Suchergebnisse

Food justice denotes both a social movement and an academic discourse of theorizing what constitutes a fair food system where the benefits and harms of food production and consumption are distributed equally and where every human being has a right to food. In the general discourse of food justice, a just food system is also assumed to promote the sustainability of food systems. In this article, I point out the problems of this assumption by revealing the tensions between the social and environmental aspects of justice in food systems. They relate largely to the fact that local food is not synonymous for environmentally sustainable and low-carbon food, yet the food justice discourse has assumed that re-localization of food systems guarantees its environmental soundness. Another, related tension concerns the democratization of the food system that may aggravate the environmental burdens of the food system in certain conditions when not paired with education and scientific knowledge. I illustrate how the conflicts between various claims for justice emerge, how they could be avoided, and I also discuss how the society could foster the emergence of food citizenship that would promote justice and sustainability in food systems. Keywords: food justice, environmental sustainability, local food, food democracy ; Ruokaoikeudenmukaisuus viittaa ruokajärjestelmän reiluuteen eli siihen, miten oikeudenmukaisesti ruoan tuotannon, prosessoinnin, kaupan ja kuluttamisen hyödyt ja haitat jakaantuvat ja miten yhdenvertainen mahdollisuus ihmisillä on riittävään ja kulttuurisesti hyväksyttävään ravitsemukseen. Ruokaoikeudenmukaisuuden diskurssissa on vallinnut oletus, että ruokajärjestelmän oikeudenmukaisuus kulkee käsi kädessä järjestelmän kestävyyden kanssa. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen ruokaoikeudenmukaisuuden suhdetta ruokajärjestelmän ekologiseen kestävyyteen ja osoitan suhteen olevan jännitteinen tavoilla, jotka ovat toistaiseksi jääneet lähes huomiotta. Erityisesti tarkastelen lähiruoan ekologista kestävyyttä, joka on otettu usein annettuna oikeudenmukaisuuden diskursseissa: artikkelissa osoitan tämän oletuksen ongelmallisuuden. Toinen samankaltainen jännite liittyy ruokademokratian lisäämiseen, joka ei välttämättä paranna ruokajärjestelmän kestävyyttä vaan saattaa joissain tapauksissa jopa hidastaa ruokajärjestelmän kestävyystransitiota. Lopussa pohdin, miten artikkelissa tunnistettujen jännitteiden kanssa voidaan tulla toimeen ja miten ruokademokratiaa voitaisiin lisätä tavalla, joka tukee sekä oikeudenmukaisuutta että ekologisesti kestävän ruokajärjestelmän rakentamista. Avainsanat: ruokaoikeudenmukaisuus, ekologinen kestävyys, lähiruoka, ruokademokratia

The conventional view of the sustainability of social development is based on the works of the Roman Club, particularly the book "The Limits to Growth" by Donella Meadows and her colleagues (1972). In their opinion, the human population and economy are depleting the wealth of the Earth and pollutants and wastes are burdening the environment. However, the concern that mineral resources will be depleted is unsubstantiated. Environmental economics argues that a higher number of people and a higher income make resources scarcer on a short-term basis. For investors and entrepreneurs, higher prices represent an opportunity and an incentive to search for solutions. Many of them will not succeed in this search and they will bear the costs on their own. However, in a free society, the solutions are eventually found. And in the long run, we are better off thanks to the new discoveries than if the original problems had never occurred. Adapted from the source document.

Tourism must be planned and developed differently from what is customary today, as growth in rigid economic terms is still prioritised over the cultural and socioecological sustainability of lived-in cultural and natural environments. The global ecological crisis can no longer be ignored by tourism developers and investors – or by tourists.
The seventeen authors of this book are from a variety of disciplines and fields of expertise. Through research-driven and profession based knowledge on different aspects of tourism planning in Finland and elsewhere, they offer transformative perspectives and practical applications for responsible tourism planners, investors and political decision-makers to utilise.
Through the book's overarching themes – learnings from the history of tourism planning, wellbeing, participation, building and architecture, people and infrastructure – it addresses a general audience, professional communities, and academic communities. The book's urgent quest is to prevent tourism from remaining one of the causes for the greatest problem of all time, the worsening baseline of living conditions on Earth.

The aim of this article is to explore main linkages among the participation rate, potential output and pension funding system. Based on the existing literature, there are several possibilities how to render the current set-up of the pension system sustainable. This sustainability is conventionally regarded from the perspective of provision of "satisfactory level" of retirement pensions as well as from the perspective of general budgetary impact. In this respect, demographic change is accounted for owing to the common perception that it has a lot to do with how the future pension system should and will look like. It has been found out that if appropriate economic policy measures -- targeting mainly labour market participation rate and long-term unemployment -- are adopted, no need for abrupt changes in the existing social security system framework is actually necessary. Also, the linkages between the participation rate and potential output seem to be relatively strong, so that the economy could be easily considered as significantly influenced by its labour market. The functioning of the latter thus seems to be pivotal for the resolution of some long-term economic capacity concerns, including its dynamics. Adapted from the source document.

