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High-quality data from large-scale surveys provide a solid basis for outstanding research in the social sciences. Because of the unique demands of survey measurement in terms of the resources and skills required, it should be viewed as a specific sector of the research data infrastructure. In Germany, large-scale surveys have been established both within and outside academia, and major new projects are underway. Clearly, the sector is expanding. There is a need to discuss future challenges, not only with a focus on individual large projects, but with a view to the sector of large-scale survey measurement in general. One aspect is the segmentation of large-scale survey measurement in Germany along institutional lines (statistical offices, ministerial or government agency research (Ressortforschung), public research institutions, and the academic community). Here, we recommend that an overall framework be developed covering all sub-sectors. A second aspect is the infrastructure required for largescale, high-quality data collection. In Germany (outside the sector of Statistical Offices), this infrastructure is provided by private survey organisations. We argue that these should be recognised as relevant actors within the research data infrastructure. They have to invest in technological and human resources in order to provide the professional services required, and they need conditions and forms of cooperation that encourage this investment.

Includes lists of addresses, items with prices, survey notes that include information about terrain. Mentions surveying a coal mine. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE The Day Family were anglo Indian traders, on the Navajo Reservation in eastern Arizona. The collection includes the personal and business papers of Sam Day, Sr. (1845-1925) surveyor, Indian trader, legislator and United States Indian Commissioner; Anna Day, Sam Sr.'s wife (1872-1932); and of their children, Charles L. Day (1879-1918), Samuel Day, Jr. (1889-1944), United States deputy Marshall.

Measurement of an economic good by opinion survey constitutes a variant of the political opinion polls widely familiar from news reporting. The paper relates the minimum sample size needed for the survey measurement of a wealth-dependent parameter to the smallest sample for a political poll giving the same precision. Measuring a strongly wealth-dependent parameter by survey requires a sample size of ~2000 or more to provide precision equivalent to the 3% margin of error customary in UK political opinion polls. It is shown that the survey measurement of the "value of a prevented fatality" (VPF) used in the UK as a health and safety spending yardstick requires ~3000 people to be questioned. The analysis shows the actual sample size used, 167, to be inadequate. This adds to the problems besetting the UK VPF, as the method the surveyors used to interpret their data has already been shown invalid.

The present dissertation explores language effects in a comparative survey i.e. to what extent linguistic diversity affects equivalence in a comparative survey. This is done by studying three different dimensions on the challenges of designing a comparative multilingual survey: survey translation, linguistically diverse countries and bilingualism. Guidelines in survey translation do not link assessment criteria and measurement equivalence testing. I propose a systematic procedure to compare versions of a question in different languages before fieldwork which establishes that link. In linguistically diverse countries, survey instruments are translated into more than one language, equivalence is commonly assumed, not tested. I test for invariance distinguishing the response and cognitive processes to a survey question. Finally, I study measurement equivalence within an individual in two languages for political constructs (bilingualism), challenging current methodological approaches by bringing latent variable models. In each dimension, findings aim to contribute to improving comparative survey methodology. ; Esta tesis explora los efectos del lenguaje en una encuesta comparativa: en qué medida la diversidad lingüística afecta la equivalencia de los datos mediante el estudio de tres dimensiones: la traducción de encuestas, países lingüísticamente diversos y el bilingüismo. Las directrices actuales en la traducción de encuestas no vinculan los criterios de evaluación con un test de equivalencia. Se propone un procedimiento sistemático para comparar las versiones de una pregunta que establece dicho vínculo, en diferentes idiomas antes del trabajo de campo. En países lingüísticamente diversos, el cuestionario se traduce en más de un idioma. Se realiza un test de equivalencia que permite distinguir los procesos de respuesta de los cognitivos. Finalmente, se estudia la equivalencia de conceptos políticos en dos idiomas para un individuo (bilingüismo), proponiendo un enfoque metodológico de modelos de variables latentes. ...

