Suchergebnisse

The Better Work Program has its roots in the Better Factories Cambodia (BFC) program, established in 2001 as a follow-on from the 1999 U.S.-Cambodia Bilateral Trade Agreement. The free trade agreement (FTA) was the first to link improved labor conditions with greater market access. The BFC program benefitted all the key stakeholders by improving work conditions, supporting the growth of the apparel sector in Cambodia (benefitting all local stakeholders), and boosting developed world buyers' reputation by sourcing from ethical workplaces. BFC has also helped to cushion the negative effects of external changes to the trading environment in the apparel sector (the end of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement quota system in 2005 and the global financial crisis in 2008–09). The program has grown substantially; as of December 2014, BW has reached over a million workers in more than 1,000 factories across eight countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Haiti, Indonesia, Jordan, Lesotho, Nicaragua, and Vietnam).

This report presents results from a project that NOVA has carried out in collaboration with Fafo on behalf of the Norwegian State Housing Bank. The purpose of the project is to provide new and updated knowledge about developments that may affect the Norwegian housing market in the coming years. The analyses in this report are based primarily on the survey EU- SILC 2012, with attached register data from 2011. EU-SILC 2012 contains a module with questions about housing conditions. In addition, we have used register data on migrant workers' movement between municipalities in Norway, and information from the Population and Housing Census 2011. The report can be read as an update of previous reviews of the EU-SILC surveys in Norway with additional modules on housing conditions (1997, 2001, 2004 and 2007), but we also present new topics and analysis. We represent the results as an anthology with independent chapters. The introductory chapter provides a context for the findings in the rest of the report, by presenting figures for the number of dwellings in Norway, some aspects of housing policy including the emergence of social housing as a priority in welfare policy, and some figures on population trends. It is emphasized in the chapter that the population in Norway is increasing, much as a result of labour migration. Consequently, the number of occupied dwellings and housing prices increase. At the same time the population ages, which increases the demand for universal access in housing. The theme of the first article is housing standards and accessibility in 2012. A main conclusion from this review is that the housing stock changes slowly, so that the results resemble those from the similar review of EU-SILC 2007. By far the most common type of house in Norway is single dwelling, while just under a quarter of all households live in an apartment or townhouse. There is also stability in housing sizes. Most respondents (58 per cent) live in homes with three to five rooms (the figure in 2007 was 60 per cent). There has been no increase in the number of households living in small homes, just under 20 percent of households live in dwellings with one or two rooms. 7 per cent of Norwegian households are overcrowded by the broadest objective definition, and a clear majority says that their residence has "just the right size". Moving is far more common among the youngest age groups, and is also common among people with short periods of residence in Norway. This indicates a pattern where young adult move several times before they eventually find a home to grow old in. Relatively few say they are experiencing problems with their housing or immediate neighbourhood. The problem mentioned most often is noise: 12 percent report that they experience noise from road traffic or neighbours while indoors in their own home. The final issue discussed in this chapter is housing conditions for people with disabilities. About a third of all homes have no physical barriers that prevent disabled people from entering, and 38 percent have all rooms located on the entry level. This is a higher proportion than what was found in 2007. In the second article, the topic is housing expenses. High relative housing expenses is defined as housing expenses in excess of 25 percent of total income. Comparison with data from the late 1990s suggests that the proportions experiencing this problem are very stable over time. Young households have high housing expenses, while older households have low housing expenses. Furthermore, it is especially singles and single parents who have high relative housing expenses. We find high relative housing expenses among households living in Oslo and Akershus, compared to the rest of the country. These patterns were also found in 2007. The chapter also presents some figures for indebtedness. We take the recommendation that the debt should not exceed three times the total income as a starting point. We see that the proportion of households with a mortgage of more than 3 times their gross income decreases with age. Among 20 -year-olds more than every fourth household have such debt burdens, while the same is true for just fewer than one in five households among 30 year olds. Article three is about the rental market. Most Norwegians visit the rental market one or more times during their life. The rental market is often used in transitional periods of life, such as in education, periods with temporary employment, and immediately after family breakup. The rental sector is also important for those who do not want to, or for various reasons are unable to, buy their own home. The typical tenant is a young and single person with low incomes. Renting contracts are largely short term. Tenants tend to have short residence time and many have plans to move. The probability of remaining a tenant however increases with increasing time in the rental market. The Norwegian rental market is dominated by private hire, and there are relatively few institutional landlords. This gives the Norwegian rental market an informal character with a lack of transparency, which can make it difficult for vulnerable groups to get a foothold in this market. The informal structure of the rental sector also makes it challenging to implement legal regulations. In the fourth article we look specifically at older households' housing situation. The elderly are less mobile in the housing market than younger people. Despite this, more than every tenth household where the reference person is 67 years or older changed residence in the last five years before the interview. The proportions that have moved in old age can still be higher, since five years is a relatively short measurement period - especially for the oldest old. Many seniors live in a home that is specially adapted for a household member with disabilities, but there is also a significant proportion who does not live in such housing and who feel they ought to have a special arrangement of the dwelling. This is reported by approximately every tenth household where the reference person is 67 years or older. In this study, we use two definitions of vulnerability in the housing market: (1) Individuals and households who have low income and live in unsuitable dwellings, and (2) those who are disadvantaged by definition 1, or have low incomes and at the same time high relative housing costs. Their situation is the topic of the fifth article. We find that 7 per cent of the respondents are vulnerable by definition 1, while 12 per cent come across as vulnerable if we rely on definition 2. Whichever of these two definitions we rely on, the same groups come across as most likely to be vulnerable: those most at risk are young adults and single parents, and there is also a high percentage of tenants among the vulnerable. In the sixth and final article, we seek to identify mobility patterns among immigrants in Norway. This article uses a different data set, namely registry data on all residents in Norway. We measure moving as change of municipality of residence from one year to another, which means that we only look at the moving patterns of people who have stayed in Norway for at least two consecutive years in the period under investigation. The total number of transfers between municipalities was slightly lower in 2009-2010 than in 2005-2006. This is mainly because Norwegians moved less. Immigrants' higher proportion of movements, and the fact that the proportion of immigrants had increased in the period, explains why the number of relocations were not further reduced. In 2006, the immigrants were responsible for 16 percent of all relocations, and this percentage increased to 22 percent in 2010. All immigrant groups are more likely to move between municipalities in their first years in Norway. Immigrants from countries in Asia and Africa have the highest propensity to move to Oslo and Akershus, while migrant workers from the European Economic Area also move to other regional centres in Rogaland ( Stavanger), Hordaland (Bergen ) or Sør-Trøndelag (Trondheim). The main results of the articles are summarized in the final chapter. The results are discussed in light of the social changes that are presented in the introductory chapter, and it is pointed out how the results can be seen in the context of policy making. Major changes in the size and composition of the population affect the demand for housing. Which dwellings are available, and the price levels in the housing market, influences the expectations and opportunities individual households have on this market. A central challenge in housing policies is to ascertain to what extent the housing market balances supply and demand in a satisfactory manner so that measures to correct undesirable outcomes may be applied. Analyses of living conditions, including housing conditions, based on surveys such as EU-SILC is an important source of information in this context, but should be complemented and combined with information from other data sources. Surveys often underestimate the number of disadvantaged people in the housing market, and thus provide unreliable information about the processes that lead into, and out of, difficult positions with regard to housing. ; Tidligere har bolig vært tema for Statistisk sentralbyrås levekårsundersøkelser i 1997, 2001, 2004 og 2007. I 2012 ble boforhold innlemmet som en nasjonal modul i EU-SILC. På oppdrag fra Husbanken har NOVA i samarbeid med Fafo analysert data fra sistnevnte undersøkelse. Rapporten gir en tilstandsrapport om boforholdene i Norge i 2012, og kan leses som en oppdatering av lignende studier som NOVA har gjennomført på bakgrunn levekårsanalysene tidligere. Denne rapporten inneholder artikler om boligstandard og tilgjengelighet, boutgifter og boutgiftsbelastning, leiemarkedet, eldres boligsituasjon, vanskeligstiltes situasjon på boligmarkedet og flyttemønstre blant arbeidsinnvandrere. Artiklene er skrevet av Anne Hege Strand, Anne Skevik Grødem, Roy A. Nielsen og Hans Christian Sandlie.

