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The effective absorption of European funds, contributes to the development of the economy of a member state. This ability depends on the conditions of both the recipient and the institution transferring funds. The beneficiary effectiveness depends on its level of development, which determines the hierarchy of its needs and skills of own resources' accumulation, necessary co-financing. The institution transferring funds are decisive quality of the institutional system and the transparency regulations for EU assistance. The financial correction is a sanction for any irregularities made by the beneficiaries in the implementation of projects co-financed by European Union funds. The aim of the analysis is to determine the factors affecting the risk of repayment of the EU grant by the beneficiary during the permanence period, and to indicate the level of significance of occurred deficiencies that affect the amount of financial correction. The essential thesis is a statement that there are many irregularities in the shelf life associated mainly with insufficient knowledge and experience of the beneficiaries. ; Efektywna absorpcja przyznanych środków europejskich przyczynia się do rozwoju gospodarki kraju członkowskiego. Zdolność ta jest uzależniona od uwarunkowań zarówno beneficjenta, jak i instytucji przekazującej środki. Po stronie beneficjenta efektywność zależy od poziomu jego rozwoju, który wyznacza hierarchię jego potrzeb, oraz od umiejętności zgromadzenia środków własnych, niezbędnych przy współfinansowaniu. Po stronie instytucji przekazującej środki decydujące to jakość systemu instytucjonalnego i przejrzystość regulacji dotyczących pomocy unijnej. Korekta finansowa stanowi sankcję za wszelkie nieprawidłowości dokonane przez beneficjentów w zakresie realizacji projektów współfinansowanych ze środków funduszy Unii Europejskiej. Celem analizy jest określenie czynników wpływających na ryzyko zwrotu dotacji unijnej przez beneficjenta w okresie trwałości oraz wskazanie poziomu istotności zaistniałych uchybień, które rzutują na wysokość korekty finansowej. Zasadniczą tezę stanowi stwierdzenie, iż istnieje wiele nieprawidłowości występujących w okresie trwałości, związanych głównie z niedostateczną wiedzą i doświadczeniem beneficjentów.

Transforming institutions is at the central core of development. Appropriate institutional matrices consist of habits, organizations, regulations, capacities and incentives. One of such successfull institutional matrices is self-regulating market created in Trade Republic of Dutch. The financial system is embedded and interdependent on institutions, both economic and non-economic. This paper aims to clarify the logic of institutional evolution of financial systems in the Netherlands and Japan over the last 500 years. This institutional perspective needs to be reassessed beyond Washington Consensus theoretical constructions in finance. Finally, it seems that only an institutional perspective on finance, can establish a solid base for management of every day financial risk. It does not take place in a social and cultural vacuum. ; Transformacja instytucji ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla rozwoju. Właściwa macierz instytucjonalna zawiera nawyki, organizacje, regulacje, potencjał i bodźce. Przykładem udanej macierzy instytucjonalnej było stworzenie w Holandii rynku obsługującego Republikę Kupiecką. System finansowy jest zakorzeniony i współzależny od instytucji zarówno ekonomicznych, jak i pozostałych. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie logiki ewolucji systemów finansowych w Holandii i Japonii na przestrzeni ostatnich 500 lat. Tego typu perspektywa instytucjonalna z natury rzeczy wykracza poza Konsensus Waszyngtoński w nauce o finansach. Sumując, jedynie finanse instytucjonalne mogą stanowić dobrą podstawę do zarządzania ryzykiem finansowym codzienności. Ono nie odbywa się w próżni społecznej i kulturowej.

The purpose of the study was an investigation on a content of the core curriculum in Poland, for kin- dergarten children (aged 3–6) and primary school students (aged 7–18), in reference to educational demands, created by the global ecological crisis. As a source of these demands, IPCC Assessments Reports on Climate Change and UN over-arching strategies for sustainability and environmental education were used, as well as the European Union green policies' package (The European Green Deal). Poland, as a member of the EU and a party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is obliged to promote and implement "green" policies, through incorporation of them into national legislation and the state system of education. The analysis revealed in Polish core curriculum lack of content, connected with the global ecological crisis and climate change, as well as with strategies of combating them. This result shows a dramatic content gap in environmental education of Polish students, regardless the fact that ecol- ogy is a fundament of global and European developmental strategies. The responsibility for this situation is beard on decision makers for a state educational policy; in a context of Polish law, this is the Ministry of Education and the Minister for Education himself. ; The purpose of the study was an investigation on a content of the core curriculum in Poland, for kin- dergarten children (aged 3–6) and primary school students (aged 7–18), in reference to educational demands, created by the global ecological crisis. As a source of these demands, IPCC Assessments Reports on Climate Change and UN over-arching strategies for sustainability and environmental education were used, as well as the European Union green policies' package (The European Green Deal). Poland, as a member of the EU and a party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is obliged to promote and implement "green" policies, through incorporation of them into national legislation and the state system of education. The analysis revealed in Polish core curriculum lack of content, connected with the global ecological crisis and climate change, as well as with strategies of combating them. This result shows a dramatic content gap in environmental education of Polish students, regardless the fact that ecol- ogy is a fundament of global and European developmental strategies. The responsibility for this situation is beard on decision makers for a state educational policy; in a context of Polish law, this is the Ministry of Education and the Minister for Education himself.

It was in the early 1990s that the World Bank first introduced the term "good governance" in its documents and aid programs. After the reorganization of 1997, a list of six indicators of good governance was compiled. The indicators were subsequently used in the research on the quality of governance in Poland. The results clearly showed that the country scored low in all aspects of good governance, notably in public sector transparency, quality of regulation, law enforcement, as well as efficiency and effectiveness of carrying out public duties by the administration.The pathway to shared prosperity in Poland is built around growth, inclusion and sustainability objectives, but success will ultimately depend on a more strategic, effective, and accountable state. Poland has done remarkably well, boasting strong growth over three decades. Looking forward, this argues that a new level of sophistication is required to meet the challenges such as rapidly aging population and evolving global economy. This includes developing a more strategic, effective, and accountable state and it is administration that can facilitate a strong consensus around consistent policies to foster growth, inclusion and sustainability. Improved consistency, commitment, coordination, and cooperation would strengthen Poland's institutions, making them more strategic, effective and accountable.The paper describes the quality of governance and the effectiveness of public administration. The analysis is based on reports published by different institutions and takes into account measuring the effectiveness and quality of public administration and the efficiency of public institutions. ; Artykuł dotyczy jakości rządzenia i efektywności administracji publicznej. Analizy dokonano przede wszystkim na podstawie dokumentów strategicznych i opublikowanych raportów różnych instytucji, uwzględniając ocenę efektywności i jakości administracji publicznej oraz sprawność instytucji publicznych.Pojęcie dobrego rządzenia wprowadził na początku lat 90. XX w. Bank Światowy. Po jego reorganizacji w 1997 r. opracowano listę sześciu kluczowych wskaźników dobrego rządzenia, które zostały zastosowane do badania jego jakości m.in. w Polsce. Badania dowiodły, że Polska osiąga niskie standardy we wszystkich wymiarach dobrego rządzenia, przede wszystkim w zakresie przejrzystości działania sfery publicznej, jakości regulacji, egzekwowania prawa, efektywności oraz skuteczności realizacji zadań publicznych przez administrację. Mimo tego Polska poradziła sobie zaskakująco dobrze, wypracowując w ciągu 30 lat silny wzrost gospodarczy. W najbliższej przyszłości niezbędne będzie jednak podjęcie zdecydowanych działań, by sprostać takim wyzwaniom, jak starzejące się społeczeństwo czy zmiany na rynkach światowych. Sytuacja wymaga wypracowania strategii opartej na funkcjonowaniu sprawnego państwa i jego efektywnej administracji, by wspierać rozwój gospodarczy i funkcjonowanie instytucji publicznych w Polsce.

Celem przedstawionych badań jest analiza procesu decyzyjnego w UE w odniesieniu do nakładania i rozszerzania sankcji wobec Rosji oraz ocena przyczyny trwałości decyzji i porozumienia między państwami członkowskimi UE, pomimo odmiennego stanowiska. W szczególności artykuł analizuje proces decyzyjny, dynamikę oraz zmiany zachodzące w ramach grup roboczych Rady, takich jak COEST (Grupa Robocza ds. Europy Wschodniej i Azji Środkowej) dla Ukrainy, Białorusi oraz Rosji. Badania pokazują, że czynniki geopolityczne oraz ekonomiczne mają bardzo duże znaczenie w tworzeniu dynamiki, jaka zachodziła w grupach doradczych Rady Europejskiej, niemniej jednak pomimo tych różnic jednomyślność jest w dużej mierze wynikiem działań Francji i Niemiec. ; The aim of the presented research is to analyze the decision-making process in the EU with regard to imposing and extending sanctions against Russia and to assess the cause of the sustainability of decisions and agreements between EU Member States despite their different position towards sanctions. In particular, the article analyzes the decision-making process, dynamics and changes taking place within the Council's working groups, such as COEST (Working Group on Eastern Europe and Central Asia) for Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. Research shows that geopolitical and economic factors are very important in creating dynamics that takes place in advisory groups of the European Council; nevertheless, despite these differences, unanimity is observed that is largely the result of the actions of France and Germany.

This article highlights the positive impact that local governments have exerted on the rural development in Poland. At first, the author presents the basic features of Polish rural areas and examines what rural development means to Polish policy makers. Furthermore, the author concludes that the main ideas which lie at the core of rural development are sustainability, multi functionality and competitiveness. One of the main foundations is also the grassroots approach which involves local community in the development process – the method that is used by many nonprofit or nongovernmental organizations to energize rural areas. Thanks to this strategy their role is still increasing. However, the author gives strong arguments to support the idea that the role of local governments is also crucial in stimulating development, and that this role should be referred to more often. In Poland after '89, thanks to the changes in the law, local governments have the real possibility to run, support or effectively engage in rural development. Moreover, their workings, as often as not, are the major impulse for positive action taken in rural areas. The author examines this on the basis of the LEADER Programme and Polish Solectwo (the basic level of the Polish local government system). This article also provides examples of the best practices (from 4 municipalities: Limanowa, Baltowa, Bodzechowa, Maslowa) focusing on the successful initiatives implemented by the local governments. The examples show that, in spite of their weakness, local governments could play an important part in rural development. They make the inhabitants aware of the fact that they are indispensable for everyday life and economic growth to the same extent as NGO's and private enterprises.

This article highlights the positive impact that local governments have exerted on the rural development in Poland. At first, the author presents the basic features of Polish rural areas and examines what rural development means to Polish policy makers. Furthermore, the author concludes that the main ideas which lie at the core of rural development are sustainability, multi functionality and competitiveness. One of the main foundations is also the grassroots approach which involves local community in the development process – the method that is used by many nonprofit or nongovernmental organizations to energize rural areas. Thanks to this strategy their role is still increasing. However, the author gives strong arguments to support the idea that the role of local governments is also crucial in stimulating development, and that this role should be referred to more often. In Poland after '89, thanks to the changes in the law, local governments have the real possibility to run, support or effectively engage in rural development. Moreover, their workings, as often as not, are the major impulse for positive action taken in rural areas. The author examines this on the basis of the LEADER Programme and Polish Solectwo (the basic level of the Polish local government system). This article also provides examples of the best practices (from 4 municipalities: Limanowa, Baltowa, Bodzechowa, Maslowa) focusing on the successful initiatives implemented by the local governments. The examples show that, in spite of their weakness, local governments could play an important part in rural development. They make the inhabitants aware of the fact that they are indispensable for everyday life and economic growth to the same extent as NGO's and private enterprises.

This article highlights the positive impact that local governments have exerted on the rural development in Poland. At first, the author presents the basic features of Polish rural areas and examines what rural development means to Polish policy makers. Furthermore, the author concludes that the main ideas which lie at the core of rural development are sustainability, multi functionality and competitiveness. One of the main foundations is also the grassroots approach which involves local community in the development process – the method that is used by many nonprofit or nongovernmental organizations to energize rural areas. Thanks to this strategy their role is still increasing. However, the author gives strong arguments to support the idea that the role of local governments is also crucial in stimulating development, and that this role should be referred to more often. In Poland after '89, thanks to the changes in the law, local governments have the real possibility to run, support or effectively engage in rural development. Moreover, their workings, as often as not, are the major impulse for positive action taken in rural areas. The author examines this on the basis of the LEADER Programme and Polish Solectwo (the basic level of the Polish local government system). This article also provides examples of the best practices (from 4 municipalities: Limanowa, Baltowa, Bodzechowa, Maslowa) focusing on the successful initiatives implemented by the local governments. The examples show that, in spite of their weakness, local governments could play an important part in rural development. They make the inhabitants aware of the fact that they are indispensable for everyday life and economic growth to the same extent as NGO's and private enterprises.

This article highlights the positive impact that local governments have exerted on the rural development in Poland. At first, the author presents the basic features of Polish rural areas and examines what rural development means to Polish policy makers. Furthermore, the author concludes that the main ideas which lie at the core of rural development are sustainability, multi functionality and competitiveness. One of the main foundations is also the grassroots approach which involves local community in the development process – the method that is used by many nonprofit or nongovernmental organizations to energize rural areas. Thanks to this strategy their role is still increasing. However, the author gives strong arguments to support the idea that the role of local governments is also crucial in stimulating development, and that this role should be referred to more often. In Poland after '89, thanks to the changes in the law, local governments have the real possibility to run, support or effectively engage in rural development. Moreover, their workings, as often as not, are the major impulse for positive action taken in rural areas. The author examines this on the basis of the LEADER Programme and Polish Solectwo (the basic level of the Polish local government system). This article also provides examples of the best practices (from 4 municipalities: Limanowa, Baltowa, Bodzechowa, Maslowa) focusing on the successful initiatives implemented by the local governments. The examples show that, in spite of their weakness, local governments could play an important part in rural development. They make the inhabitants aware of the fact that they are indispensable for everyday life and economic growth to the same extent as NGO's and private enterprises.

Unprecedented in recent years, international activity of Russia should become an area of more detailed analysis. Conclusion, possible to determine at the beginning of 2016, situate Russia in the ascending phase of the sine wave recovery or strengthening of superpower's status. The need for diagnosis of the state of the process requires an identification of the contemporary superpower position, as well as carrying out simulation prolongation of that sinusoid. It also requires imposing a change taking place in the identical processes of other important players in the international system. The literature is rich in a various scenarios for the possible future's shape of the international situation, which are synthetically presented, recognizing the components that can make any scenario more realistic than others. Significant seems to be the presence of Russia, in this kind of theoretical modeling. Noticeable are also concerns about the construction of its power, generating a kind of uncertainty as to the nature and sustainability of its actual superpower. ; Bezprecedensowa, w przeciągu ostatnich lat, aktywność międzynarodowa Rosji powinna stać się obszarem wnikliwych analiz. Konkluzja, możliwa do ustalenia na początku 2016 roku, sytuuje Rosję na wznoszącej fazie sinusoidy odzyskiwania, bądź też wzmacniania mocarstwowego statusu. Potrzeba diagnozy stanu tego procesu wymaga zidentyfikowania jej współczesnego mocarstwowego położenia, jak również przeprowadzenia symulacyjnego przedłużenia tejże sinusoidy. Wymaga także nałożenia na nią dokonujących się zmian w tożsamych procesach u innych ważnych graczy systemu międzynarodowego. Literatura przedmiotu bogata jest w różnorodne scenariusze możliwego kształtu przyszłej sytuacji międzynarodowej, które zostają syntetycznie przedstawione, dostrzegając również komponenty, które mogą uczynić któryś scenariusz bardziej realistyczny od innych. Znamienna zdaje się być obecność Rosji, w tego rodzaju teoretycznym modelowaniu. Zauważalne są również zastrzeżenia, co do konstrukcji jej potęgi, generujące swoisty klimat niepewności, co do charakteru i trwałości jej faktycznej mocarstwowości.