We describe methods of combining administrative and survey data to improve the measurement of income. We begin by decomposing the total survey error in the mean of survey reports of dollars received from a government transfer program. We decompose this error into three parts, generalized coverage error (which combines coverage and unit non-response error and any error from weighting), item non-response or imputation error, and measurement error. We then discuss these three sources of error in turn and how linked administrative and survey data can assess and reduce each of these sources. We then illustrate the potential of linked data by showing how using linked administrative variables improves the measurement of income and poverty in the Current Population Survey, focusing on the substitution of administrative for survey data for three government transfer programs. Finally, we discuss how one can examine the accuracy of the underlying links used in the combined data.

We examine the predictive validity of survey-measured left-right political ideology by testing whether this measure is able to explain observed choices regarding equality versus efficiency. We study this in a real-effort distribution experiment, in which decision-makers allocate money equally or efficiently. We distinguish between decision-makers that receive 'manna-from-heaven' and decision-makers that have earned the money to be distributed in a real effort task. We find that, conditional on entitlement concerns, self-reported right-wing ideology significantly predicts preferences for efficiency. Reported left-wing ideology does not have predictive value in explaining preferences for equality.

Empirical analysis of rural credit market failure has been of key scientific and political interest in recent years. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of various methods for measuring credit rationing of farms employed in the literature. Furthermore, based on a common analytical framework entailing a formal model of a credit rationed farm household, the methods are subjected to a comparative evaluation of their specific strengths or shortcomings. Six approaches are distinguished: measurement of loan transaction costs, analysis of qualitative information collected in interviews, analysis of quantitative information collected in interviews by using the credit limit concept, analysis of spill-over effects with regard to secondary credit sources, econometric household modelling, and the econometric analysis of dynamic investment decisions. The first approach defines credit rationing as the impossibility to take a loan due to prohibitively high, measurable transaction costs on loan markets, which is a price rationing mechanism. All other approaches at least implicitly define credit rationing as a persistent private excess demand in terms of a quantity restriction. The six approaches are more or less closely linked to the neo-classical efficiency concept. An explicit comparison with a first-best solution is impossible in the first three approaches, since they essentially rely on a subjective assessment of borrowers' access to credit, based on qualitative or quantitative indicators. The fifth and sixth approach allow a rigorous interpretation in the framework of neo-classical equilibrium theory. The fourth approach takes an intermediate position, since spill-over on segmented loan markets reveals a willingness to pay with regard to the supposedly less expensive but rationed primary source. Approaches are fairly data demanding in general, usually requiring specific data on loan transactions. Even so, most approaches are applicable to cross-sectional household data. Only dynamic modelling of investment decisions necessitates the availability of panel data, therefore restricting the applicability in low-income and transition countries. With the exception of the first, all methods surveyed might plausibly be used to empirically detect credit rationing. ; Die empirische Analyse von Marktversagen auf ländlichen Kreditmärkten ist in den vergangenen Jahren von hohem wissenschaftlichen und politischen Interesse gewesen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, einen Überblick über verschiedene in der Literatur angewandte Methoden zur Messung von Kreditrationierung zu geben. Auf der Grundlage eines gemeinsamen analytischen Bezugsrahmens werden die Methoden darüber hinaus einer vergleichenden Bewertung im Hinblick auf ihre Stärken und Schwächen unterzogen. Es werden sechs Vorgehensweisen unterschieden: die Messung von Kredittransaktionskosten, die Analyse von in Interviews gewonnenen qualitativen Informationen, die Analyse von in Interviews erhobenen quantitativen Information unter Rückgriff auf das Konzept des credit limits, die Analyse von Überschusseffekten im Hinblick auf sekundäre Kreditquellen, ökonometrische Haushaltsmodellierung sowie die ökonometrische Analyse von dynamischen Investitionsentscheidungen. Die erste Vorgehensweise versteht unter Kreditrationierung die Unmöglichkeit, einen Kredit zu erhalten aufgrund von prohibitiv hohen, messbaren Transaktionskosten auf Kreditmärkten. Es handelt sich hierbei um einen Mechanismus der Preisrationierung. Alle anderen Vorgehensweisen definieren Kreditrationierung zumindest implizit als andauernde Überschussnachfrage, folglich eine Mengenbeschränkung. Die sechs Vorgehensweisen sind mehr oder weniger eng mit dem neoklassischen Effizienzkonzept verbunden. Ein expliziter Vergleich mit einer first-best Lösung ist in den ersten drei Vorgehensweisen jedoch unmöglich, da sie auf einer subjektiven Einschätzung des Kreditzugangs beruhen. Die fünfte und sechste Methode erlauben hingegen eine strikte Interpretation im Rahmen der neoklassischen Gleichgewichtstheorie. Die vierte Vorgehensweise nimmt eine Zwischenstellung ein, da Überschusseffekte auf segmentierten Kreditmärkten eine Zahlungsbereitschaft im Hinblick auf die primäre, rationierte Kreditquelle implizieren. Die Methoden erfordern die Verfügbarkeit von geeigneten Datensätzen über Kredittransaktionen. Die meisten Ansätze können allerdings auf Querschnittsdaten angewendet werden. Lediglich die dynamische Modellierung von Investitionsentscheidungen erfordert Paneldaten und beschränkt daher die Einsatzmöglichkeit in Entwicklungs- und Transformationsländern. Mit Ausnahme des ersten können alle Ansätze auf plausible Weise für die empirische Untersuchung von Kreditrationierung eingesetzt werden.

