The environmental change by the society is recurring and has been intensified since the first civilizations. However, the lack of conservationist practices has caused the emergence of degraded areas, whose recovery is fundamental for the sustainability. In this context, this paper aims at analyzing the environmental recovery as a public policy strategy supported in the Brazilian legislation. As methodology, a documental and analytical research was developed on the regulations, discussed at a multidisciplinary perspective, from the view of legal and engineering specialists, from the agricultural and environmental areas. As a result, it was identified a collection of rules pointing at a significant commitment on the definition of guidelines. On the other hand, this meaningful quantity of legal mechanisms, associated to misalignment, may cause damages to its effectiveness. In conclusion, we can consider that environmental reclamation is widely regulated, and it represents one of the main strategies of the environmental public policy adopted in Brazil. Nevertheless, it still requires advances to combine harmoniously practical and theoretical-conceptual aspects. Thus, considering the moment that Brazil is consolidating a new Forestry Code, we hope that the achieved outcomes can contribute to the debate and mobilization about the environmental reclamation as a strategy for sustainability.
The agroecology does not yet provide tools and analysis criteria to develop local and regional strategies, where political and institutional aspects play a key role. This article aims to contribute to overcoming these deficiencies by the theoretical foundation of how it should be Agroecology involved in politics. Family farming is the subject. It is through her that already develops agroecology, getting a transition from the model of traditional agriculture, which provides food security for an alternative model. First, it is argued that, as a socio-ecological construction, agro-ecosystems is the product of power relations. Secondly, it shows the close relationship that the dynamics of agro-ecosystems have with politics and therefore the important role they occupy in agroecological transition. Currently you can see that there is very little reflection on the politics of Agroecology. However, the range of agroecological movements and experiences that are held at different levels of both local and regional governments advise the development of political aspects of agro-ecological theory. Finally, a diagnosis attempted under the situation of global food system, in which the context of agroecological experiments must be developed.
This article aims to contribute to the debate of the creative economy (EC) without context of sustainability, a little explicit association found since the early writings. The means of identifying interrelationships between the terms used in the literature to define EC [creative class, creative city, creative education, culture, economics (s) and cultural and creative sciences] and eight dimensions of sustainability (environmental, social, economic, cultural, technological, ethical, territorial and political), where the terms set forth another meaning. It was concluded that a relationship between creative and sustainable paradigm is a consequence, rather than a first intention, proclaimed paradigm break in the twentieth century models of modern development. ; Este artigo tem como objetivo contribuir para o debate da economia criativa (EC) no contexto da sustentabilidade, uma associação pouco explícita que se encontra desde os primeiros escritos. O faz por meio da identificação de inter-relações entre termos utilizados na literatura para definir EC (classe criativa, cidade criativa, educação criativa, cultura, economia(s) e indústrias culturais e criativas) e oito dimensões da sustentabilidade (ambiental, social, econômica, cultural, tecnológica, ética, territorial e política), onde os termos encontram outro sentido. Conclui-se que a estreita relação entre o paradigma criativo e o sustentável é uma consequência, mais do que uma intenção primeira, da proclamada quebra de paradigma nos modelos de desenvolvimento moderno do século XX. ; Este artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir al debate de la economía creativa (EC) en el contexto de la sostenibilidad, una asociación que es presiente pero no explícita desde los primeros escritos. Lo hace identificando las interrelaciones entre los términos utilizados en la literatura para definir EC [clase creativa, ciudad creativa, educación creativa, cultura, economía (s) e industrias culturales y creativas] y ocho dimensiones de la sostenibilidad (ambiental, social, económico, cultural, tecnológico, ético, territorial y político), donde los términos encuentran otro significado. De ello se deduce que la estrecha relación entre los paradigmas creativo y sostenible es una consecuencia, más que una intención primaria, del cambio de paradigma proclamado en los modelos de desarrollo modernos del siglo XX.