Introduction. The knee joint is surrounded by a variety of cystic formations (CF) — bursa, which normally are not clinically manifested. All synovial cavities, particularly knee joints and bursa, which surround the knee joint, contain synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is an ultrafiltrate of the blood plasma and consists of proteins and interstitial fluid. The literature describes the bursa surrounding the knee joint, the ultrasound classification of Baker's cysts depending on the stage of the course, which is offered by I.M. Danilova [10], and classification of cystic meniscal degeneration, but provides no information about the pathophysiological and histochemical changes that occur in CF of the knee joint, as well as no data on the pathophysiological model of the knee CF, which would reflect the nature of this disease in terms of physical and biochemical processes. Materials and methods. In the trauma department of the clinic of injuries of the Military Medical Center of the Northern Region from the beginning of 2016, we have observed 15 patients with a clinical picture of the knee cyst, verified by instrumental methods of examination: ultrasound investigation (UI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spiral computed tomographic arthrography (SCТA) of the knee joint. Of these, calf-semimembranosus bursitis was observed in 9 patients, meniscal cysts — in 5 patients, bursitis of the anterior knee — in 1 patient. Among patients, the men prevailed — there were 11 men and 4 women, respectively. The average age of patients was 43.5 years. The objects of the study were cystic formations of the knee joint. All patients with CF underwent a comprehensive survey that included UI, SCTA, MRI, measurement of intraarticular and intracystic pressure using contact manometer manufactured by the Stryker company and, subsequently, diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopy. According to the US data, the patients were divided into 4 groups based on the percentage ratio of intraluminal layers (inclusions) to the total lumen of CF, making it possible to form a new classification of the knee CF to select a particular treatment. Results and discussion. The formation and progression of CF are influenced by a high blood pressure, which is an average of 29 mmHg in the flexion position and 58.4 mmHg in the extension position. Based on preliminary data, in our opinion, critical rates, at which rupture of a Baker's cyst may occur, is pressure more than 60 mmHg. Usually, this complication occurs in chronic cyst when long-term adsorption of protein molecules on the cystic wall leads to the adsorption weakening of the strength and reduction of surface tension — Rehbinder effect. Conclusions. Taking into account the data of biochemical processes, ultrasound pictures and endoscopy data of the Baker's cysts in various stages, we have found that the cyst wall itself doesn't thickens, but there is parietal layers of protein molecules with the formation of globules, which form the so-called pseudowall. Subsequently, these layers are beginning to form the membranes between opposite walls, to thicken, leading to intimacy of a CF. In the later stages, these layers dominated over the lumen of a CF. This classification, which is offered by us, is based on the determination of percentage of intraluminal layers and the total lumen of a CF in two sections and reflects the main morphological changes that makes it possible to determine the optimal treatment for cystic formation and wide practical use in traumatology and orthopedics. ; Введение. Коленный сустав окружают разнообразные кистозные образования (КО) — бурсы, которые в норме клинически не проявляются. Все синовиальные полости, к которым, в частности, относятся коленный сустав и бурсы, окружающие коленный сустав, содержат синовиальную жидкость, которая является ультрафильтратом плазмы крови и состоит из белков и интерстициальной жидкости. В литературе описаны бурсы, окружающие коленный сустав, освещена ультразвуковая классификация кист Бейкера в зависимости от стадии течения, предложенная И.М. Даниловой [10], и классификация кистозного перерождения мениска, но отсутствует информация о патофизиологических и гистохимических изменениях, происходящих в КО области коленного сустава, а также отсутствует патофизиологическая модель КО области коленного сустава, которая отражала бы природу данного заболевания с точки зрения физико-биохимических процессов. Материалы и методы. В травматологическом отделении клиники повреждений Военно-медицинского клинического центра Северного региона с начала 2016 года под наблюдением находилось 15 пациентов с клинической картиной кистозного образования области коленного сустава, что подтверждено инструментальными методами обследованиями: ультразвуковым исследованием (УЗИ), магнитно-резонансной томографией (МРТ) и спиральной компьютерной артрографией (СКТА) коленного сустава. Из них икроножно-полуперепончатый бурсит наблюдался у 9 пациентов, кисты менисков — у 5 пациентов, бурсит переднего отдела коленного сустава — у 1 пациента. Среди пациентов 11 мужчин и 4 женщины. Средний возраст пациентов составил 43,5 года. Объектом исследования были кистозные образования области коленного сустава. Всем больным с КО проводили комплексное инструментальное обследование, которое включало УЗИ, СКТА, МРТ, измерение внутрисуставного и внутрикистозного давления с помощью контактного манометра фирмы Stryker и далее — диагностико-лечебной артроскопии. На основе полученных данных УЗИ проводилось распределение больных на 4 группы, базирующееся на процентном отношении внутрипросветных наслоений (включений) к общему просвету КО, что дало возможность сформировать новую классификацию КО области коленного сустава для выбора того или иного метода лечения. Результаты и обсуждение. На формирование и прогрессирование кистозных образований оказывает значение повышенное давление, которое составляет в среднем 29 мм рт.ст. в положении сгибания и до 58,4 мм рт.ст. в положении разгибания. Исходя из предварительных данных, по нашему мнению, критическим показателем давления, при котором может наступить разрыв кисты Бейкера, является давление более 60 мм рт.ст. Обычно такое осложнение возникает при длительном существовании кисты, когда имеет место адсорбция белковых молекул на стенке кисты, что приводит к адсорбционному снижению прочности и поверхностного натяжения — эффект Ребиндера. Выводы. Учитывая данные биохимических процессов, УЗИ и эндоскопии кист Бейкера на разных стадиях, мы обнаружили, что сама стенка кисты не утолщается, а происходит пристеночное наслоение белковых молекул с формированием глобул, которые и формируют так называемую псевдостенку. В дальнейшем эти наслоения начинают формировать перемычки между противоположными стенками, что приводит к камерности образования. На поздних стадиях данные наслоения преобладают над просветом КО. Предложенная нами классификация основана на определении процентного соотношения внутрипросветных наслоений к общему просвету кистозного образования в двух срезах и отражает основные морфологические изменения, что позволяет определить оптимальный метод лечения данного кистозного образования и широкого практического использования в травматологии и ортопедии. ; Вступ. Колінний суглоб оточують різноманітні кістоподібні утворення (КПУ) — бурси, які у нормі клінічно не проявляються. Усі синовіальні порожнини, до яких, зокрема, належать колінний суглоб та бурси, які оточують колінний суглоб, містять синовіальну рідину. Синовіальна рідина є ультрафільтратом плазми крові і складається із білків та інтерстиціальної рідини. У літературі описані бурси, що оточують колінний суглоб, висвітлена ультразвукова класифікація кіст Бейкера залежно від стадії перебігу, яка запропонована І.М. Даниловою [10], та класифікація кістозного переродження меніска, але відсутня інформація щодо патофізіологічних та гістохімічних змін, які відбуваються у КПУ ділянки колінного суглоба, а також відсутня патофізіологічна модель КПУ ділянки колінного суглоба, яка б відображала природу даного захворювання з точки зору фізико-біохімічних процесів. Матеріали та методи. У травматологічному відділенні клініки ­ушкоджень Військово-медичного клінічного центру Північного регіону з початку 2016 року під спостереженням знаходилось 15 пацієнтів із клінічної картиною кістоподібного утворення ділянки колінного суглоба, що підтверджено інструментальними методами обстеженнями: ультразвуковим дослідженням (УЗД), магнітно-резонансною томографією (МРТ) та спіральною комп'ютерною артрографією (СКТА) колінного суглоба. Із них литково-напівперетинчастий бурсит спостерігався у 9 пацієнтів, кісти менісків — у 5 пацієнтів, бурсит переднього відділу колінного суглоба — в 1 пацієнта. Серед пацієнтів 11 чоловіків та 4 жінки. Середній вік пацієнтів становив 43,5 року. Об'єктом дослідження були кістоподібні утворення ділянки колінного суглоба. Усім хворим із КПУ проводили комплексне інструментальне обстеження, яке включало УЗД, СКТА, МРТ, вимірювання внутрішньосуглобового та внутрішньокістозного тисків за допомогою контактного манометра фірми Stryker та надалі — діагностично-лікувальної артроскопії. На основі отриманих даних УЗД проводився розподіл хворих на 4 групи, що базується на процентному відношенню внутрішньопросвітних нашарувань (включень) до загального просвіту КПУ, що дало можливість сформувати нову класифікацію КПУ ділянки колінного суглоба для вибору того чи іншого методу лікування. Результати та обговорення. Для формування та прогресування КПУ має значення підвищений тиск, який становить у середньому 29 мм рт.ст. у положенні згинання та до 58,4 мм рт.ст. у положенні розгинання. Виходячи із попередніх даних, на нашу думку, критичним показником тиску, при якому може настати розрив кісти Бейкера, є тиск більше 60 мм рт.ст. Зазвичай таке ускладнення виникає при тривалому існуванні кісти, коли тривала адсорбція білкових молекул на стінці кісти призводить до адсорбційного зниження міцності та зниження поверхневого натягу — ефект Ребіндера. Висновки. Враховуючи дані біохімічних процесів, УЗД та ендоскопії кіст Бейкера на різних стадіях, ми дослідили, що сама стінка кісти не потовщується, а відбувається пристінкове нашарування білкових молекул із формуванням глобул, які і формують так звану псевдостінку. У подальшому ці нашарування починають формувати перетинки між протилежними стінки, ущільнюватись, що призводить до камерності КПУ. На пізніх стадіях дані нашарування переважають над просвітом КПУ. Запропонована нами класифікація заснована на визначенні процентного відношення внутрішньопросвітних нашарувань до загального просвіту КПУ у двох зрізах та відображає основні морфологічні зміни, що дає можливість визначити оптимальний метод лікування даного кістоподібного утворення та широкого практичного використання у травматології та ортопедії.

Tunisia emerges today the only success story of the Arab Spring revolution that swept the Arab world five years ago. This poverty assessment seeks to learn from the pre and post revolution periods with a view of avoiding the repetition of past mistakes in the future. Specifically, it will provide Tunisians with a more detailed and updated diagnostics of poverty, regional disparities, trends over time and the strong links between poverty, inequality, opportunities, and vulnerability. Beyond statistics, this report will also provide a somber but more balanced alternative explanation of socioeconomic development in the country, which will hopefully complement the efforts of the Government of Tunisia to develop and implement its strategic development plan. This poverty assessment questions the extent to which growth was truly pro-poor in Tunisia and, more importantly, capable of reducing inequalities and increasing inclusion in society. This questioning sheds light on Tunisia's prospects for a more prosperous society if substantive changes in the socioeconomic model are not introduced. The poverty assessment analysis goes into a post-2010 analysis; expanding as well the analysis of monetary poverty to broader concepts of vulnerability and equal opportunities; and by enriching traditional instruments with more sophisticated tools to measure poverty, analyze poverty dynamics, and simulate the effects of certain policy reforms for the first time in Tunisia.

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh karakteristik Islamic corporate governance terhadap kinerja bank syariah di Indonesia dan Malaysia. Dengan menggunakan regresi data panel 28 bank syariah di Indonesia dan Malaysia periode 2013-2019, penelitian ini menemukan adanya pengaruh Islamic corporate governance (ICG) secara simultan terhadap kinerja bank syariah. Hasil estimasi dengan dan tanpa variabel kontrol menunjukkan hanya variabel tingkat pendidikan Dewan Pengawas Syariah (DPS) yang konsisten memiliki pengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank syariah. Dengan menambahkan variabel kontrol, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel gender diversity dan frekuensi rapat DPS masing-masing berpengaruh positif dan negatif terhadap kinerja bank syariah. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan wawasan bagi regulator untuk dapat meningkatkan kinerja bank syariah melalui praktik ICG. Kata Kunci: Bank syariah, Dewan Pengawas Syariah, Indonesia, Islamic corporate governance, Kinerja bank, Malaysia. ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the impact of Islamic corporate governance characteristics on the performance of Islamic banks in Indonesia and Malaysia. By using panel data regression of 28 Islamic banks in Indonesia and Malaysia for the 2013-2019 period, this study found the simultaneous influence of Islamic corporate governance (ICG) characteristics on the performance of Islamic banks. The results with and without control variables show that only the Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) education level consistently has a significant negative effect on the performance of Islamic banks. By adding the control variable, the results show that the gender diversity variable and the frequency of SSB meetings have a positive and negative effect on the performance of Islamic banks, respectively. The results of this study provide insights for regulators to improve the performance of Islamic banks through ICG practices.Keywords: Bank performance, Indonesia, Islamic corporate governance, Islamic banks, Malaysia, Syariah Supervisory Board. DAFTAR PUSTAKAAgrawal, N., & Lakshmi, V. (2020). Board composition and board size impact on financial performance of the company. International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management, 6(5), 737–747. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPSPM.2020.110142Ajili, H., & Bouri, A. (2018). Corporate governance quality of Islamic banks: measurement and effect on financial performance. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 11(3), 470–487. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-05-2017-0131Alam, N., & Homy, A. (2020). The impact of corporate governance and agency effect on earnings management – A test of the dual banking system. Research in International Business and Finance, 54(April), 1–16.Al-Jaifi, H. A. (2020). 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Modifying the national poverty line to the context of observed consumption patterns of the poor is becoming popular. A context-specific poverty line would be more consistent with preferences. This paper provides theoretical and empirical evidence that the contrary holds and that the national poverty line is more appropriate for comparing living standards among the poor, at least under prevailing conditions in Mozambique and Ghana. The problem lies in the risk of downscaling the burden associated with cheap-calorie diets and the low nonfood component of the rural poor. The paper illustrates how observed behavior may neither reveal preferences nor detect heterogeneous preferences among the poor. Rather, the consumption pattern is the upshot of the poverty condition itself. Poverty is confused with preferences if observed cheap-calorie diets are seen as a matter of taste, whereas in fact they reflect a lack of means to consume a preferred diet of higher quality, as food Engel curve estimates indicate. Likewise, a smaller nonfood component is not a matter of a particular distaste, but an adaptation to the fact that various nonfood items (such as transport) and basic services (such as electricity and health) are simply absent in rural areas.