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record. ; Empirical social science relies heavily on self-reported data, but subjects may misreport behaviors, especially sensitive ones such as crime or drug abuse. If a treatment influences survey misreporting, it biases causal estimates. We develop a validation technique that uses intensive qualitative work to assess survey misreporting and pilot it in a field experiment where subjects were assigned to receive cash, therapy, both, or neither. According to survey responses, both treatments reduced crime and other sensitive behaviors. Local researchers spent several days with a random subsample of subjects after surveys, building trust and obtaining verbal confirmation of four sensitive behaviors and two expenditures. In this instance, validation showed survey underreporting of most sensitive behaviors was low and uncorrelated with treatment, while expenditures were under reported in the survey across all arms, but especially in the control group. We use these data to develop measurement error bounds on treatment effects estimated from surveys. ; This study was funded by the National Science Foundation (SES-1317506), the World Bank's Learning on Gender and Conflict in Africa (LOGiCA) trust fund, the World Bank's Italian Children and Youth (CHYAO) trust fund, the Department of International Development, UK (DFID, GA-C1-RA2-114) via the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), a Vanguard Charitable Trust, the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID, AID-OAA-A-12-00066) DCHA/CMM office, and the Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholars Program at Harvard University (Cohort 5). The contents of this study are the sole responsibility of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of their employers or any of these funding agencies or governments.