This work analyzes the Agenda 2030 in its main potentiality to lead public policies and private actions towards a more sustainable path. At the same time it acknowledges its dependency on measurements and finance mechanisms for the Sustainable Development Goals implementation. The main argument is that public expectations face difficulties to be translated in public actions, due to, among other factors, the lack of measurement and finance mechanisms. With this purpose it starts describing what is the Agenda 2030, and how this United Nations lead international declaration is structured to be monitored and implemented by States and others multi stakeholders. Secondly it analyses the importance of the measurements to address critical social environmental challenges and to allow comparison between the achievements of each member state. Third it remarks the role-played by international financial institutions, by international investment and by the private sector in general. Forth, the article highlights the drawbacks the methodology of goals can represent when used to overcome collective challenges marked by moral issues and diffuse impacts, being highly dependent on measurements and finance tools. The methodology chosen was the descriptive and normative, the techniques used were documentary, legislative and bibliographic research.
A partir da década de 70 do século XX o capital adentra numa crise estrutural, causando com isso, efeitos danosos a vida humana de maneira continuada e rastejante. Devido aos danos econômicos, políticos e ecológicos de um modo de produção destrutivo de nossa época, o capital tenta dar resposta a sua crise estrutural. Tem-se em vários setores da sociedade e mais precisamente na educação, o surgimento do discurso da sustentabilidade como possibilidade na resolução dos conflitos de nossa época. Proporemos-nos analisar o discurso sobre a educação para o desenvolvimento sustentável contidos nos projetos do Banco Mundial e da ONU a partir da década de 90 do século XX. Procuraremos demonstrar as permanências e rupturas desse dizer, as possibilidades e limites desse novo projeto desenvolvimentista na reprodução da sociabilidade capitalista. Acreditamos que ao explicitarmos a voz ideológica do capital a sua crise, demonstrando o seu funcionamento, sua operacionalidade e limites, estaremos também, contribuindo para ecoar o que se quer silenciar, ou seja, a insustentabilidade de um sistema que refrea o livre desenvolvimento dos indivíduos. Com isso, a sustentabilidade da humanidade terá como possibilidade efetiva apenas quando o controle social da produção, da circulação e do consumo estiverem sob o controle consciente dos trabalhadores associados, ou seja, numa sociedade para além da escravidão assalariada do capital, numa sociabilidade comunista.
Taking as starting point some peculiarities of the archaeological and urban environment involved in the planning of Rome new underground line – what we mentioned as "romanities" –, this article proposes some reflections on the topic of sustainable public procurement and its strategic use as privileged instrument for the promotion of horizontal public policies in the light of the European Union normative paradigm on the matter. The article brings a definition of sustainable public procurement and presents the European Union normative framework that offers a wide juridical legitimisation to the institution as a parameter that must orientate the decisions of the contracting authorities. Furthermore, it demonstrates from a case study how public policies for ecological and cultural protection can be legitimately introduced into public procurement procedures. The case study involves the construction of a new subway line (Line C) – the most modern infrastructure of public transportation of this kind in Italy –, and how it seems to be contributing to the growth of the levels of sustainability of the cultural and urban environment for the benefit of Rome.
This paper estimates a fiscal reaction function for Brazil and investigates how thegovernment´s fiscal reaction has changed over time when controlling for cyclical variationsin output and the relative participation of indexed debt. Using monthly datasince 1991, we estimate a rolling reaction function with a one observation step and asample-window of 12 observations. Our results indicate that the government´s fiscalresponse has been such that a one percent increase in the debt-GDP ratio can be associatedto an average increase in the primary surplus of approximately 0.096% over GDPor 9.6 basis points; the government´s fiscal reaction has become more stable but lessresponsive to the debt-income level after 2000 and assumed a declining trend after 2006. ; O artigo revisita a questão da sustentabilidade da política fiscal brasileira analisando asrespostas fiscais do governo a alterações na razão dívida-PIB, com vistas a avaliar qualtem sido a resposta fiscal média do governo brasileiro, e como essa resposta fiscal temvariado ao longo do tempo. Utilizando dados mensais e controlando para variaçõesno produto e participação relativa de títulos indexados, estimamos funções de reaçãosequenciais com uma janela móvel de 12 observações. Os resultados indicam que apolítica fiscal no período foi sustentável, com uma resposta fiscal média do governoconsolidado de 0.096 pontos percentuais no superávit primário para um aumento deum ponto percentual na relação dívida-PIB. Verificamos ainda que a função de reaçãotornou-se mais estável, porém menos sensível a aumentos da relação dívida/PIB apóso ano de 2000 e assumiu uma tendência declinante após 2006.