El 60 per cent dels municipis espanyols tenia a 1 de gener de 2016, menys de 1.001 habitants, ocupava el 40 per cent de la superfície i amb prou feines concentrava el 3,1 per cent de la població. Les dades d' Eurostat referents a 2015, situaven a 19 províncies espanyoles entre les menys denses de la Unió Europea. Aquest notable desequilibri entre població i territori constitueix el problema fonamental d'una vasta superfície del centre i nord peninsular, caracteritzada per l'envelliment, una relativa escassetat de dones producte d'una forta emigració diferencial per sexes, i una immigració de pas que no ha pogut tancar les pèrdues demogràfiques que afecten aquests llocs des de mitjan segle XX. La sostenibilitat demogràfica d'aquest conjunt heterogeni de municipis rurals penja d'un fil i planteja un repte demogràfic de primer ordre que ha de tenir en compte, a l'hora d'aplicar polítiques públiques, la seva gran diversitat. ; El 60 por ciento de los municipios españoles tenía a 1 de enero de 2016 menos de 1.001 habitantes, ocupaba el 40 por ciento de la superficie y apenas concentraba el 3,1 por ciento de la población. Los datos de Eurostat situaban a 19 provincias españolas entre las menos densas de la Unión Europea en 2015. Este notable desequilibrio entre población y territorio constituye el problema fundamental de una vasta superficie del centro y norte peninsular caracterizada por: el envejecimiento, una relativa escasez de mujeres producto de una fuerte emigración diferencial por sexos y una inmigración de paso que no ha podido restañar las pérdidas demográficas que afectan a estos lugares desde mediados del siglo XX. La sostenibilidad demográfica de este conjunto heterogéneo de municipios rurales pende de un hilo y plantea un reto demográfico de primer orden que debe tener en cuenta, a la hora de aplicar políticas públicas, su gran diversidad. ; On 1 January 2016, 60 per cent of Spanish municipalities had fewer than 1,001 inhabitants, occupied 40% of the country's surface and concentrated barely 3.1% of the population. Eurostat data situate 19 Spanish provinces among the least dense of the European Union in 2015. This notable imbalance between population and territory, the basic problem of a vast area in the north and centre of the Iberian peninsula, is characterized by ageing, a relative scarcity of women because of large-scale differential emigration based on gender, and transitory immigration that has been unable to compensate for the demographic outflow which has affected these places since the middle of the twentieth century. The demographic sustainability of this heterogeneous set of municipalities is hanging in the balance. This situation constitutes a major challenge and, moreover, the great diversity of these towns should be borne in mind when it comes to applying public policies.

Las políticas culturales se han institucionalizado sobre la idea de la cultura como sustantivo, como objeto, incluso como esencia de un grupo o colectivo. Si bien el modelo de democratización de la cultura continúa como núcleo de las políticas culturales, se vuelve evidente la caducidad de buena parte de los principios de una política centrada en el acceso a la oferta cultural. Los problemas a los que las políticas públicas se enfrentan resultan cada vez más complejos, inciertos y con más riesgos incorporados. Suponen un nuevo reto para la legitimidad de las instituciones culturales en su rol de intermediación tradicional. En este contexto, los bienes comunes (commons) emergen no sólo como concepto analítico sino como herramientas de acción política, social y legal. Los bienes comunes no son simplemente objetos o espacios, sino complejos sistemas de gestión de recursos con comunidades y normas que permiten su sostenibilidad. Este artículo plantea como hipótesis la posibilidad de que las políticas culturales reconozcan la cultura no sólo como sustantivo sino también como adjetivo (lo cultural). ¿Qué implica concebir las políticas culturales como políticas de los bienes comunes? ¿Cuáles son las diferencias principales en lo que se refiere al modelo de políticas de acceso a la cultura? ¿Puede un cambio de modelo derivar en la desresponsabilización de las políticas públicas en el ámbito de la cultura? ; Les polítiques culturals s'han institucionalitzat sobre la idea de la cultura com a substantiu, com a objecte, fins i tot com a essència d'un grup o col·lectiu. Tot i que el model de democratització de la cultura continua com a nucli de les polítiques culturals, es torna evident la caducitat de bona part dels principis d'una política centrada a l'accés a l'oferta cultural. Els problemes a què les polítiques públiques s'enfronten resulten cada vegada més complexos, incerts i amb més riscos incorporats. Suposen un nou repte per a la legitimitat de les institucions culturals en el seu rol d'intermediació tradicional. En aquest context, els béns comuns (commons) emergeixen no sols com a concepte analític sinó com a eines d'acció política, social i legal. Els béns comuns no són simplement objectes o espais sinó complexos sistemes de gestió de recursos amb comunitats i normes que permeten la seua sostenibilitat. Aquest article planteja com a hipòtesi la possibilitat que les polítiques culturals reconeguen la cultura no sols com a substantiu sinó també com a adjectiu (allò cultural). Què implica concebre les polítiques culturals com a polítiques dels béns comuns? Quines són les diferències principals en relació al model de polítiques d'accés a la cultura? Pot un canvi de model derivar en la desresponsabilització de les polítiques públiques en l'àmbit de la cultura? ; Cultural policies have been institutionalised around the idea of culture as a noun, as an object, and even as the essence of a group or collective. While the model of the democratisation of culture remains at the heart of cultural policies, the temporary nature of many of the principles of a policy focused on access to cultural activities is becoming apparent. The problems faced by public policies are increasingly complex, uncertain and involve more and more risks. They pose a new challenge to the legitimacy of cultural institutions in their traditional role of intermediation. In this context, the commons are not merely an analytical concept, but are also tools for political, social and legal action. They are not just objects or spaces, but also complex systems for resource management with communities and rules that allow their sustainability. This article considers the hypothesis of the possibility of cultural policies recognising culture not only as a noun but as an adjective (the cultural). What does conceiving of cultural policies in terms of policies of the commons entail? What are the main differences in the model of policies for access to culture? Can a change of model lead to the removal of responsibility from public policies in the field of culture?