This document presents the Systematic Country Diagnosis (SCD) for Mali. The SCD was prepared following a consultative process within and outside the World Bank. It identifies constraints and opportunities for achieving the twin goals of ending poverty and improving shared prosperity by 2030 while acknowledging (i) the need for selectivity in pro-poor interventions, and (ii) the many competing 'binding' reasons for poverty in Mali. The objectives of the twin goals are similar for Mali as the incidence of dollar-a-day poverty exceeds 40 percent of the population. Selectivity means the identification of principal opportunities for poverty reduction in the next 15 years, as well as the identification of binding constraints to reaping such opportunities. In the search for selectivity, there is the risk of not identifying the correct set of opportunities and constraints. However, the risk of not being selective would probably have more serious implications as it could lead the government and its development partners to disperse their resources and attention too thinly over too many competing priorities. Selectivity also implies making trade-offs between immediate and longer term objectives. In this document priority is given to the identification of poverty reduction opportunities which could deliver results before 2030, while acknowledging that efforts should not undermine the prospects for poverty reduction and shared prosperity beyond 2030. In this regard, particular attention is paid to environmental and fiscal sustainability.

With 2015 marking the transition from the Millennium to the Sustainable Development Goals, the international community can celebrate many development successes since 2000. Three key challenges stand out: the depth of remaining poverty, the unevenness in shared prosperity, and the persistent disparities in non-income dimensions of development. First, the policy discourse needs to focus more directly on the poorest among the poor. While pockets of ultra-poverty exist around the world, Sub-Saharan Africa is home to most of the deeply poor. To make depth a more central element in policy formulation, easy-to-communicate measures are needed, and this note attempts a step in this direction with person-equivalent measures of poverty. Second, the eradication of poverty in all of its forms requires steady growth of the incomes of the bottom 40 percent. Yet, economic growth, a key driver of shared prosperity, may not be as buoyant as before the global financial crisis. Third, unequal progress in non-income dimensions of development requires addressing widespread inequality of opportunity, which transmits poverty across generations and erodes the pace and sustainability of progress for the bottom 40. To meet these challenges, three ingredients are core to the policy agenda: sustaining broad-based growth, investing in human development, and insuring the poor and vulnerable against emerging risks.

This systematic country diagnosis (SCD) for Chad aims to identify how to achieve the twin goals of ending poverty and improving shared prosperity. It acknowledges both: (i) the need for selectivity in pro-poor interventions, and (ii) the inherent difficulty to do so given the many competing binding reasons for poverty. Selectivity means the identification of principal opportunities for sustainable poverty reduction in the next 15 years, as well as the identification of binding constraints to reaping such opportunities. Selectivity also implies making trade-offs between immediate and longer term objectives, with priority given to the identification of poverty reduction opportunities which will: (i) deliver the highest possible results before 2030, and (ii) not undermine prospects for poverty reduction and shared prosperity beyond 2030. The analysis presented in the SCD draws on a variety of information sources. These include domestic statistics and reports, evaluations by the country's development partners, original research conducted by the World Bank team, and consultations held in N'Djamena with nongovernmental organizations and the private sector. Reaping poverty reduction opportunities will require addressing a selected number of binding constraints.

Afghanistan faces a severe problem of poor nutrition and food insecurity. Chronic malnutrition among Afghan children is one of the highest in the world. This report investigates the status of food insecurity in Afghanistan with a focus on mapping provincial differences and an emphasis on understanding the impact of rising food prices on key measures of food security. It synthesizes findings from analysis of rising food prices and their impact on different measures of food access and utilization (such as calorie intake, protein consumption and the quality of diet) in Afghanistan. The findings are based on the analysis of data from the National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA) 2007/08, a sample of over 20,000 households from all 34 provinces of Afghanistan. This analytical work is an integral part of the on-going collaboration between the Government of Afghanistan and the World Bank in the domain of poverty and vulnerability assessment. It aims to further the understanding of household wellbeing and vulnerability from the standpoint of food security and complements the earlier work presented in 'poverty status in Afghanistan. Finally, given that poor nutrition and food insecurity affect a sizeable proportion of the Afghan population year-round but more so during bad times, there is genuine need for a scaled-up and well-targeted safety nets program in Afghanistan.

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS - ICSU SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL Newsletter No.65 August 1997 Code Number:NL97009 Sizes of Files: Text: 100.8K Graphics: No associated graphics files MEETING REPORTS ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR THE ICSU'S PROGRAMME ON CAPACITY BUILDING IN SCIENCE Julia Marton-Lefevre, Executive Director, ICSU The first meeting of the Advisory Committee for the newly launched ICSU Programme on Capacity Building in Science (PCBS) took place in Paris at the end of June. The Members of the Advisory Committee are listed. The meeting was also attended by a number of invited observers from UNESCO and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. The Advisory Committee reviewed plans for launching a Programme organized around the previously identified themes of Primary Level Education; Public Understanding of Science, and the Organization of Actions to Reduce the Isolation of Scientists. It was agreed that the Programme should initially concentrate on a few highly visible pilot projects in each of the areas and that some of these should begin immediately. FIRST MEETING OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON RESPONSIBILITY AND ETHICS IN SCIENCE (SCRES) Oslo, Norway, 19-22 June 1997 Kathinka Evers, Executive Secretary, SCRES The recently established Standing Committee on Responsibility and Ethics in Science (SCRES) held its first meeting 19-22 June 1997 at the Norwegian Academy of Science in Oslo, Norway. The main task of the meeting was to establish the precise role that SCRES should play in the future: what are its main goals? what does SCRES aim to produce? who is the intended audience? The first discussion focused on how the committee intends to operate, and how it should communicate with other ICSU members. ICSU PRESS ACTIVITIES: ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING IN SCIENCE Sir Roger Elliott, Chairman ICSU Press When the General Assembly in Washington received the report of the UNESCO/ICSU Press Expert Conference on Electronic Publishing in Science it charged the ICSU Press Committee with the task of undertaking the follow-up activities which derived from the recommendations of the Conference. SPOTLIGHTS ON SCIENCE WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME (WCRP): Further Strategic Steps in Internationally Coordinated Climate Research: a report of the eighteenth session of the Joint Scientific Committee (JSC) for the WCRP H. Grassl, Director, WCRP The WCRP is jointly sponsored by ICSU, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. Overall scientific guidance for the programme is provided by the ICSU/WMO/IOC Joint Scientific Committee (JSC), consisting of eighteen scientists selected by mutual agreement between the three sponsoring organizations and representing the atmospheric, oceanographic, hydrological and polar science communities. At the kind invitation of the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada, the eighteenth annual session of the Committee was held in Toronto from 17 to 21 March 1996. IGCP: INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMMES CENTRAL TO THE IGCP ENVIRONMENTAL DEBATE Edward Derbyshire Chairman IGCP What's in a name? Seen from outside, a programme with the title of "international Geological Correlation Programme" might appear rather narrow and prescriptive. in particular, the word "correlation" could even be construed as indicating that the IGCP is concerned with ensuring that national programmes conform to some kind of scientific norm. in fact, neither of these two impressions could be farther from the truth. It may not be generally known that the IGC]? is widely regarded as the most successful international collaborative programme of its type. Jointly sponsored by UNESCO and the international Union of Geological Sciences (lUGS), it brings together researchers in all aspects of the study of the solid earth sciences. It is open to scientists from any nation, and may be led by geoscientists of any nationality. This is vitally important for, after all, geological boundaries do not stop at national borders! THREAT TO FULL AND OPEN ACCESS TO DATA Ferris Webster, Chairman, ICSU Group on Data and Information New intellectual property laws may have potential adverse effects on the conduct of science and education. That was the principal concern of the Group on Data and Information of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and the Commission on Data Access of the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA), which met jointly at ICSU Headquarters in June. At issue is the protection of databases that lack creativity in the selection, arrangement, or presentation of the information even though they may require a substantial amount of time, effort, or financial investment to produce. The creative elements of databases are already protected under copyright. The proposed sui generis right would in addition protect the contents (i.e., the facts themselves) of databases. Thus, all. sorts of compilations of data or datasets that have traditionally been in the public domain for lack of sufficient "originality" (to make them copyrightable) will now be protected against unauthorized uses and would enable the database owners to charge at whatever level they chose for authorized use. ENVIRONMENT EARTH COUNCIL: RIO+5 - FROM AGENDA TO ACTION Rio de Janeiro, 13-19 March 1997 Sophie Boyer King, Environmental Science Officer, ICSU The Earth Council was set up in 1992, with ICSU's sponsorship, and is principally aimed at encouraging non-governmental bodies to be involved in environment and development issues. The culmination of these activities led to a series of events in Rio de Janeiro in March 1997, five years after the Earth Summit: Rio+5, from Agenda to Action. ICSU agreed to contribute to the Earth Council's Rio+5 activities, providing inputs before the conference, and playing an important facilitator and participatory role during the March events. As