We analyse the clustering of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 16 luminous red galaxy sample (DR16 eBOSS LRG) in combination with the high redshift tail of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 12 (DR12 BOSS CMASS). We measure the redshift space distortions (RSD) and also extract the longitudinal and transverse baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale from the anisotropic power spectrum signal inferred from 377 458 galaxies between redshifts 0.6 and 1.0, with the effective redshift of zeff = 0.698 and effective comoving volume of 2.72Gpc3. After applying reconstruction, we measure the BAO scale and infer DH(zeff)/rdrag = 19.30 ± 0.56 and DM(zeff)/rdrag = 17.86 ± 0.37. When we perform an RSD analysis on the pre-reconstructed catalogue on the monopole, quadrupole, and hexadecapole we find, DH(zeff)/rdrag = 20.18 ± 0.78, DM(zeff)/rdrag = 17.49 ± 0.52 and fσ8(zeff) = 0.454 ± 0.046. We combine both sets of results along with the measurements in configuration space and report the following consensus values: DH(zeff)/rdrag = 19.77 ± 0.47, DM(zeff)/rdrag = 17.65 ± 0.30 and fσ8(zeff) = 0.473 ± 0.044, which are in full agreement with the standard ΛCDM and GR predictions. These results represent the most precise measurements within the redshift range 0.6 ≤ z ≤ 1.0 and are the culmination of more than 8 yr of SDSS observations. ; HG-M acknowledges the support from la Caixa Foundation (ID 100010434) which code LCF/BQ/PI18/11630024. RP, SdlT, and SE acknowledge support from the ANR eBOSS project (ANR-16-CE31-0021) of the French National Research Agency. SdlT and SE acknowledge the support of the OCEVU Labex (ANR-11-LABX-0060) and the A*MIDEX project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02) funded by the 'Investissements d'Avenir' French government program managed by the ANR. MV-M and SF are partially supported by Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Inovación Teconológica (PAPITT) no. IA101518, no. IA101619 and Proyecto LANCAD-UNAM-DGTIC-136. GR acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) through Grants No. 2017R1E1A1A01077508 and No. 2020R1A2C1005655 funded by the Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoEST), and from the faculty research fund of Sejong University. SA is supported by the European Research Council through the COSFORM Research Grant (#670193). E-MM is supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 693024). ; Peer reviewed

Diese Dissertation betrachtet verschiedene Schritte einer sozialwissenschaftlichen Erhebung zur Integration Geflüchteter in Deutschland. Anhand von vier Zeitschriftenartikeln wird eine neuartige Strategie, um eine Zufallsstichprobe von Geflüchteten in Deutschland zu ziehen, besprochen, die Folgen fehlender muttersprachlicher Übersetzungen von Fragebögen analysiert, latente Konstrukte auf Vergleichbarkeit getestet und Fragen ökonomischer Integration in sich verändernden Migrationsregimen diskutiert. Der erste Artikel befasst sich mit einer sequentiellen Ziehungsstrategie für Zufallsstichproben. Diese ermöglicht eine zeitnahe Erhebung von Zuwanderern in Zeiten hoher Immigration, da Registerdaten Migranten nur mit zeitlicher Verzögerung umfassend abdecken. Im zweiten Artikel wird gezeigt, dass fehlende muttersprachliche Übersetzungen von Umfragen die Item-Nonresponse erhöhen. Auch die Bereitstellung von Audio-Aufnahmen kann diesem Effekt nicht entgegenwirken. Im dritten Artikel wird die Vergleichbarkeit latenter Konstrukte in multikulturellen und multisprachlichen Erhebungen am Beispiel von Vorstellungen zu demokratischen Systemen untersucht. Messinvarianztests deuten darauf hin, dass Vorstellungen von Demokratie über verschiedene Herkunftsländer und Sprachen nicht vergleichbar sind. Der letzte Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der ökonomischen Integration Geflüchteter und argumentiert, dass diese auf institutioneller Ebene betrachtet werden muss. Fixed-Effects- Regressionsanalysen kombiniert mit einem exakten Matching führen zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass sichere Aufenthaltstitel und die Teilnahme an Integrationskursen bei Geflüchteten in Deutschland zu einer erhöhten Anstrengung führt Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt zu bekommen. ; This dissertation looks at the different steps in the process of conducting a survey on refugees living in Germany and discusses key focal points of integration research. In four different articles, I discuss the novel sampling strategy used in a survey of refugees, analyze the effects of missing questionnaire languages, test latent constructs for measurement invariance, and discuss the analysis of economic integration in a changing migration regime. In the first article, I propose a sequential sampling strategy to sample refugees in times of high immigration. In the second article, I show that the lack of questionnaires in a respondent's mother tongue increases item nonresponse. Providing additional audio recordings of the questions does not diminish this effect. In the third article, I use conceptions of democracy as a case study to show that latent constructs in multi-cultural and multi-linguistic surveys face specific challenges and limitations in their comparability. By employing tests for measurement invariance, my results show that conceptions of democracy are likely not comparable across countries of origin or across languages. The fourth and last article looks at the economic integration of refugees. In it, I propose that integration trajectories have to be observed within the specific institutional settings in which they take place. Fixed-effects regression analyses combined with a coarsened exact matching lead to the conclusion that a secure residence permit and participation in integration classes lead to increasing investments in future labor market access of refugees in Germany.

