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Just over a century ago, a young Max Weber assumed his first professorship in Freiburg with a highly politicized inaugural lecture in which he invited the audience to follow him to the eastern marches of the Reich. There he described the Junkers' turn to Polish seasonal labourers--people with 'inferior physical and intellectual standards of living' brought in to work the sugar-beet fields. These 'troops of nomads recruited by agents in Russia, who cross the frontier in tens of thousands in spring and leave again in autumn', appeared desirable, 'because by employing them one can save on workers' dwellings, on poor rates, on social obligations, and further because their precarious situation as foreigners puts them in the hands of the landowners.' Yet these 'unviable colonies of starving Slavs' were propping up an outmoded, labour-intensive system of production, and represented essentially a 'side-effect of the death throes of the old Prussian Junkerdom'. The neophyte went on to rally the audience with the call that 'the German race should be protected in the east of the country, and the state's economic policies ought to rise to the challenge of defending it.'. Adapted from the source document.

This document, the first Deliverable D1.1 in the CUTLER project, identifies the relevant EU legal frameworks applicable to the various environmental, economic and societal data that will be used by city pilots to extract actionable knowledge supporting efficient data-driven decision-making processes. More specifically, it provides a legal taxonomy supporting the adequate qualification of the relevant datasets on a granular level which, in turn, enables appropriate and effective application of legal rights and obligations. It also provides an overview of the relevant regulatory frameworks aiming at facilitating the identification of the applicable legislation by technical partners. Given the project's focus on a broad range of datasets, the legal analysis includes an assessment of inter alia privacy and data protection (General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679/EU and the ePrivacy Directive 2002/58/EC, as well as the Turkish Data Protection Law no. 6698), public sector information re-use (PSI Re-use Directive 2013/37/EU), the relevant EU laws relating to Geo-Spatial Data (Access Directive 2003/4/EC and INSPIRE Directive 2007/2/EC) and Intellectual Property law issues (InfoSoc 2001/29 Directive, Database Directive 96/9/EC and Trade Secrets Directive 2016/943/EU). Deliverable D1.1 also examines the interplay between the notions of data protection and privacy as well as intellectual property law domains in terms of the restrictions on access to data. More specifically, this deliverable examines the legal frameworks applicable to the following categories of data: Personal data (Regulation 2016/679 and Turkish Data Protection Law no. 6698); Non-personal data (Proposal for a Regulation on the free flow of non-personal data); Electronic communications data (Proposal for an ePrivacy Regulation); Copyrighted data (Directive 2001/29); Data protected by the sui generis right on databases (Directive 96/9); Data protected by trade secrets (Directive 2016/943); Publicly held documents (Directive 2003/98); Environmental ...

Abstract:In this essay I take issue with the problem of institutional corruption. A number of scholars have recently established a discontinuity thesis, according to which an institution may be corrupt even if its members are not. Against this view, I defend a continuity thesis and argue that institutional corruption can always be traced back to the blameworthy corrupt behavior of individual agents. Certain instances of corrupt behavior spread their effects and tip in a way that subvert (and not simply violate) the public rules that govern an institution. This occurs, I argue, following either summative, morphological, or systemic modalities. I show that such a taxonomy of institutional corruption is useful for the purpose of disentangling and understanding the variety of mechanisms that generate the phenomenon. Most importantly, the taxonomy allows for a more nuanced way of attributing responsibility for political corruption, including collective responsibility. I conclude that a continuity approach offers the tools for diagnosing institutional corruption, but also facilitates the task of formulating answers to political corruption, both from a backward-looking and from a forward-looking perspective.

This article reviews changes in primate taxonomy, especially those pertaining to the meaning of the term species, since its inception two and a half centuries ago. Despite continuing discoveries and the involvement of competent practitioners, the adoption of the polytypic species concept, especially underpinned by the biological species concept, ensured that primate taxonomy was in a sorry state by the middle of the twentieth century. In the latter half of the twentieth century, a gradual rethinking of the nature of species took place, and many different species concepts were proposed. The phylogenetic species concept has been widely adopted over the past ∼20 years, sustained by a gradual realization that species are evolutionary lineages. This review provides examples of how the old way of thinking about species hampered our understanding of primate biodiversity and of how the phylogenetic species concept (or the diagnosability criterion under the general lineage concept) has clarified matters, opening them up for discussion. The adoption of this evolutionary view of species has implications for conservation, particularly because it increases recognition of biodiversity.