part of preliminary reporting activities, ICSU conducted a survey among its members regarding the progress and difficulties in the implementation of ASCEND 21 (Agenda of Science for Environment and Development into the 21st Century). Responses received were incorporated into a Special Focus Report, one of the many documents which shaped the Rio+5 agenda. DIALOGUE SESSION ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES Fifth Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development, United Nations, April 1997 Sophie Boyer King, Environmental Sciences Officer, ICSU ICSU was invited by the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (UN CSD) to participate in and facilitate a dialogue session of scientific and technological communities with UN government delegates, as part of the Fifth session of the CSD. Each Major Group had three hours in which to make presentations and respond to questions from the floor, in a first-time event at a UN session. JOINT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEE FOR GLOBAL OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM (J-GOOS) Sophie Boyer King, Environmental Sciences Officer, ICSU The fourth meeting of J-GOOS took place in Miami on the 23-25 April 1997. During the two days preceding J-GOOS IV, the JGOOS ad hoc planning group had met to discuss the progress and direction of the J-GOOS plan, GOOS 1998. J-GOOS was informed of a proposal to merge the Strategic Sub Committee (SSC) of the Intergovernmental Committee of GOOS (I-GOOS), with J-GOOS to form a GOOS Steering Committee. This committee would have more executive functions than the present J-GOOS and would include members from operational organisations to reflect this. After some discussion, J-GOOS endorsed the proposal for a restructured GOOS. The new director of the GOOS Project Office, Dr Colin Summerhayes, updated participants on the activities of the office, including increasing coordination with the various communities which contribute to the development of GOOS. IGBP AT UNGASS EXHIBITION During the Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly on Rio+5 (UNGASS), an exhibition was held showing "Sustainable Development in Action". The IGBP was part of this exhibition and presented posters that were specially developed for this event. In addition, the homepage was made available for browsing and a selection of IGBP Reports and Newsletters was displayed. ENVIRONMENT OCEAN CIRCULATION AND CLIMATE: The 1998 WOCE Conference, Halifax, N.S. Canada, 24-29 May 1998 World Ocean Circulation Experiment: WOCE is a component of the World Climate Research Programme investigating the role played by the ocean circulation in the earth's climate system. Its aim is to develop improved ocean circulation models for use in climate research. The WOCE observational phase from 1990-1997 has used satellites and in-situ physical and chemical measurements to produce a data set of unprecedented scope and precision. WOCE is now entering its phase of Analysis, interpretation, Modelling and Synthesis (AIMS) which will continue until the end of WOCE in 2002. The reconciliation of model results and observations, and ultimately the assimilation of ocean data into models, presents the ocean science community with a novel set of challenges. HOUSE NEWS NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF ICSU Jean-Francois Stuyck-Taillandier has been appointed to replace Julia Marton-Lefevre and will become Executive Director of ICSU, for an initial 2-year period, as of 1 September. NEW EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF SCRES Kathinka Evers, a native of Sweden, graduated in Philosophy at the Lund University and later obtained a doctorate in philosophy of science and logic in 1991. NEW CHAIRMAN OF IGBP Dr. Berrien Moore III was recently appointed to replace Dr Peter Liss as the Chair of the SC-IGBP and will start his term at the beginning of 1998. Moore is a mathematician from the USA and is Director of the Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space at the University of New Hampshire. NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF IGBP IGBP and ICSU are happy to announce the appointment of the new Executive Director of IGBP. Will Steffen, an Australian national, is due to replace Chris Rapley in January 1998. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES G.Thyagarajan, Scientific Secretary, COSTED-IBN EXCERPTS FROM THE PRESENTATION AT THE 25TH ICSU GA, WASHINGTON D C The Global Science & Technology Scenario Threat of Scientific and Technological Marginalisation Special Problems of Small States INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS During the last five years no other issue has engaged the attention of national governments, politicians, scientists and technologists, industrialists, trade leaders, the media and the wider public, as the Uruguay Round, GATT, the Marrakech Agreement and the arrival of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Reactions have ranged from complete faith in the new order to its abject rejection. The issues generated are complex and have the potential to have far-reaching implications because, unlike the original GATT (which concerned international trade rules in the goods sector only) the 'Final Round' entered three new areas namely, Investment, Intellectual Property Rights and Services. It also extended to the sensitive areas of agriculture and textiles. 32ND COSPAR SCIENTIFIC ASSEMBLY and Associated Events - 40th Anniversary Nagoya, Japan, 12 - 19 July 1998 Preliminary Program CALENDAR Details of forthcoming events from August 1997 to November 1997. PLANS TO FOLLOW UP TO THE REPORT ON THE ASSESSMENT OF ICSU Members of the ICSU family received a memorandum sent from Paris on 4 July with information pertaining to the preparation of the Extraordinary General Assembly of ICSU to be held in Vienna, Austria on 25 April 1998 and with the Executive Board's proposals to follow up the recommendations contained in the Report on the Assessment of ICSU. The Extraordinary General Assembly, was called for by a Resolution at the 25th General Assembly of ICSU which requested "that the Executive Board formulate a strategy for responding to the recommendations of the Assessment Panel Report and present its suggestions for approval by an Extraordinary General Assembly.". Summary of Executive Board's proposals to follow up the Report on the Assessment of ICSU LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE ICSU GENERAL COMMITTEE FOR THE PERIOD 1996-1999 EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCES Co-sponsored by the European Science Foundation and the Euroconferences Activity of the European Union Space-Time Modelling of Bounded Natural Domains: Virtual Environments for the Geosciences near Kerkrade The Netherlands, 9-14 December 1997 GLOBAL CHANGE SCIENTIST The Global Analysis, Interpretation and Modelling task force (GAIM) of the lnternational Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP) invites applications and nominations for a Science Officer to begin in September, 1997.

In the last decades digital modelling applied to geological research is getting increasing attention (Alaei, 2012; Tomassetti et al., 2018; Trippetta et al., 2020; De Franco et al., 2019; Mascolo and Lecomte, 2021). Indeed, relevant implications both in scientific and economic terms could be inferred by using this technique. In particular, the application of digital models in complex geologic scenarios is critical for the understanding of potentially exploitable systems from multiple perspectives. Starting from the most classical model application for the exploitation of oil and gas fields passing through the implementation of extraction strategies - by reducing uncertainties (Macgregor & Moody, 1998; Racey 2001) - digital models find new place in latest applications such as natural gas storage. Recently, models are also applied for the study of geological bodies, potential reservoirs for the CO2 or hydrogen injection (Dockrill and Shipton, 2010; Trippetta et al., 2013; Aminu et al., 2017; Heinemann et al., 2018). Modelling contribute and facilitate to capture and store gases in the subsurface, balancing their release into the atmosphere. Digital modelling represents one of the major innovative strategies in the control of greenhouse gases concentration in atmosphere, a currently trending topic from media, public opinion, and political points of view. Another possible application of digital models for subsurface gas storage involves the monitoring of reservoirs in order to ascertain and quantify gas leakage through fault or fracture systems (Wang et al., 2018). Moreover, radioactive waste storage could be integrated as current and powerful employment of digital models (Malvić et al., 2020). In particular, the technological tools used for these purposes are called forward models since their outcomes gives predictive results on the processes happened in the past and protracted towards the future. They appear extremely suitable for the study of geological subsurface formations that can be also applied to an emerging field such as the development of geothermal energy power plants (De Franco et al., 2019). All these are topics of great actuality since world governments' plans are1 directed towards the total replacement of classic energy sources from hydrocarbons with green energies. However, digital modelling needs input data such as geometries and rock properties that should be well constrained. Seismic exploration is probably the most powerful tool for investigating subsurface rock formations (Avseth et al., 2010). Important progress has been made in recent years, but significant problems remain in the geologic interpretation of seismic data. The reflections that can be read in seismic data depend on the Acoustic Impedance (AI) contrast in the transit of the P-wave between layers in the subsurface. AI depends on the density (ϼ) and the P-wave velocity (Vp) of the medium through which wave propagates (AI= ϼ Vp). These petrophysical characteristics, in turn, are controlled by structure, texture, porosity, and boundary conditions of the rocks (Dvorkin et al., 2014; Tomassetti et al., 2018; Trippetta et al., 2020; Brandano et al., 2020). These two links, one between rock structure and its elasticity and the other between elasticity and signal propagation, form the physical basis of seismic interpretation (Anselmetti and Eberli, 1993; Eberli et al. 2003; Weger et al. 2009; Hairabian et al. 2014; Dvorkin et al., 2014). Dealing with these relationships, we are facing the so- called inverse problem. We see from seismic sections the resulting seismic images of rock formations where the same signal can be the result of a combination of different features. It should be, thus, very useful to well understand what are the features that lead to a certain seismic image. Synthetic seismic modelling (or forward modelling) is a fundamental prospecting method for understanding the features leading to the corresponding seismic images of subsurface structures and reservoir architectures (Alaei, 2012). Forward modelling methodology, as approach to the interpretation of seismic data, involves the detailed characterization of lithology, density, porosity, seismic velocity and fluid in the rock, as well as the reservoir geometry. As a result, the corresponding seismic properties are calculated, and then synthetic seismic traces are generated. These issues became essential for lithologies characterized by a complex seismic interpretation (Al-Salmi et al., 2019). In addition, synthetic seismic forward models allow accurate analysis of fault zones. The study of seismic response in fault zones is crucial since the2 fracturing or compaction that faults create strongly modifies the petrophysical characteristics of rocks by affecting their properties (Botter et al., 2017; Kolyukhin et al., 2017). Synthetic seismic forward models are, therefore, mandatory for the comprehension of faults behaviour through seismic imaging. Faults play a key role in reservoirs by increasing or limiting fluid flow. Even if interpretation of seismic data is a pivotal method for studying the subsurface, the internal structure and properties of fault zones are often below the limit imposed by seismic resolution (Botter et al., 2017). Despite the impact of faults on reservoir permeability, modelling tools and workflows still lack for realistic representation of fault zones in models (Tveranger et al., 2005; Braathen et al., 2009; Manzocchi et al., 2010). With facies analysis and petrophysical data it is possible to build field-based digital models fundamental in understanding architectures of carbonate sedimentary bodies which often constitute reservoir surface analogues of buried world-wide petroleum systems, CO2, hydrogen, radioactive waste storage sites and geothermal fields. Surface analogues are rocks with depositional, textural, and petrophysical characteristics similar to those constituting the petroleum system, but they outcrop on the surface. Starting from petrophysical characteristics of facies, forward models can be built. In this thesis, as a case study for the development of a forward model, rocks belonging to the carbonate realm, more specifically carbonate ramps, were analyzed. Carbonate ramps constitute important hydrocarbon deposits in North Africa (Macgregor & Moody, 1998), Venezuela, and many other regions of the World (Racey, 2001) due to their excellent porosity and permeability characteristics. However, the depositional model that is the basis for a proper interpretation produces many uncertainties arising from the difficulty in attributing different facies to a depositional environment and process due to the poor occurrence of sedimentary structures (Buxton and Pedley, 1989; Pomar and Kendall, 2008; Burchette, 2012; Bassi et al., 2013; Tomassetti et al., 2018; Tomassetti et al., 2022). In addition, strong lateral heterogeneity in terms of petrophysical characteristics, components, structure, and texture leads to complex distinction of facies belts (Tomassetti et al., 2018; Trippetta et al., 2020; Brandano et al., 2020). To overcome these issues, quantification of3 petrophysical characteristics can be crucial in understanding facies heterogeneity from a physical perspective to be incorporated in synthetic seismic forward models building. Carbonate rocks are often difficult to interpret seismically because the slight acoustic impedance contrast at the interface between carbonate facies in subsurface does not allow a clear resolution of major reflectors and reservoir formations. Strong constraints are often imposed by geophysical survey techniques characterized by low resolution especially in carbonates and interpretation capabilities that depend on the interpreter skill (Tomassetti et al., 2018; Trippetta and Geremia, 2019; Faleide et al., 2021). These constraints can be overtaken through the modelling of surface analogues allowing a detailed analysis on the facies association but also their petrophysical characteristics and seismic properties such as acoustic impedance (Tomassetti et al., 2018; Lipparini et al., 2018; Trippetta and Geremia, 2019; Brandano et al., 2020). In order to analyse the petrophysical characteristics and seismic response of the carbonate realm through modelling two carbonate ramps both belonging to the Adria plate were considered as case studies. The first is the Chattian carbonate ramp of the Porto Badisco calcarenite outcropping in the southern Salento peninsula, the southernmost portion of the Apulian carbonate platform. The Porto Badisco carbonate ramp is an excellent surface analogue of exploited oil and gas field in the offshore Venezuela, Philippine and South China Sea (Zampetti et al., 2005; Sattler et al.,2004; Fournier and Borgomano, 2007; Lallier et al., 2012; Marini and Spadafora, 2014; Pomar et al., 2015; Valencia and Laya, 2020) as well as fields in offshore Adriatic Sea such as Ombrina Mare field (Campagnoni et al., 2013). In this carbonate system firstly the analysis of outcropping facies was carried out observing over 100 thin sections produced. Consequently facies association modelling was performed through Petrel software (mark of Schlumberger) using TGSim stochastic approach algorithm adopting the depositional model based on field data. This model is useful for qualitatively understand the broad facies spacial distribution which reflects the abrupt heterogeneity from a sedimentary point of view. To physically quantify the lateral facies heterogeneity the petrophysical characteristics such as porosity, density and seismic velocity were measured and analyzed through a multi-analytical approach. Density4 measurements were carried out with the helium pycnometer. Porosity was firstly calculated from the density data and then was additionally measured through image analysis and point counting to cross-correlate the values. Seismic velocity was measured by using an ultrasonic generator connected to piezoelectic transducers and to an oscilloscope. The analysis performed on the carbonate ramp outcropping in Porto Badisco offers the opportunity to analyze facies heterogeneity, modeling its distribution and physically quantifying it through petrophysical characterization. From the petrophysical data, it was possible to construct 2D models of the distribution of porosity and P-wave seismic velocity along the depositional model. This study, which can be applied globally to carbonate platforms, emphasizes with the modelling exercise how facies heterogeneity is an intrinsic feature of these systems. The petrophysical characterization which provides quantitative values to the heterogeneity allow to build more complex models such as seismic forward models discussed in the second chapter. The other case study is represented by the Cenozoic carbonate ramp outcropping on the Majella Massif in Abruzzi, the northernmost portion of the Apulian carbonate platform which gives the opportunity to study a carbonate ramp surface analogue of a buried reservoir. Also in Majella the Oligo- Miocene stratigraphic interval represented by the Bolognano Formation which is the reservoir of the system is considered an excellent surface analogue of the productive fields in the Adriatic Sea, offshore Venezuela, Philippines and many others worldwide (Tomassetti et al., 2021). Specifically, this system offers the opportunity to integrate the facies heterogeneity in the synthetic seismic forward modelling and understand its seismic response without the introduction of artificial noise to obtain additional information. On the Majella Massif a model of the facies heterogeneity to understand their seismic response was performed. After analyzing the facies and measuring their petrophysical characteristics, the data obtained were used as input for build a 3D property modelling in Petrel software representing the entire carbonate ramp from the topographic surface to the Upper Cretaceous from the platform top going towards the basin located northward from the Majella Massif. From the 3D model was cut a section whose data were used as input in Matlab (mark of Mathworks) in order to perform the synthetic seismic forward model5 with the geophysical codes provided by the CREWES consortium. The resulting forward model represent the seismic response of the facies heterogeneity of carbonate rocks. In addition, from the obtained seismic images it is possible to evaluate the presence of hydrocarbons and to identify how the presence of important bituminous impregnations – that can be appreciated in the field in Majella – modify the seismic response. The workflow developed to quantify the signature of the facies heterogeneity of carbonate rocks and the presence of infilling hydrocarbons is applicable to other systems worldwide, which is a large issue that is still open and can help in the problems relative to seismic interpretation associated with these systems. Given the presence of a buried normal fault system in the study area, a forward modelling in the fault zones was performed as well. By measuring the petrophysical characteristics of the fault rocks characterized by both fracturing or compaction, fault zones were modeled. Two end member scenarios with two opposite behaviors of the rocks belonging to the damage zone were modeled in Matlab. A scenario in which the damage zone is characterized by fracturing and therefore rocks affected by greater porosity than the host rock. In the other scenario was modeled a damage zone with lower porosity than the host rock caused by the presence of compaction bands. Consequently, the seismic response of these end members was compared to understand how faults affect the seismic response of carbonate ramp systems. Notoriously, fault systems globally characterize carbonate ramps, and understanding their seismic response facilitates interpretation of the deformation behavior that a fault can assume under different boundary conditions. This can lead to an understanding of whether faults behave as barriers or conduits for fluids with the important implications for the study of fluid leakage from reservoirs.

This dissertation examines how smallholder farming livelihoods may be more effectively leveraged to address food security. It is based on empirical research in three woredas (districts) in the Jimma Zone of southwestern Ethiopia. Findings in the chapters that follow draw on quantitative and qualitative data. In this research, I focus on local actors to investigate how they can be better supported in their roles as agents who have the ability to improve their livelihoods and achieve food security. This general aim is operationalized through three research questions that are addressed in separate chapters. The research questions are: (i) How do livelihood strategies influence food security?; (ii) What livelihood challenges are common and how do households cope with these?; and (iii) How do social institutions, in which livelihoods are embedded, influence people's abilities to undertake livelihoods and be food secure? Using quantitative data from a survey of randomly selected households, I applied a number of multivariate statistical analysis to determine types of livelihood strategies and to establish how these strategies are associated with capital assets and food security. Here I view livelihood strategies as a portfolio of livelihood activities that households undertake to make a living. The predominant livelihood in the study area was diversified smallholder farming involving mainly the production of crops. Food crops such as maize, teff, sorghum, and in smaller quantities – barley and wheat, were primarily produced for subsistence. Cash crops namely coffee and khat were primarily produced for the market. Based on our analyses, we found five types of livelihood strategies to be present along a gradient of crop diversity. Food security generally decreased with less crops being part of the livelihood strategy. The livelihood strategies were associated with households' capital assets. For example, the livelihood strategy with the most number of crops had more access to a wider range of capital assets. They had larger aggregate farm field size, and were more involved in learning with other farmers through informal exchange of information and knowledge. The status of food (in)security of each household during the lean season was measured using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). A generalized linear model established that the type of livelihood strategy a household undertook significantly influenced their food security. Other significant variables were educational attainment and gender of household head. The findings contribute evidence to the benefits of diversified livelihoods for food security, in this case, the combination of diverse food crops and cash crops. Smallholder farming in southwest Ethiopia is beset with process-related and outcome-related challenges. Here, a process-related challenge pertains to the lack of different types of capital assets that people need to be able to undertake their livelihoods, while an outcome-related challenge pertains to lack of food. The most frequently mentioned process-related challenges were associated with the natural capital either as lack in necessary ecosystem services or high levels of ecosystem disservices. Farming households typically faced the combined challenges of decreasing soil fertility, land scarcity, die-off of oxen due to diseases, and wild animal pests that raided their crops and attacked their livestock. Lack of cash was also common and this was associated with an inability to access goods and services that households needed to address other problems. For example, lack of cash prevented households from buying fertilizers or replacing the oxen they lost to diseases. Confronted with multiple and simultaneous challenges, households coped by drawing on more readily accessible capital assets in order to address a lack. This process is here referred to as capital asset substitution. The findings indicate that when households liquidate a physical asset in order to gain cash which they then use to address other challenges, the common outcome is an erosion of their capital asset base. Many households reported having to sell their livestock to buy fertilizers, as required by the government, without seeing an increase in their harvest. The same process of liquidating capital asset to purchase food particularly during the lean season, also led to erosion of capital assets. On the other hand, when households drew on their social capital to address the challenges, they tended to maintain their capital asset base. The local didaro system is one such example in which farming households with adjacent farm fields synchronize their cropping timing and pool their labor together to address the problem of wild animal pests. Human capital, for example, in the form of available labor was also important for coping. Protecting and enhancing natural capital is needed to strengthen the basis of livelihoods in the study area, and maintaining social and human capitals is important to enable farming households to cope with challenges without eroding their capital asset base. Smallholder farming in southwest Ethiopia is embedded in a social context that creates differentiated challenges and opportunities amongst people. Gender is an axis of social differentiation on which many of the differences are based. Since the coming into power of the currently ruling Ethiopian political coalition, important policy reforms have been put in place to empower women. This includes the formal requirement that wives' names are included in land certificates. Local residents reported notable changes related to gender in the last ten years. To make sense of the changes, we adapted the leverage points concept which identifies places to intervene in a system with different depths and effectiveness for changing the trajectory of a system. Using this concept, we classified the reported changes as belonging to the domains of visible gaps, social structures, and attitudes. Importantly, changes within these domains interacted, suggesting that changes facilitate further changes. The most prominent driver of the changes observed was the government's emphasis on empowering women and government-organized interventions including gender sensitization trainings. The changes toward more egalitarian relationships at the household level were perceived by local residents to lead to better implementation of livelihoods, and better ability to be food secure. The study offers the insight that while changing deep, underlying drivers (e. g. attitudes) of systemic inequalities is critical, other leverage points such as formal institutional change and closing of certain visible gaps can facilitate deeper changes (e. g. attitudes) through interaction between different leverage points. This can inform gender transformative approaches. While positive gender-related changes have been observed, highly unequal gender norms still persist that lead to women as well as poor men being disadvantaged. Social norms which provide the basis for collective understanding of acceptable attitudes and behaviors are entrenched in people's ways of being and doing and can therefore significantly lag behind formal institutional changes. For instance, daughters in southwest Ethiopia continued to be excluded from land inheritance because of long-standing patrilineal inheritance practices. This impacted on women's abilities to engage in smallholder farming in equal footing as men. Norms influenced practices around access and control of capital assets, decision-making, and allocation of activities with important implications for who gets to participate, how, and who gets to benefit. Landless men also faced distinct disadvantages in sharecropping arrangements where people involved often have unequal socioeconomic status. Processes that facilitate critical local reflections are needed to begin to change unequal social norms and transform smallholder farming to becoming more inclusive and egalitarian spheres. To more effectively leverage smallholder farming for a food secure future, this dissertation closes with four key insights namely: (1) Diversified livelihoods combining food and cash crops result in better food security; (2) Enhancing natural and social capital is a requisite for viable smallholder farming; (3) Social and gender equality are strategically important in improving livelihoods and food security; and (4) Institutions particularly social norms are key to achieving gender and social equality. Because the livelihoods-food security nexus depend on people's agency in their livelihoods, this dissertation concludes that livelihoods should be recast as critical spheres for expanding human agency and that conceptual development as well as formulation of suitable tools of measurement be pursued. ; Diese Dissertation untersucht, wie der Lebensunterhalt kleinbäuerlicher Landwirte effektiv gestaltet werden kann, um Ernährungssicherheit zu unterstützen. Sie basiert auf empirischer Forschung in drei woredas (Bezirken) in der Jimma Zone im Südwesten Äthiopiens. Die Ergebnisse der folgenden Kapitel resultieren aus quantitativen und qualitativen Daten. In dieser Forschung fokussiere ich auf lokale Akteure und untersuche, wie sie besser darin unterstützt werden können, ihren Lebensunterhalt zu verbessern und Ernährungssicherheit zu erreichen. Das übergeordnete Ziel wird durch drei Forschungsfragen operationalisiert, die in den verschiedenen Kapiteln behandelt werden. Diese Forschungsfragen sind: (i) Wie beeinflussen Strategien des Lebensunterhaltes die Ernährungssicherheit? (ii) Welche Herausforderungen gibt es in der Sicherung des Lebensunterhaltes, und wie bewältigen Haushalte diese? Und (iii) Wie beeinflussen soziale Institutionen, in denen Lebensunterhalte verankert sind, die Fähigkeiten von Personen, ihren Lebensunterhalt zu bestreiten und Ernährungssicherheit zu erreichen? An quantitativen Umfragedaten von zufällig ausgewählten Haushalten führte ich eine Reihe von multivariater Statistik durch, um die Strategien des Lebensunterhaltes zu bestimmen und herauszufinden, wie diese Strategien mit Capital Assets und der Ernährungssicherheit assoziiert sind. In dieser Arbeit verstehe ich Strategien des Lebensunterhaltes als ein Portfolio von Aktivitäten die zum Lebensunterhalt des Haushaltes beitragen. Die meistverbreitete Aktivität zur Sicherung des Lebensunterhaltes in der Studienregion war diversifizierte kleinbäuerliche Landwirtschaft, hauptsächlich bezüglich der Ernteproduktion. Nahrungspflanzen wie Mais, Teff, Hirse und in kleineren Mengen Gerste und Weizen, wurden hauptsächlich zur Subsistenz angebaut. Marktkulturen, namentlich Kaffee und Khat, wurden hauptsächlich für den Markt produziert. Basierend auf unserer Analyse identifizierten wir fünf Typen von Lebensunterhaltstrategien, die entlang eines Gradienten gelegen sind, der durch Vielfalt der Anbaufrüchte charakterisiert ist. Generell gesehen verringerte sich die Ernährungssicherheit umso weniger Anbaufrüchte Teil der Lebensunterhaltstrategie waren. Die Lebensunterhaltstrategien sind assoziiert mit den Capital Assets des Haushaltes. Zum Beispiel hatte die Lebensunterhaltsstrategie mit der höchsten Nummer von Anbaufrüchten mehr Zugang zu einer größeren Zahl von Capital Assets. Sie hatten größere Felder und waren stärker involviert im gemeinsamen Lernen mit anderen Landwirte durch informellen Austausch von Informationen und Wissen. Der Status der Ernährungs(un)sicherheit jedes Haushaltes innerhalb der mageren Jahreszeit wurde durch die "Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)" gemessen. Ein verallgemeinertes lineares Modell (GLM) etablierte, dass die Typen der Lebensunterhaltsstrategien, die ein Haushalt unternahm, signifikant ihre Ernährungssicherheit beeinflussten. Andere signifikante Variablen waren Bildungsstand und Gender des Haushaltoberhaupts. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen den Befund der Vorteile von diversifizierten Lebensunterhalten für Ernährungssicherheit, in diesem Falle, in Kombination mit unterschiedlichen Nahrungs- und Marktpflanzen. Kleinbäuerliche Landwirtschaft in Südwest-Äthiopien ist geplagt von Prozess- und Ergebnis-bezogenen Herausforderungen. Eine Prozess-bezogene Herausforderung bezieht sich auf den Mangel von unterschiedlichen Typen von Capital Assets, die Personen brauchen um ihren Lebensunterhalt zu bestreiten, während eine Ergebnis-bezogene Herausforderung sich auf den Mangel an Nahrung bezieht. Die am häufigsten genannten Prozess-bezogenen Herausforderungen waren assoziiert mit Naturkapital, entweder als Mangel an notwendigen Ökosystemleistungen oder als hohe Verluste durch Ökosysteme. Landwirtschaftliche Haushalte haben typischerweise die kombinierten Herausforderungen von sich verringernder Bodenqualität, Landknappheit, Wegsterben von Ochsen durch Krankheiten und Wildtieren, die Felder überfallen und Viehbestand angreifen. Geldmangel war ebenfalls geläufig, und dies war assoziiert mit der Unfähigkeit auf Waren und Leistungen zuzugreifen, die gebraucht werden, um andere Probleme anzugehen. Als Beispiel verhinderte Geldmangel Haushalte vom Düngemittelkauf oder davon, durch Krankheit verlorene Ochsen zu ersetzen. Konfrontiert mit multiplen und gleichzeitig auftretenden Herausforderungen, bewältigten Haushalte diese durch die Heranziehung leicht verfügbarer Capital Assets, um diesen Geldmangel zu adressieren. Dieser Prozess nennt sich Anlagenaustausch. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass wenn Haushalte ein physikalisches Vermögen liquidieren um Geld zu bekommen, um andere Herausforderungen zu bewältigen, sie häufig eine Erosion ihrer Anlagegrundlage erfahren. Viele Haushalte gaben an, Viehbestand verkaufen zu müssen um Düngemittel, wie von der Regierung gefordert, zu kaufen ohne dass sie eine Steigerung in ihrer Ernte wahrnahmen. Der gleiche Prozess der Liquidierung von Anlagegegenständen um Nahrung zu kaufen, vor allem in der mageren Jahreszeit, führte ebenfalls zur Erosion der Anlagegrundlagen. Wenn Haushalte jedoch ihr soziales Kapital , einsetzten, um die Herausforderungen zu bewältigen, blieb ihre Anlagegrundlage meist erhalten. Das lokale didaro-System ist ein Beispiel, in dem landwirtschaftliche Haushalte mit benachbarten Ländereien ihre Erntezeit synchronisieren und ihre Arbeitskraft zusammen tun, um das Problem von Ernteverlust durch Wildtiere zu adressieren. Humankapital, als Beispiel, in Form von vorhandener Arbeitskraft war ebenfalls wichtig zur Bewältigung der Herausforderungen. Schutz und Verstärkung des Naturkapitals ist notwendig, um die Grundlagen der Lebensunterhalte in der Studienregion zu verstärken, und der Erhalt von Sozial- und Humankapital ist wichtig, um landwirtschaftlichen Haushalten eine Bewältigung ihrer Herausforderungen zu ermöglichen, ohne ihre Anlagegrundlagen zu erodieren. Kleinbäuerliche Landwirtschaft in Südwest-Äthiopien ist verankert in einem sozialen Kontext, welcher differenzierte Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten zwischen den Personen kreiert. Gender ist eine Achse der sozialen Differenzierung, auf der viele Unterschiede basieren. Seit der Machtübernahme der derzeit regierenden Äthiopischen Koalition wurden wichtige politische Reformen in Gang gesetzt, um Frauen zu stärken. Dies beinhaltet die formelle Verpflichtung, dass die Ehefrau namentlich in Landzertifizierungen genannt wird. Lokale Einwohner gaben sichtbare Veränderungen bezüglich Genderaspekten in den letzten 10 Jahren an. Um diese Veränderungen zu verstehen, benutzen wir das Konzept der Interventionspunkte – leverage points – um Bereiche zu identifizieren, in denen in einem System mit unterschiedlicher Tiefenwirkung und Effektivität interveniert werden kann, um die Richtung des Systems zu ändern. Anhand dieses Konzeptes klassifizierten wir die angegebenen Veränderungen als zugehörig zu den Domänen des sichtbaren Mangel, sozialen Strukturen, und Einstellungen. Wichtig war, dass Veränderungen innerhalb dieser Domänen interagierten, was darauf hinweist, dass zukünftige Veränderungen vereinfacht werden könnten. Der auffälligste Treiber der observierten Veränderungen war die Hervorhebung der Stärkung von Frauen der Regierung sowie von der Regierung organisierte Interventionen, einschließlich Gender-Sensibilisierungstraining. Die Veränderungen hin zu egalitäreren Beziehungen in den Haushalten wurde von lokalen Anwohnern wahrgenommen als das Herbeiführen von besserer Durchführung der Lebensunterhalte, und verbesserten Fähigkeiten Ernährungssicherung zu schaffen. Die Studie eröffnet Einsichten, dass während die Veränderungen von tiefen, unterliegenden Treibern von systemischer Ungleichheit (z.B. Einstellung) notwendig ist, können andere leverage points wie formale institutionelle Veränderungen und Lückenschluss sichtbarer Mangel tiefere Veränderungen (z.B. Einstellungen) durch Interaktion zwischen verschiedenen leverage points erleichtern. Dies kann transformative Ansätze zu Gender informieren. Während positive Gender-bezogene Veränderungen festgestellt wurden, existieren dennoch ungleiche Gendernormen, die Frauen wie auch ärmere Männer benachteiligen. Soziale Normen, welche die Basis für kollektives Verständnis akzeptierter Einstellungen und Verhalten bilden, sind tief verwurzelt in der Lebensart- und weise der Bevölkerung und können daher stark hinter formellen institutionellen Veränderungen hinter her hinken. Zum Beispiel werden Töchter in Südwest-Äthiopien immer noch, aufgrund von langbewährten patrilinearen Vererbungspraxen, von der Vererbung von Ländereien ausgeschlossen. Dies beeinflusst die Fähigkeit von Frauen sich gleichberechtigt in kleinbäuerlicher Landwirtschaft zu engagieren. Normen beeinflussen Praktiken bezüglich Zugang zu und Kontrolle über Anlagegegenstände, Entscheidungsfindung, und Verteilung von Aktivitäten mit wichtigen Implikationen bezüglich wer in was und wie partizipieren kann, und wer davon einen Vorteil zieht. Männer ohne Landbesitz sehen sich ebenfalls mit bestimmten Benachteiligungen gegenübergestellt, vor allem im Bezug zu Übereinkommen der Halbpacht, in welcher involvierte Personen oft ungleichen sozioökonomischen Status haben. Prozesse, die kritische lokale Reflektionen vereinfachen sind notwendig um Veränderungen ungleicher sozialer Normen anzustoßen und kleinbäuerliche Landwirtschaft in Richtung Inklusivität und Egalität zu transformieren. Um kleinbäuerlicher Landwirtschaft zu einer ernährungssicheren Zukunft zu verhelfen, schließt diese Dissertation mit vier Einsichten, namentlich: (1) Diversifizierte Lebensunterhalte, welche Nahrungs- und Marktfrüchte kombinieren, resultieren in erhöhter Ernährungssicherheit; (2) Steigerung des Natur- und sozialen Kapitals ist erforderlich für rentable kleinbäuerliche Landwirtschaft; (3) Soziale und Gendergleichheit sind von strategischer Bedeutung, um Lebensunterhalte und Ernährungssicherheit zu verbessern; und (4) Institutionen und insbesondere soziale Normen sind Schlüssel, um Gender und soziale Gleichheit zu erreichen. Da der Nexus von Lebensunterhalt – Ernährungssicherheit abhängig ist von der Handlungsfähigkeit der Personen bezüglich ihres Lebensunterhaltes, schließt diese Dissertation, dass Lebensunterhalte als kritisch wichtige Sphäre menschlicher Handlungsfähigkeit gesehen werden sollten, und das hiervon die konzeptionelle Entwicklung wie auch die Formation passender Messwerkzeuge angestrebt wird.

Die Corona-Pandemie wird den Schulbetrieb wahrscheinlich auch noch im Schuljahr 2020/2021 erheblich einschränken. Dabei stellen sich jenseits der Fragen zum Gesundheitsschutz zunehmend auch solche, die den Kern der Schule als Bildungsinstitution betreffen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit muss dabei bildungsbenachteiligten Schüler*innen und solchen mit speziellen Förderbedarfen zu Teil werden, denn vieles spricht dafür, dass die Schere zwischen Kindern aus sozial privilegierten und benachteiligten Familien in Folge der Schulschließungen weiter aufgegangen ist. Diese Entwicklung wird sich im Zuge einer schrittweisen Öffnung der Schule fortsetzen, wenn nicht bewusst gegengesteuert wird. Notwendig ist deshalb eine breite bildungswissenschaftliche Diskussion über Ansätze und Maßnahmen, die zum Abbau der neu entstandenen und der schon bestehenden Bildungsungleichheiten beitragen. Im ersten Teil dieses Bandes werden Ergebnisse aus Erhebungen im Frühjahr 2020 vorgestellt, die Aufschluss darüber geben, wie Schüler*innen, Eltern und pädagogisches Personal die mit dem Fernunterricht verbundenen Herausforderungen erlebt haben. Die Beiträge des zweiten Teils widmen sich schulischen Problemfeldern. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ungleichheitsthematik fassen sie kurz den Forschungsstand zu rechtlichen, pädagogischen, didaktischen und anderen Fragen zusammen und leiten daraus Vorschläge ab, wie Schule, Unterricht und Lernen unter den voraussichtlich noch länger andauernden Einschränkungen und darüber hinaus gestaltet werden könnten. Das Beiheft richtet sich an eine bildungspolitisch interessierte Öffentlichkeit und insbesondere an diejenigen, die in der Bildungspolitik, der Bildungsadministration und natürlich in den Schulen Verantwortung für die Gestaltung des Unterrichts und für schulisches Lernen tragen. (DIPF/Orig.)

This is the second volume of the Advances in Global Services and Retail Management Book Series. This volume has the following parts: Part 1: Hospitality and Tourism Part 2: Marketing, E-marketing, and Consumer Behavior Part 3: Management Part 4: Human Resources Management Part 5: Retail Management Part 6: Economics Part 7: Accounting and Finance Part 8: Sustainability and Environmental Issues Part 9: Information Technology ISBN: 978-1-955833-03-5 Hospitality and Tourism Significance of VR in the spa: A spatial analysis Irini Lai Fun Tang, Schultz Zhi Bin Xu, and Eric Chan Social media marketing in rural hospitality and tourism destination research Samuel Adeyinka-Ojo and Shamsul Kamariah Abdullah All aboard! Is space tourism still a fantasy or a reality: An investigation on Turkish market Emrah Tasarer, Vahit Oguz Kiper, Orhan Batman, and Oguz Turkay Strategic consciousness and business performance relationship of open innovation strategies in food and beverage businesses Muhsin Halis, Kazim Ozan Ozer, Hasan Cinnioglu, and Zafer Camlibel The effects of COVID-19 epidemic on guided tours and alternative tour samples from Turkey Bayram Akay The effect of COVID-19 phobia on holiday intention Halil Akmese and Ali Ilgaz The effect of the usage of virtual reality in tourism education on learning motivation Sarp Tahsin Kumlu and Emrah Ozkul The impact of effective implementation of customer relationship management to the success of hotels in Afikpo North local government of Ebonyi State, Nigeria Ogboagha Callister and Managwu Lilian The influence of study travel on quality-oriented education: The case of Handan, China Wang Jingya and Alaa Nimer Abukhalifeh The impact of U.S. Cuba policies on Cuban tourism industry: Focus on the Obama and Trump Administration Jukka M. Laitamaki, Antonio Diaz Medina, and Lisandra Torres Hechavarria Determination of students' characteristics and perspectives about social entrepreneurship: A case of Anadolu University Muhammed Kavak, Ipek Itir Can, and Emre Ozan Aksoz The place of Kazakhstan tourism sector in the countries of the region in terms of transportation infrastructure Maiya Myrzabekova, Muhsin Halis, and Zafer Camlibel What are tour guides most praised for? A sharing economy perspective Derya Demirdelen-Alrawadieh and Ibrahim Cifci An examination of representations for USA in tourism brochures for Chinese market Yasong Wang An exploratory study on cognitive internship perception of tourism students Ozge Buyuk and Gulsah Akkus Are you afraid to travel during COVID-19? Gulsum Tabak, Sibel Canik, and Ebru Guneren Destination management during the health emergency: A bibliometric analysis Valentina Della Corte, Giovanna Del Gaudio, Giuliana Nevola, Enrico Di Taranto, and Simone Luongo Determination of food neophobia levels of International Mersin Citrus Festival participants Sevda Sahilli Birdir, Nurhayat Iflazoglu, and Kemal Birdir Analysis of effectiveness of industrial exposure training undertaken by students of hospitality management in star hotels G. Saravana Kumar Conceptualization of ecotourism service experiences framework from the dimensions of motivation and quality of experiences: Four realms of experience approach Jennifer Kim Lian Chan Does Coronavirus (COVID-19) transform travel and tourism to automation (robots)? M. Omar Parvez, Ali Ozturen, and Cihan Cobanoglu Efficiency of internal control systems and the effect of organizational structure and culture on internal control systems in accommodation industry Kadriye Alev Akmese and Ali Ilgaz Ethical perceptions of housekeeping department employees: A study in Izmir Province Tuba Turkmendag and Bayram Sahin Factors that prevent participation of tourists in online co-creation activities Resat Arica, Feridun Duman, and Abdulkadir Corbaci Health sector after COVID-19: Salt thermal facilities example Azize Serap Tuncer and Sinan Bulut PRISMA statement and thematic analysis framework in hospitality and tourism research Samuel Adeyinka-Ojo Evaluation of Turkish nights as a tourism product: The case of Cappadocia Meral Buyukkuru, Eda Ozgul Katlav, and Firdevs Yonet Eren Customer perceptions against COVID-19 precautionary measures of the restaurants: The