF THE PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF KENYA WITH OTHER SUB-SAHARAN POPULATIONS -- SUMMARY -- APPENDIX -- COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES TO ESTIMATE THE INDICES OF THE PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS -- 6 Socioeconomic and Program Factors Related to Fertility Change -- ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK -- CHANGES IN REPRODUCTIVE PREFERENCES -- GROWTH OF GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS -- Transportation and Communication -- Education -- Health -- Family Planning -- Land Policy -- EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES ON FERTILITY -- SUMMARY -- 7 Linkages Between Socioeconomic Factors and Demographic Change.

Democratization in Africa: African Views, African Voices -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Background and Purpose of the Workshops -- 1 The Movement Toward Democracy in Africa -- IMPACT OF NEW EXTERNAL ACTORS -- COLONIAL LEGACY AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICAN SOCIETIES -- DEMOCRACY AND AFRICAN VALUES -- POLITICAL LIBERALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION -- 2 Transitions to Democracy in Africa -- MODES OF TRANSITION IN AFRICA -- FUNDAMENTAL CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS -- The Cult of Personality -- Zero-Sum Politics -- The Military -- Managing Ethnicity -- The Role of Women -- PRECONDITIONS FOR DEMOCRACY -- Legal Order and Basic Rights -- Values of Democracy -- Competent State -- ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY -- Committed Minority -- Courage -- 3 Democracy and Governance in Africa -- GOVERNANCE AND AFRICAN POLITICS -- POPULAR PARTICIPATION -- NEED FOR ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY -- CORRUPTION -- FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS -- DECENTRALIZATION AND DEVOLUTION OF POWER -- MODES OF REPRESENTATION -- 4 Institutions Needed to Sustain Democracy -- CONSTITUTIONS -- RECONSTITUTING THE MILITARY -- INDEPENDENT COMMISSIONS -- TRANSNATIONAL DEMOCRATIC CENTER -- 5 Role of Extra-African Forces in Democratization -- PROBLEMS WITH AID IN AFRICA -- CHALLENGES FACED BY AFRICAN COUNTRIES -- ROLE OF DONORS IN DEMOCRATIZATION -- Assisting Political Change -- Removal of Dictators -- Reduction of Military Assistance -- Promotion of Civic Groups -- Improving Economic Conditions in Africa -- Forgiving Debt -- Reducing Western Trade Protectionism -- Instituting Fiscal Reforms -- Targeting Human Development -- Capital Flight -- Assistance with Institutional Change -- Constitutions -- Critical National Institutions -- The Press -- Civil Service -- Electoral Systems -- Greater Utilization of African Talent.

Intro -- contents -- figures -- tables -- foreword -- preface -- acknowledgments -- chapter 1 -- chapter 2 -- chapter 3 -- chapter 4 -- chapter 5 -- chapter 6 -- chapter 7 -- chapter 8 -- chapter 9 -- chapter 10 -- chapter 11 -- chapter 12 -- chapter 13 -- chapter 14 -- references -- contributors.

Survival Migration -- Contents -- Preface -- Maps -- Introduction -- 1. Survival Migration -- 2. The National Politics of International Institutions -- 3. South Africa: The Ad Hoc Response to the Zimbabwean Influx -- 4. Botswana: The Division of Zimbabweans into Refugees and Migrants -- 5. Angola: The Expulsion of the Congolese -- 6. Tanzania: The Paradoxical Response to Congolese from South Kivu -- 7. Kenya: Humanitarian Containment and the Somalis -- 8. Yemen: Contrasting Responses to Somalis and Ethiopians -- 9. Improving the Refugee Protection Regime -- Conclusion: Implementation Matters -- Notes -- References -- Index.

INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS NETWORK of ACADEMIES AND SCHOLARLY SOCIETIES -- Copyright -- The International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies -- A DESCRIPTION -- With Gratitiude -- International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies -- Contents -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SYMPOSIUM -- WELCOME AND OVERVIEW OF SYMPOSIUM TOPICS -- PROMOTION OF DEMOCRACY AND STRENGTHENING OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -- HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY IN KOSOVO -- FROM HUMANITARIAN TO PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION -- HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION AND THE IRANIAN SCHOLARLY COMMUNITY -- DIALOGUE AMONG CIVILIZATIONS AND HUMAN R ... -- HUMAN RIGHTS IN EGYPT: THE CASE OF SAAD EDDIN IBRAHIM -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- THE MEETING -- WELCOME AND INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS -- AN OVERVIEW OF THE NETWORK'S ACCOMPLISHMENTS -- Vigilant Society -- Accurate Information -- Coordinated Interventions -- UNESCO Petitions -- Academic Freedom and Human Rights Education -- Discussion -- What is the Extent of the Network's Charge? -- Human Rights and Human Responsibility -- How Effective is the Network? -- A Private Network Web Site -- THE NETWORK'S CASES -- An Overview -- Individual Cases -- TESTIMONY OF TUNISIAN ENGINEER NIZAR CHAÂRI, A FORMER PRISONER OF CONSCIENCE -- HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE SCIENTIFIC VOCATION: CASES, CONTEXTS, AND LESSONS FOR THE NETWORK -- Cultural Contexts -- Survival Values Versus Self-realization Values -- Abuse Prevention Measures -- Discussion -- THE TARGETING OF SCIENTISTS AND SCHOLARS FOR POLITICAL ASSASSINATION: CAN THE NETWORK HELP IN SUCH CASES? -- Discussion -- Strength in Numbers -- Importance of a Rapid Response Mechanism -- Addressing Terrorist Threats -- SUPPORTING THE INDEPENDENCE OF ACADEMIES AND SCHOLARLY SOCIETIES -- What features of independence can be threatened? -- What kinds of threats are there?.

FrontMatter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Introduction--Cynthia B. Lloyd, Jere R. Behrman, Nelly P. Stromquist, and Barney Cohen -- 2 Changing Contexts in Which Youth Are Transitioning to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Converging Toward Developed Economies?--Jere R. Behrman and Piyali Sengupta -- 3 Small Families and Large Cohorts: The Impact of the Demographic Transition on Schooling in Brazil--David A. Lam and Letícia Marteleto -- 4 Progress Toward Education for All: Trends and Current Challenges for sub-Saharan Africa--Paul C. Hewett and Cynthia B. Lloyd -- 5 Trends in the Timing of First Marriage Among Men and Women in the Developing World--Barbara S. Mensch, Susheela Singh, and John B. Casterline -- 6 Marriage Patterns in Rural India: Influence of Sociocultural Context--Shireen J. Jejeebhoy and Shiva S. Halli -- 7 Marriage in Transition: Evidence on Age, Education, and Assets from Six Developing Countries--Agnes R. Quisumbing and Kelly Hallman -- 8 Adolescent Transitions to Adulthood in Reform-Era China--Emily Hannum and Jihong Liu -- 9 Growing Up in Pakistan: The Separate Experiences of Males and Females--Cynthia B. Lloyd and Monica J. Grant -- 10 Multilevel Modeling of Influences on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries with Special Reference to Cameroon--Barthélémy Kuate-Defo -- 11 Assessing the Economic Returns to Investing in Youth in Developing Countries--James C. Knowles and Jere R. Behrman -- Appendix Contents Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries.