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Relevance. The desire of organizations to reduce transaction costs and realize synergistic effects from interaction as a result of the implementation of an integration business project determines the need to develop new approaches to the targeted management of their development, which proves the relevance of this study.The purpose of the study is to develop scientific and methodological provisions to justify the participation of organizations in an integration business project based on the practical transition of the regional economy to sustainable development in modern conditions of institutional transformation.Objectives: to form an algorithm for assessing the feasibility of the participation of economic entities in an integration business project; offer a potential integration business project; consider possible options for the strategic development of organizations through the practical implementation of the provisions of the synergistic business approach and targeted management.Methodology. The study is based on the methodology of system analysis of the problems of integration interaction of business entities, considered from the standpoint of determining the possibilities of obtaining a synergistic effect from the creation of their partner business associations. The methods of system analysis and synthesis, comparative and bibliometric analysis were also used, adequate to the pursued goal and the tasks of the study structuring it.Results. In the realities of a market economy, the synergistic effect of the created business partnerships is usually considered as a matter of course. The ongoing comprehensive study made it possible to combine the productive elements of the existing practice and author's developments and, on this basis, to determine the key directions for the effective development of regulatory and targeted regulation of the processes of forming and forcing integration business partnerships.Conclusions. Integration business projects, if we consider them from the point of view of "synergy", are practically a highly effective factor in the sustainable development of the regional economy due to total compliance with all modern social, economic, political and other realities - subject to targeted management of their implementation with adequate scientific, methodological and organizational and economic support.

AbstractWe examine the impact of target management involvement as bidders in a sample of completed going‐private buyouts. Announcement‐period and long‐run target shareholder returns do not appear to be lower in management‐involved deals. We attempt to identify disciplining mechanisms in the takeover process that can explain this result. We find that target shareholder lawsuits are more likely when management is involved, and litigation risk appears to positively affect target returns. We also study a sample of withdrawn buyout deals and find that a significant number of management bids are unsuccessful, further suggesting that safeguards exist in management‐involved deals.

Critical studies on logistics and supply chain management often focus on the transformations in the organization of labor that result from an emphasis on the circulation of commodities. However, target marketing and practices of leisure-time surveillance are not generally framed as part of the shift in capital's emphasis on circulation. If part of logistical management is about the displacement of labor to the underdeveloped world, it is equally about monitoring circulation and demand in the overdeveloped. This paper argues that situating target marketing as a technology of logistical management emphasizes the importance of information in not only intensifying and maximizing the productivity of supply chains and reducing labor costs but also increasing the likelihood of a return on capitalist investment through the management of market choices. The paper begins by framing target marketing as part of the historical trajectory of the revolution in control described by James R. Beniger. I then demonstrate how target marketing provides valuable point-of-sale and point-of-interaction insights, and platform providers can wield this information to control prices and allocate advertisements as well as manage distribution and arbitrage the labor market. Rather than conceptualizing the production of user data as a form of labor in the context of target marketing, I argue that the labor theory of value is untenable for understanding the conditions of leisure-time surveillance and data aggregation. The category of labor is useful in that it highlights the exploitation of user data, but it tends to collapse distinctions between the workday and leisure-time in ways that mystify the differences in how capitalism exercises control over subjects. I then provide a close reading of an Amazon affiliated fulfillment center expose in order to examine precisely how the information produced during leisure-time surveillance intensifies the exploitation of fulfillment center labor. Target marketing is part of a larger apparatus that aggregates data for the purposes of assigning risk, differentiating prices, and managing supply chains and labor costs. It equally reinforces biases and discriminatory practices prevalent in financial institutions in order to maximize profit through the aggregation of data produced by users during seemingly innocuous acts of consumption and online attentiveness.

