Targeted Sanctions and Human Rights
In: Matthew Happold and Paul Eden (eds), 'Economic Sanctions and International Law', Hart Publishing, 2016
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In: Matthew Happold and Paul Eden (eds), 'Economic Sanctions and International Law', Hart Publishing, 2016
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In: Economic Sanctions and International Law
In: Harvard international review, Band 29, Heft 3, S. 68-73
ISSN: 0739-1854
In: International journal / Canadian International Council: Canada's journal of global policy analysis, Band 65, Heft 1, S. 99-117
ISSN: 0020-7020
The article probes the possibilities for human rights violations made possible by the UN's use of targeted sanctions against specific individuals and groups. The author is particularly concerned by the application of targeted sanctions in support of counterterrorism measures since 2001, including the ability to freeze financial assets. The article criticizes the behavior of the UN Security Council in the wake of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, since the latter accepted virtually every US-sponsored statement of case placed before the 1267 committee. The article summarizes the subsequent negative reaction to the use of these sanctions across the European community. The author believes that this regime risks the further erosion of the credibility and future utility of the instrument of multilateral sanctions in general. In response, the UN has reformed its process of adding individuals to the 1267 list by implementing a measure of legal due process for terrorist suspects. Adapted from the source document.
In: Journal of peace research, Band 55, Heft 3, S. 404-412
ISSN: 1460-3578
Targeted sanctions are increasingly used by the United Nations (UN) Security Council to address major challenges to international peace and security. Unlike other sanctions, those imposed by the UN are universally binding and relied upon as a basis for legitimating both unilateral and regional sanctions measures. Encompassing a wide range of individual, diplomatic, financial, and sectoral measures, targeted sanctions allow senders to target a specific individual, corporate entity, region, or sector, helping to minimize the negative effects of sanctions on wider populations. This article introduces the Targeted Sanctions Consortium (TSC) quantitative and qualitative datasets, which encompass all UN targeted sanctions imposed between 1991 and 2013, or 23 different country regimes broken into 63 case episodes for comparative analysis. Adding to existing datasets on sanctions (HSE, TIES), these new, closely interrelated datasets enable scholars using both quantitative and qualitative methods to: (1) differentiate among different purposes, types of sanctions, and target populations, (2) assess the scope of different combinations of targeted measures, (3) access extensive details about UN sanctions applied since the end of the Cold War, and (4) analyze changing dynamics within sanctions regimes over time in ways other datasets do not. The two TSC datasets assess UN targeted sanctions as effective 22% of the time and describe major aspects of UN targeted sanctions regimes, including the types of sanctions, their purposes and targets, impacts, relationships with other institutions, sanctions regimes, and policy instruments, mechanisms of coping and evasion, and unintended consequences.
World Affairs Online
In: International studies review, Band 13, Heft 1, S. 96-108
ISSN: 1468-2486
In: Europarecht, Band 41, Heft 4, S. 566-576
ISSN: 0531-2485
World Affairs Online
In: International Organizations Law Review, Band 12, S. 427-447
SSRN
In: Europarecht, Band 41, Heft 4, S. 566-576
In: International journal / CIC, Canadian International Council: ij ; Canada's journal of global policy analysis, Band 65, Heft 1, S. 99-117
In: International journal / Canadian International Council: Canada's journal of global policy analysis, Band 65, Heft 1, S. 99-119
ISSN: 0020-7020
In: Strategies of Peace, S. 169-185
In: International affairs, Band 91, Heft 6, S. 1351-1368
ISSN: 0020-5850
United Nations sanctions have undergone profound transformations in the past two decades. In 1990, the UN Security Council imposed a general, comprehensive embargo on Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait. In 2015, there are 16 Sanctions Committees managing regimes that have little in common with the one imposed against Iraq in 1990. The measures imposed against Iraq were comprehensive, covering all goods coming in and out of the country, while sanctions imposed today are mostly against individuals, non-state entities and are more limited in scope. This article aims to provide empirical and systematic evidence of some of the distinctive qualities of UN targeted sanctions. The analysis identifies three distinctive characteristics of targeted sanctions. First, targeting individuals and non-state actors has permitted the use of sanctions in a wider range of crisis types. Second, the targets of sanctions are substantially different from comprehensive sanctions. Third, the form taken by sanctions is substantially different today from the trade embargoes imposed in the past. The author concludes that the Security Council should devote special attention to the designing and implementation phases of sanctions. The article makes use of the new database prepared by the Targeted Sanctions Consortium (TSC), which includes all cases of UN targeted sanctions. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)
World Affairs Online
In: International interactions: empirical and theoretical research in international relations, Band 41, Heft 4, S. 755-764
ISSN: 0305-0629
This is the golden age of economic statecraft-and the study of economic statecraft. This is in large part due to the evolution of economic coercion from trade embargoes to targeted financial sanctions. Targeted financial sanctions are attractive because they can generate economic costs similar to those of more comprehensive sanctions, with fewer negative externalities. Over time, however, the intersection of economic sanctions with globalized capital markets will provoke three interesting research questions. First, do financial sanctions spare a target country's population from negative humanitarian and human rights outcomes? Second, to what extent are financial sanctions an exercise in learning by both targets and senders? Third, will the United States' use of financial sanctions trigger blowback against US primacy in the international financial system? These last two questions offer the prospect to linking research on economic statecraft with larger questions of international security and global political economy. (International Interactions (London)/ FUB)
World Affairs Online