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In a period of deep concern for the condition of the US metropolis & amid questions which raise doubts about the continued viability of cities, the authors argue that there is an essential soundness in Ur life which preserves cities & keeps them in balance over time. Within this argument, however, they examine some of the problems which need intensive investigation, & subtle evaluation, & which above all require discussion & understanding as a preface to planning & action. AAAPSS.

In a period of deep concern for the condition of the American metropolis and amid questions which raise doubts about the continued viability of cities, the authors argue that there is an essential soundness in urban life which preserves cities and keeps them in balance over time. Within this argument, however, they examine some of the problems which need intensive investigation, and subtle evaluation, and which above all require discussion and understanding as a preface to planning and action.

We have had a little over forty years of experience of countries we conventionally dub "satellites." In looking at this slice of recent history two questions come to mind. Can one fit the type of relationships he finds within the Sino-Soviet bloc into the perspectives which economic history has developed in the debate on colonialism and imperialism? Has Nature made a leap and produced a new historical type, or do we have merely a new subtle change in form?

Pol'al activity in India, esp in Ru areas, is integrally connected with her SE life in general. It is therefore incapable of being examined in isolation. Not the pol'al parties but the local men of influence pursue pol in villages & local considerations outweigh in importance all other considerations. An attempt has been made to illustrate circumstances, situations, positions, etc, which reveal their pol'al significance re certain situations; subtle & unfamiliar forms through which pol'al activity expresses itself & the 3 levels, ie, local, regional & nat'l, at which the Ru pol'al activity persists, calling into play distinct techniques & diff types of participants. AA - IPSA.

The presidential press conference has rapidly developed in the last 2 decades from a highly informal, semi-private encounter between the Chief Executive & the reporters into a formalized public institution. The 'mediating' role performed by the reporters between President & public has diminished. Now the President speaks directly to the public from this forum. Institutionalization has not substantially reduced the usefulness of the conferences as measured by front page news in the New York Times thus generated. It may have reduced its usefulness in terms of some of the more subtle benefits to be reaped by the President from intimate contact with reporters. The institutionalized press conference may well be less dependent upon accidental factors of personality than in the past. IPSA.

The Poets' conference held under the auspices of the Berlin Festival had the same theme as that of the entire festival this year, Africa's contribution and relation to the arts and culture of Europe. It is at once debatable whether a conference can decide what culture is: whether culture can be talked about across a table among 70 men and women from different parts of the world via tri-lingual instantaneous translations and other kinds of static that fill the air at such times. To appreciate the even subtler intervention of Africa into western culture, in these circumstances, might prove to be impossible. Fortunately conferences have a way of finding their working levels, even though these may not always coincide with the subject assigned them.

The legitimation of recruitment & selection of pol'al leadership is one of the principal functions of pol'al parties (PP). The way in which this is done within a PP is a good indicator of its structure. The Oregon pol'al system is characterized by its diffusion of pol'al roles. Since the position of state legislator is a key one in a pol'al career, victorious candidates for legislature in 1956 were interviewed to determine what roles parties, factions, cliques played in their nomination & election. The results indicated that party played a minor role, & this did not vary among counties sampled. It is concluded that leadership selection is a subtle relationship that employs or selects strongly motivated individuals in particular soc & pol'al networks to which they gravitate, & that are legitimized by their common identification with the broad canopy called PP. AA-IPSA.

The problem of the origins of marine insurance is one of the most complicated and controversial questions in the history of business institutions. One cause of this confusion is the fact that the earliest documentary sources are often ambiguous and lend themselves to widely varying interpretations. The legal writers, who have done most of the research on the early history of insurance, have focused their attention upon certain documents of the late thirteenth and the early fourteenth centuries. As these sources unfortunately give incomplete information, the results of all this research have been rather disappointing. The minute scrutiny with which the legal writers have examined the early documents has produced subtle and brilliant examples of textual criticism but has also given rise to conflicting theories which have confused the issues instead of clarifying them.

Leisure as a thing to be earned & re-earned was the typical pattern of traditional US culture. There was a definite rhythm between work & leisure, & all leisure was seen in the context of future work & good works. The depression & WWII brought about many imbalances in this system. In the last decade there has been a subtle shift in the balance from work & good works to the home. This is now the center for existence which in turn justifies working at all; the role of husband & father has become a vital one. Though there are many rewards in this homeoriented setup, there are also stresses & strains. These are often relieved by getting out of the home & away to work. At the moment our problem is to reach a new balance in which we discard the outmoded sequence of an age of scarcity & satisfactorily integrate the home ritual & shorter working hours of our new age. AAAPSS.

Monsignor romano guardini, preeminent professor in the University of Munich, has had an enormous influence upon generations of German students and citizens. Now, after the steady and effective translation of his works during the past three decades, he has made a profound impact upon the minds and souls of young American scholars and intellectuals, changing, with the strength of conversion, their ways of dealing with knowledge, with ideas and human realities. In an article written for the twentieth-anniversary issue of The Review of Politics, I pointed out ("The Thinker in the Church: The Spirit of Newman," January, 1959) that Guardini is a Newman type of thinker in the twentieth century. This is quite true. Certainly the range of his concerns is reminiscent of Newman's: literature (for instance, his studies of Dante, of Dostoevski, notably the legend of the Grand Inquisitor, and of Rilke's Duino Elegies): history (particularly revelation as history); subtle reflections upon theological questions as well as the critical problems of the contemporary political and social scene.

Leisure as a thing to be earned and re-earned was the typical pat tern of traditional American culture. There was a definite rhythm between work and leisure, and all leisure was seen in the context of future work and good works. The depression and World War II brought about many imbalances in this system. In the last decade there has been a subtle shift in the balance from work and good works to the home. This is now the center for existence which in turn justifies working at all; the role of husband and father has become a vital one. Although there are many rewards in this home-oriented setup, there are also stresses and strains. These are often relieved by getting out of the home and away to work. At the moment our problem is to reach a new balance in which we discard the outmoded sequence of an age of scarcity and satisfac torily integrate the home ritual and shorter working hours of our new age.—Ed.