The effective absorption of European funds, contributes to the development of the economy of a member state. This ability depends on the conditions of both the recipient and the institution transferring funds. The beneficiary effectiveness depends on its level of development, which determines the hierarchy of its needs and skills of own resources' accumulation, necessary co-financing. The institution transferring funds are decisive quality of the institutional system and the transparency regulations for EU assistance. The financial correction is a sanction for any irregularities made by the beneficiaries in the implementation of projects co-financed by European Union funds. The aim of the analysis is to determine the factors affecting the risk of repayment of the EU grant by the beneficiary during the permanence period, and to indicate the level of significance of occurred deficiencies that affect the amount of financial correction. The essential thesis is a statement that there are many irregularities in the shelf life associated mainly with insufficient knowledge and experience of the beneficiaries. ; Efektywna absorpcja przyznanych środków europejskich przyczynia się do rozwoju gospodarki kraju członkowskiego. Zdolność ta jest uzależniona od uwarunkowań zarówno beneficjenta, jak i instytucji przekazującej środki. Po stronie beneficjenta efektywność zależy od poziomu jego rozwoju, który wyznacza hierarchię jego potrzeb, oraz od umiejętności zgromadzenia środków własnych, niezbędnych przy współfinansowaniu. Po stronie instytucji przekazującej środki decydujące to jakość systemu instytucjonalnego i przejrzystość regulacji dotyczących pomocy unijnej. Korekta finansowa stanowi sankcję za wszelkie nieprawidłowości dokonane przez beneficjentów w zakresie realizacji projektów współfinansowanych ze środków funduszy Unii Europejskiej. Celem analizy jest określenie czynników wpływających na ryzyko zwrotu dotacji unijnej przez beneficjenta w okresie trwałości oraz wskazanie poziomu istotności zaistniałych uchybień, które rzutują na wysokość korekty finansowej. Zasadniczą tezę stanowi stwierdzenie, iż istnieje wiele nieprawidłowości występujących w okresie trwałości, związanych głównie z niedostateczną wiedzą i doświadczeniem beneficjentów.
The need for efficient water resources management highlights the importance of discussing the watershed sustainability issue. This is a complex subject, which justifies the choice for multidimensional indexes. The aim of this paper is to discuss the assessment of watersheds' sustainability through composite indices to detect this statistical instrument's strengths and weaknesses. This is a descriptive, exploratory, and quantitative research. The literature review on sustainability indices and their application in hydrographic basins guided the selection of a watershed sustainability index (WSI). The dual approach that combines the criteria of the Pressure-State-Response (PER) model with the dimensions of the Hydrology-Environment-Life-Policy model (UNESCO HELP model) guided the selection of the fifteen indicators that were chosen. The WSI was used to assess the degree of sustainability of the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí river basins during two periods in the 2010s. The analysis of the results detected a minor decrease in the index's value, due to the Hydrology and Politics dimensions that recorded a setback in the second half of the decade under analysis. The result was not worse because of the remarkable improvement recorded in the Life dimension. This compensation is a weakness of the WSI that implicitly promotes the concept of weak sustainability. On the other hand, the selection of indicators guided by the dual approach is particularly interesting and challenging by connecting the PER criteria with the dimensions of sustainability well summarized in the HELP model. ; A necessidade de uma gestão eficiente dos recursos hídricos ressalta a importância de estudos que tratam da sustentabilidade de bacia hidrográficas. Ao mesmo tempo, a complexidade do assunto justifica a escolha de indicadores sintéticos multidimensionais. O objetivo do artigo é discutir a avaliação da sustentabilidade de bacias hidrográficas por meio de índices compostos visando identificar pontos fortes e fracos desse instrumento ...