The article is an attempt to organize considerations of animal protection within the framework of the new EU development strategy. The European Green Deal is a comprehensive strategy to transform the EU into a modern resource-efficient and competitive economy, which takes into account all dimensions of sustainable development, including animal protection. Member States are required to develop and implement strategic plans approved by the European Commission to implement the new strategy. The article is of a scientific and research character. The author put forward research hypotheses and tried to prove them within the framework of the conducted analysis. First, the coronavirus crisis highlighted the importance of a robust and resilient food system and the interconnectedness of animal health, supply chains, and public health. Second, with sustainability as a cornerstone of the EU's functioning, undesirable interplay can also be observed with respect to biodiversity, climate change, and other environmental issues. Climate change can affect the emergence of new diseases, the prevalence of existing diseases and the geographical distribution of pathogens and vectors, including those that affect wildlife. Thirdly, in order to ensure high animal and public health standards and rational development of agriculture, legislative solutions at the EU level should be put in place which would contribute to the completion of the internal market and to preventing the spread of communicable diseases. This legislation should also ensure, as far as possible, that the existing animal health status of the EU is maintained and promoted. The results of the study are original and innovative, which makes them a valuable source of knowledge. ; Artykuł jest próbą uporządkowania rozważań dotyczących ochrony zwierząt w ramach nowej strategii rozwoju Unii Europejskiej (UE). Europejski Zielony Ład jest kompleksową strategią mającą na celu przekształcenie UE w nowoczesną zasobooszczędną i konkurencyjną gospodarkę, która uwzględnia wszystkie wymiary zrównoważonego rozwoju, w tym ochronę zwierząt. Państwa członkowskie zobowiązane zostały do opracowania oraz wdrożenia zatwierdzonych przez Komisję Europejską planów strategicznych, które będą umożliwiały realizacje nowej strategii. Artykuł ma charakter naukowo-badawczy. Autorka postawiła hipotezy badawcze i podjęła próbę ich udowodnienia w ramach prowadzonej analizy. Po pierwsze, kryzys związany z koronawirusem uwydatnił znaczenie solidnego i odpornego systemu żywnościowego oraz wzajemne powiązanie między zdrowiem zwierząt, łańcuchami dostaw a zdrowiem publicznym. Po drugie, w sytuacji gdy podstawą funkcjonowania UE ma być zrównoważony rozwój, można również zaobserwować niepożądane wzajemnie oddziałujące na siebie skutki w odniesieniu do bioróżnorodności, zmiany klimatu i innych kwestii związanych ze środowiskiem. Zmiana klimatu może wpływać na pojawianie się nowych chorób, częstość występowania chorób już istniejących oraz na rozmieszczenie geograficzne czynników chorobotwórczych i wektorów, w tym takich, które oddziałują na dziką faunę i florę. Po trzecie, w celu zapewnienia wysokich norm dotyczących zdrowia zwierząt i zdrowia publicznego oraz racjonalnego rozwoju rolnictwa należy wprowadzić rozwiązania prawne na poziomie UE, które mogą przyczynić się do urzeczywistnienia rynku wewnętrznego oraz do zapobiegania rozprzestrzenianiu się chorób zakaźnych. Przepisy te powinny również zapewniać, w możliwie największym stopniu, zachowanie istniejącego statusu zdrowotnego zwierząt w UE, a także wspieranie poprawy tego statusu. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań mają charakter oryginalny i nowatorski, co powoduje, że stanowią cenne źródło wiedzy.