In the year 2000, countries of the European Union agreed to harmonise water management by implementing the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The WFD uses good ecological status as the overall goal, which is defined as minor deviation from an undisturbed state. Reference conditions provide the means of estimating water status and ecological integrity, which are the focal point of decision-making processes. When determining reference conditions, the WFD prescribes the use of all available knowledge so as to reduce the predictive uncertainties. While the goal of achieving conditions similar to an undisturbed state can be desirable, the use of reference conditions as a target creates inherent complexity on multiple levels. This thesis focuses on evaluating the implications of different interpretations and implementations of WFD reference conditions for status assessment of Swedish surface waters. Specifically, the objectives were to: (I) define the implications of different reference condition criteria and understand the diversity of ways in which the term is used, (II) compare independent estimates of reference conditions estimated using historical fish archives and biogeochemical modelling for acidification assessment, (III) evaluate recovery from acidification of acid sensitive Swedish lakes and analyse potential confounding factors influencing future management, (IV) develop empirical models to estimate historical and present temporal trends in lake total organic carbon concentrations. Together and individually these studies have developed methods and models in which predictive uncertainties associated with reference conditions have been reduced. This thesis show how multiple methods can be used to reduce the uncertainties in surface water reference condition estimates as well as presenting approaches to the use of all available information as prescribed by the WFD. Furthermore, this thesis highlight the multiple competing, but equally valid, approaches to estimate reference conditions based on knowledge from different sources. In this thesis, it is argued that representations of the undisturbed state are a moving target and greater acceptance for multiple reference conditions based on all available knowledge is needed.

This article will discuss Identity Management (IdM) and digital identities in the context ofcyberwar. Cyberattacks that target or exploit digital identities in this context gain leverage throughthe central position of IdM digital infrastructures. Such attacks will compromize service operations,reduce the security of citizens and will expose personal data - those of military personell included. Thearticle defines the issue, summarizes its background and then discusses the implications of cyberwarfor vendors and applicants digital identity management infrastructures where IdM is positioned as acritical infrastructure in society.

Project management decision rules presume that fixed and inflexible targets have been defined for the project. If a project's slack is defined as the difference between actual project performance and these targets, then these decision rules can be characterized as maximizing the probability that slack is nonnegative (i.e., maximizing the probability of meeting the targets). These rules rely on z-scores to compare uncertain performance to target levels. Following these decision rules will not always suffice for the project manager to act consistently with customer preferences. In particular, actual requirements may be uncertain or subject to change, and customers may have some flexibility. A decision-analytic approach accounting for these factors can allow the project manager to maximize the customer's expected utility. We redefine project slack to reflect the difference between performance and a random target that reflects both the customer's risk tolerance and uncertainty about the actual requirement. The z-score associated with this slack is shown to be proportional to the certainty equivalent for a project. Thus utility-maximizing decision rules in the language of decision analysis can be readily translated into z-score-maximizing decision rules in the language of project management. From this, we discuss how related decision-analytic concepts such as value of information might be applied to families of problems in project management.

Transboundary watercourses constitute an important reservoir providing perhaps the most critical natural resource essential to support life all over the world. Many governments depend on rivers straddling two or more countries to provide not only freshwater for their populations, but also hydro-electric power sources, recreation and other forms of socio-economic sustenance. The article is focused on the international legal regulation of the Zambezi River as one of the most significant international watercourse. Being the forth longest river in Africa, the Zambezi is shared by eight Southern African States and evaluates a quarter of a century of close cooperation in order to realize the Southern African Development Community (SADC) founding principles.

Experience of small businesses in Russia are just beginning their path to development. difficulties arise with the involvement of small businesses in the implementation of government development programmes. Small business in modern conditions to secure a visible prospect of development without the implementation of state support programmes. Ways and methods of regulation of development of the market economy are diverse. The total mass of the huge role is played by the program-target methods of regulation. The article describes the basic principles on the use of program-target approach to the development of a specific sector of the economy, as small businesses, designed to play an important role in getting the national economy out of crisis. The material in this publication is built from the need to maintain the connection between the theory of government regulation, practice of formation of development programs at the regional level and the needs of small businesses. Essential for the formation of entrepreneurship development programmes is to preserve the flexibility of small businesses in making management decisions related to the selection and change of activities. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2017.

In der vorliegenden empirischen Studie wird untersucht, ob deutsche Unternehmen Bilanzpolitik betreiben oder Analysten beeinflussen, um prominente Gewinnziele zu erreichen. Zu den betrachteten Zielen zählen das Übertreffen von Analystenerwartungen, der Ausweis eines positiven Ergebnisses sowie eine Gewinnsteigerung im Vergleich zum Vorjahr. In einer umfassenden Analyse wird dabei nicht nur der Frage nach der Existenz benchmarkgetriebenen Gewinn- und Erwartungsmanagements nachgegangen, sondern auch die zu Grunde liegenden Anreize ("Warum?") und die Methoden ("Wie?") untersucht. Die Datenbasis umfasst deutsche Unternehmen, die im Zeitraum 2005 bis 2009 im CDAX Index der Deutschen Börse gelistet waren