A região metropolitana de Belém (RMB) concentra 1/3 da população do estado do Pará, Brasil, e sua recente expansão tem causado uma série de problemas sociais e ambientais, que comprometem o acesso à infraestrutura e serviços, e também impactam outros fatores que influenciam a sustentabilidade urbana. Nos últimos anos, várias metodologias de avaliação da sustentabilidade das cidades têm sido propostas, porém os desafios ainda são enormes, no sentido de incorporar uma visão pluridimensional na avaliação da sustentabilidade urbana. No presente trabalho aplicou-se o Sistema de Índices de Sustentabilidade Urbana (SISU) para a RMB, com o objetivo de analisar os níveis de sustentabilidade dos municípios que compõem essa região metropolitana e verificar as limitações e os desafios em aplicar esse método de mensuração na Amazônia. Foram empregados 7 indicadores para o índice de qualidade ambiental (IQA), 4 para o índice de capacidade político institucional (ICP) e o índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal (IDHM). Os resultados obtidos mostram que há pouca variação nos índices IQA e IHDM, sendo que os municípios menos populosos, como Santa Bárbara e Benevides apresentam melhor IQA, e os de maior porte, como Belém e Ananindeua, o melhor IDHM. Entretanto, é em relação ao ICP que esta região metropolitana apresenta a maior desigualdade intermunicipal, refletindo assim, a necessidade do fortalecimento institucional e político dessa região. ; The metropolitan area of Belém (RMB) contains 1/3 of the population of Pará State, Brazil, and its recent expansion has caused a number of social and environmental problems that undermine access to infrastructure and services and also impact other factors that influence urban sustainability. In recent years, various methodologies for assessing the sustainability of cities have been proposed, but the challenges of incorporating a multidimensional approach in the evaluation of urban sustainability are still enormous. In this work, we applied the Urban Sustainability Index System (SISU) to the RMB in order to analyze the levels of sustainability of the municipalities that constitute this metropolitan area and to verify the limitations and challenges in applying this method of measurement in the Amazon region. Seven indicators were used for the environmental quality index (IQA), and four for the political institutional capacity index (ICP) and the municipal human development index (IDHM). The results show that there is little variation in the IQA and IHDM indices, and the least-populated municipalities such as Santa Barbara and Benevides have better IQAs, while larger-populated municipalities, such as Belém and Ananindeua, have better IDHMs. However, it is in relation to ICP that this metropolitan area has the highest inequality, thus reflecting the need for the institutional and political empowerment of this region. ; A região metropolitana de Belém (RMB) concentra 1/3 da população do estado do Pará, Brasil, e sua recente expansão tem causado uma série de problemas sociais e ambientais, que comprometem o acesso à infraestrutura e serviços, e também impactam outros fatores que influenciam a sustentabilidade urbana. Nos últimos anos, várias metodologias de avaliação da sustentabilidade das cidades têm sido propostas, porém os desafios ainda são enormes, no sentido de incorporar uma visão pluridimensional na avaliação da sustentabilidade urbana. No presente trabalho aplicou-se o Sistema de Índices de Sustentabilidade Urbana (SISU) para a RMB, com o objetivo de analisar os níveis de sustentabilidade dos municípios que compõem essa região metropolitana e verificar as limitações e os desafios em aplicar esse método de mensuração na Amazônia. Foram empregados 7 indicadores para o índice de qualidade ambiental (IQA), 4 para o índice de capacidade político institucional (ICP) e o índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal (IDHM). Os resultados obtidos mostram que há pouca variação nos índices IQA e IHDM, sendo que os municípios menos populosos, como Santa Bárbara e Benevides apresentam melhor IQA, e os de maior porte, como Belém e Ananindeua, o melhor IDHM. Entretanto, é em relação ao ICP que esta região metropolitana apresenta a maior desigualdade intermunicipal, refletindo assim, a necessidade do fortalecimento institucional e político dessa região.