case of Istanbul-Turkey Elif Kaymaz and Sevki Ulema Analysis of e-complaints regarding hotel restaurants during COVID-19 process: The case of Antalya Sevim Usta and Serkan Sengul Marketing, E-marketing, and Consumer Behavior Materialistic social consumption amidst COVID-19 pandemic: Terror management theory in the Malaysia context Seong-Yuen Toh and Siew-Wai Yuan A conceptual framework for the mediating role of the flow experience between destination brand experience and destination loyalty Ipek Kazancoglu and Taskin Dirsehan Investigating drivers influencing choice behaviour of Islamic investment products Hanudin Amin Local food festivals within the scope of destination branding Hatice Akturk and Atilla Akbaba Marketing a destination on social media: Case of three municipalities of Izmir Huseyin Ozan Altin and Ige Pirnar Perceived usefulness, ease of use, online trust and online purchase intention: Mediating role of attitude towards online purchase Muhammed Yazeed, Mohammed Aliyu Dantsoho, and Adamu Ado Abubakar Social media framework for businesses Nawel Amrouche Social media marketing the African door of return experience in Badagry-Nigeria Huseyin Arasli, Maryam Abdullahi, and Tugrul Gunay The effect of corporate social responsibility on consumer-based brand equity: A research on automobile brands Ali Koroglu and Ibrahim Avci The effect of superstitions on consumer luck, horoscope and evil eye-oriented purchasing behavior: A study in Turkey Ibrahim Avci and Salih Yildiz The evaluation of S-D orientation on service innovation and performance of airline Inci Polat and Ozlem Atalik Brand new leisure constraint: COVID-19 Guliz Coskun The impact of consumers price level perception on emotions towards supermarkets Abdulcelil Cakici and Sena Tekeli The impact of TikTok's plastic surgery content on adolescents' self-perception and purchase intention Markus Rach Accelerated modernity: What are the social media stories undergraduate students engage with? Pericles Asher Rospigliosi and Sebastian Raza-Mejia Virtual influencer as celebrity endorsers Fanny Cheung and Wing-Fai Leung Does millennial shopping orientation using augmented reality enabled mobile applications really impact product purchase intention? Anil Kumar Exposure to e-cigarette marketing and product use among highly educated adults Onur Sahin Extending the theory of planned behavior to explain intention to use online food delivery services in the context of COVID -19 pandemic Ahmed Chemseddine Bouarar, Smail Mouloudj, and Kamel Mouloudj Factors affecting investors' buying decision in real estate market in Northern Cyprus Gurkan Arslan and Karen Howells From home to the store: Combined effect of music and traffic on consumers shopping behaviour Luigi Piper, Lucrezia Maria de Cosmo, Maria Irene Prete, and Gianluigi Guido Market expansion and business growth from the perspective of resources and capabilities: The case of a micro-enterprise Jose G. Vargas-Hernandez and Omar C. Vargas-Gonzalez How learning style interacts with voice-assisted technology (VAT) in consumer task evaluation Bonnie Canziani and Sara MacSween Effect of brand credibility and innovation on customer based brand equity and overall brand equity in Turkey: An investigation of GSM operators Suphan Nasir and Ozge Guvendik Value chain for a B school in India Vimal Chandra Verma and Devashish Das Gupta Management AI as a boost for startups companies: Evidence from Italy Irene Di Bernardo, Marco Tregua, Greco Fabio, and Ruggiero Andrea The role of quality management applications for corporate reputations Ibrahim Sapaloglu and Isik Cicek Toxicity in organizations: A sample study on the perceived toxicity in Turkish academicians Mustafa Hakan Atasoy and Muhsin Halis Which resources are matter to healthcare performance? A case study on Bahrain Mahmood Asad Ali and Mohamed Sayed Abou Elseoud Case study: HereWay Inc. European expansion: A facility location problem Mikhail M. Sher, Michael T. Paz, and Donald R. (Bob) Smith In search of the effective mission statement: Structural support of the firm's culture to augment financial performance Seong-Yuen Toh Innovation labs to support tourism organization in transforming crisis into opportunities: Insight from a case study Francesco Santarsiero, Daniela Carlucci, and Giovanni Schiuma Novelty and success of healthcare service innovation: A comparison between China and the Netherlands Yu Mu, Rujun Wang and Ying Huang Public private partnership in selected countries: A comparative analysis Bekir Parlak and Abdullahi Suleiman Hashi Strategic orientation of service enterprises towards customers Korhan Arun and Saniye Yildirim Ozmutlu The effects of organizational culture on information sharing attitude Mohammadi Lanbaran Nasrin and Cicek Isik The impact of industry 4.0 strategy on the work-life balance of employees Ali Sukru Cetinkaya The mediating effect of psychological empowerment on inclusive leadership and innovative work behaviour: A research in hotels Emete Toros, Ahmet Maslakci, and Lutfi Surucu Assessment of industry 4.0 on manufacturing enterprises: Demographic perspective Ali Sukru Cetinkaya and M. Kemal Unsacar Human Resources Management Affective commitment in new hires' onboarding? The role of organizational socialization in the fashion retail industry Pui Sze Chan, Ho Ching Ching, Pui Yi Ng, and Annie Ko Do burnout perception levels of nurses working in the health sector differ according to demographic characteristics? Irfan Akkoc and Korhan Arun Examining a moderating effect of employee turnover between recruitment and selection practice and organizational performance in Maldives civil service sector Fathmath Muna, Azam S. M. Ferdous, and Ahmad Albattat Personnel relationships in the workplace Ali Sukru Cetinkaya, Shafiq Habibi, and Umut Yavuz The evolution of human resources empowerment theory: A literature review (1970–2020) Theodoros Stavrinoudis and Moschos Psimoulis Teamwork, satisfaction and mediating effect of affective, continuance and normative commitments on employee's loyalty Thalita Aparecida Costa Nicolleti, Eduardo Roque Mangini, Leonardo Aureliano-Silva, Cristiane Sales Pires, and Carolina Aparecida de Freitas Dias Perceptions of teachers in educational institutions regarding the principles of teaching professional ethics Gulsah Aki, Nejat Ira, and Hasan Arslan Influence of psychological empowerment on employee competence in Nigerian universal basic education system: The mediating role of work engagement Isah Sani, Rashidah Binti Mohammad Ibrahim, and Fazida Karim Retail Management Artificial intelligence in retailing Ibrahim Kircova, Munise Hayrun Saglam, and Sirin Gizem Kose Customer value in retailing (2000-2020): A narrative review and future research directions Rajat Gera and Ashish Pruthi Effect of social media marketing on online retail performance of Konga Nigeria LTD Abubakar Ado Adamu, Muhammed Yazeed, Mohammed Aliyu Dantsoho, Jamilu Abdulkadir, and Aliyu Audu Gemu Employment of blue-collar workers in organized retail sector: The case of Turkey Inci Kayhan-Kuzgun Saving grace: Digitization to stay or address crisis? Smitha Vasudevan Inclusion of disabled consumers in online retail landscape: Web accessibility conformance of Turkish organized food retailers' web sites Asiye Ayben Celik A customer segmentation model proposal for retailers: RFM-V Pinar Ozkan and Ipek Deveci Kocakoc Economics Nigeria's economic management: Reflections through monthly interest rate movement from 1996 to 2020 and beyond Job Nmadu, Halima Sallawu, and Yebosoko Nmadu A qualitative study of perceptions of the residents of Sidon, Lebanon regarding the economic effect on Sidon with reference to repatriation of the Palestinian refugees Raja El Majzoub and Karen Howells Three keys of development: Knowledge, efficiency and innovative entrepreneurship Irfan Kalayci, Ali Soylu, and Baris Aytekin Tourism and women empowerment: Empirical findings from past experience and predictions for the post-COVID era Burcu Turkcan COVID-19 effect on FDI motivation and their impact on service sector: Case of Georgia Vakhtang Charaia and Mariam Lashkhi Economic cooperation between Central Caucasus, China, and EU, under COVID-19 challenges Vakhtang Charaia and Mariam Lashkhi Effect of real exchange rate and income on international tourist arrivals for Turkey Erhan Aslanoglu, Oral Erdogan, and Yasin Enes Aksu Innovative entrepreneurship in Turkey: Micro and macro perspectives Irfan Kalayci, Baris Aytekin, and Ali Soylu Optimal fiscal and price stability in Germany: Autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) cointegration relationship Ergin Akalpler and Dahiru Alhaji Birnintsabas Struggle with COVID-19 crisis within the scope of financial national security: The example of the Republic of Turkey Silacan Karakus The nexus between fiscal freedom and investment freedom: The case of E7 countries Mehmet Bolukbas To be or not to be a female entrepreneur in the Mexicali Valley Roberto Burgueno Romero and Jose David Ledezma Torrez Accounting and Finance Comparative measurement of working capital efficiency for Borsa Istanbul restaurants and hotels for the COVID-19 period and previous quarters Fatih Gunay and Gary Cokins Relationship between business confidence index and non-financial firms foreign exchange assets and liabilities: Evidence from ARDL bound approach Ilkut Elif Kandil-Goker The impact of RTGS on internal control - A comparative study between some Iraqi banks Salowan H. Al Taee and Noor A. Radhi The impact of working capital on cash management under IAS 7 framework: An examination of tourism listed companies in Indonesia and Turkey Tri Damayanti and Tuba Derya Baskan A nexus between mergers & acquisitions and financial performance of firms: A study of industrial sector of Pakistan Fiza Quareshi, Mukhtiar Ali, and Salar Hussain Decentralized approach to deep-learning based asset allocation Sarthak Sengupta, Priyanshu Priyam, and Anurika Vaish Sustainability and Environmental Issues Blockchain technology applied to the Consortium Etna DOC to avoid counterfeiting Matarazzo Agata, Edoardo Carmelo Spampinato, Sergio Arfo, Ugo Sinigaglia, Antonino Bajeli, and Salvino Benanti Eco-label certification, hotel performance and customer satisfaction: Analysis of a case study and future developments Michele Preziosi, Alessia Acampora, Roberto Merli, and Maria Claudia Lucchetti The integration of circular economy in the tourism industry: A framework for the implementation of circular hotels Martina Sgambati, Alessia Acampora, Olimpia Martucci, and Maria Claudia Lucchetti Using the theory of planned behavior to explore green food purchase intentions Katrina Anna Auza and Kamel Mouloudj Survey on purchasing methods of food products in Tarragona and Catania Matarazzo Agata, Vazzano Tommaso Alberto, and Squillaci Carmelo Information Technology Comparative analysis of tools for matching work-related skill profiles with CV data and other unstructured data Florian Beuttiker, Stefan Roth, Tobias Steinacher, and Thomas Hanne State-of-the-art next generation open innovation platforms Murielle De Roche, Monika Blaser, Patrick Hollinger, and Thomas Hanne The coverage of AIOT based functional service: Case study of Asian futuristic hotel Gege Wang, Irini Lai Fun Tang, Eric Chan, and Wai Hung Wilco Chan The effect of the blockchain technology on service companies and food retailers: An overview of the blockchain use cases and applications Gokhan Kirbac and Erkut Ergenc The regulation problem of cryptocurrencies Lamiha Ozturk and Ece Sulungur Understanding information technology acceptance by physicians: Testing technology acceptance model Anuruddha Indika Jagoda