The paper analyses the sources of income measurement error in surveys with a unique data set. We use the Austrian 2008-2011 waves of the European Union "Statistics on income and living conditions" survey which provide individual information on wages, pensions and unemployment benefits from survey interviews and officially linked administrative records. Thus, we do not have to fall back on complex two-sample matching procedures like related studies. We empirically investigate four sources of measurement error, namely social desirabil- ity, sociodemographic characteristics of the respondent, the survey design and the presence of learning effects. We find strong evidence for a social desirability bias in income reporting, whereas the presence of learning effects is mixed and depends on the type of income under consideration. An Owen value decomposition reveals that social desirability is a major expla- nation of misreporting in wages and pensions, whereas sociodemographic characteristics are most relevant for mismatches in unemployment benefits.

To what extent does conventional survey measurement capture the political interest of men and women equally well? We aim to answer this question by relying on unique data from a national online survey in Spain, where we used various questions unpacking the standard indicator of political interest. The findings show that men and women nominate different personal political interests. We also find that the gender gap in political interest vanishes once these specific interests are taken into account. This suggests that at least part of the documented gender gap in general political interest might be due to the fact that, when prompted to think about politics, women disregard their own specific political interests and instead focus on the dominant, male-oriented understanding of politics. ; Peer reviewed

Abstract – This This study investigates white spaces in the frequency range 410 MHz to 960 MHz using a programmable measurement testbed. Radio spectrum scanning was performed for a total of 144 hours (6 days at 24 hours/day) with the main objective of identifying and quantifying the white space contained in the said bandwidth as a preliminary phase in developing a repository for spectrum utilization in future work. Channel occupancy based on NTC's 2016 channel plan was evaluated herewith. Results show underutilization of the observed bandwidth, with highest average channel occupancy to be 45.12% which is utilized by Cellular Mobile Telephone System in the frequency band, 925 to 960 MHz. Occupancy results show that the observed frequency band contains a large amount of white space. This could be used for different applications, whether for connectivity improvement, government's social services or simply public awareness of the spectrum utilization. This study serves as a foundation for future studies that may include a real-time spectrum observatory and similar applications. Keywords—white space, channel occupancy, channel plan, average power levels, power spectrum

The paper presents a measurement framework for assessing the e- Governance maturity level of countries through the analysis of municipal websites. The paper also introduces the results of a survey carried out to apply and validate the framework. Applied to municipal websites of different countries, the framework considers websites content and design. For each country, the sample included three websites of local governments belonging to regions with low, medium and high population, respectively. The country measure was calculated based on the average obtained by the municipal websites adjusted by a correction factor based on the compliance of general features. The numerical values obtained by countries allow comparing their degree of e-Governance maturity and ranking them accordingly. The contribution of this paper is to present a novel approach for assessing e- Governance maturity of countries based on analyzing how electronic public services are delivered through municipal websites to citizens living in different populated areas. ; VI Workshop Ingeniería de Software (WIS) ; Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI)

We examine the predictive validity of survey-measured left-right politicalideology by testing whether this measure is able to explain observed choices regarding equality versus efficiency. We study this in a real-effort distributionexperiment, in which decision-makers allocate money equally or efficiently. Wedistinguish between decision-makers that receive 'manna-from-heaven' and decision-makers that have earned the money to be distributed in a real effort task. We find that, conditional on entitlement concerns, self-reported right-wing ideology significantly predicts preferences for efficiency. Reported left-wing ideology does not have predictive value in explaining preferences for equality. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published