Observers of elections often report that voters have engaged in protest voting. We find that "protest voting" refers to a wide range of behaviors, and we create a taxonomy of these phenomena. Support for fringe or insurgent parties is often labeled as protest voting. Voting theorists have used the term in a completely different way, identifying an unusual type of tactical voting as protest voting. Protest voting also occurs when voters cast blank, null, or spoiled ballots. There are also instances when protest voting is organized and directed by political elites. Finally, several countries provide voters with the option of casting a vote for "None of the Above," which some see as a form of protest voting. In addition to developing this taxonomy, we discuss the analytical and empirical challenges confronting research on each type of protest voting.

This paper overviews the theoretical and empirical research on behavioral biases and their influence in the literature. To provide a systematic exposition, we present a unified framework that takes the reader through an original taxonomy, based on the reviews of relevant authors in the field. In particular, we establish three broad categories that may be distinguished: heuristics and biases; choices, values and frames; and social factors. We then describe the main biases within each category, and revise the main theoretical and empirical developments, linking each bias with other biases and anomalies that are related to them, according to the literature.

The Swedish Species Information Centre (ArtDatabanken, SSIC) at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) accumulates, analyses and disseminates information concerning Swedish species, habitats and ecosystems. The SSIC hosts the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (STI) and produces the Swedish Red List. In addition, the SSIC is the leading partner within the Swedish LifeWatch (SLW) consortium, which cooperates with the Biodiversity Atlas Sweden (BAS) and the Living Atlas Community. The SSIC provides an open access biodiversity reporting and analysis infrastructure including for example the Swedish Species Observation System (artportalen.se), the Swedish taxonomic backbone (dyntaxa.se) and tools for species information including traits, terminology and species determination (artfakta.se). All systems, including the SLW Analysis Portal (analysisportal.se), rely on recognized standards to ensure interoperability and consist of databases, API:s and portals. The Artportalen platform now contains >69 000 000 georeferenced observations, along with 1 300 000 images, video or sound, of some 32 000 species from Sweden. The data are harvested by SLW and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). In addition to reports from NGOs and the general public, which generate >90% of the observations, a rapidly increasing number of Swedish governmental authorities and agencies are using the platform to store regional and local species inventories collected by standardized scientific methods. There are sophisticated systems for validation and to secure data quality, and the records are used by scientists as well as by county and municipality councils as a principle biodiversity resource in environmental planning and decision making. Data concerning some species considered to be particularly sensitive to disturbance are classified and not openly available. These data can be accessed via a hierarchy of access levels so as to enable such classified data to available to, for example, environmental officers and to be used in management purposes The SSIC has just launched new API:s, modules for improved reporting of species checklists and invasive species, and a new platform aggregating the services in a single web interface and based on responsive design and specific interfaces for different users (artfakta.se). Improvements are also to be made in the infrastructure of the Swedish taxonomic backbone, which now contains data for almost all Swedish species (more than 275 000 scientific names and 62 000 species). In 2002, when the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (STI) was established, the SSIC was commissioned by the Swedish Parliament to identify all species of multicellular plants, fungi and animals in the country and to make the information available to scientists, conservationists and the public. The information is presented in the Artfakta platform and in a series of identification handbooks, The Encyclopedia of the Swedish Flora and Fauna. In addition, the STI supports barcoding activities, scientific courses and announces grants for museums and taxonomic research and inventories within poorly known organismal groups. The Swedish and Norwegian taxonomy initiatives work cooperatively to increase the collective knowledge of poorly known species and, as a result, more than 3 000 species new to Sweden and Norway have been found, approximately a third being new to science. The attempt to join forces between different Scandinavian counterparts via technical progress and to focus on digitalization and sharing information on species and communities from the same biogeographical region has proven a successful concept.

1. What Was Personhood?, Kevin Curran -- Part I. Materialities of Personhood: Chairs, Machines, Doors -- 2. Daughters, Chairs, and Liberty in Margaret Cavendish's The Religious, Stephanie Elsky -- 3. The Inner Lives of Renaissance Machines, Wendy Beth Hyman -- 4. Two Doors: Personhood and Housebreaking in Semayne's Case and The Comedy of Errors, Colby Gordon -- Part II. Taxonomies of Personhood: Status, Species, Race -- 5. Should (Bleeding) Trees Have Standing?, Joseph Campana -- 6. Aping Personhood, Holly Dugan -- 7. Race, Personhood, and the Human in The Tempest, Amanda Bailey -- Part III. Processes of Personhood: Eating, Lusting, Mapping -- 8. Liquid Macbeth, David B. Goldstein -- 9. Things in Action: Shakespeare's Sonnet 129, Macbeth, and Levinas on Shame, John Michael Archer -- 10. Edward Herbert's Cosmopolitan State, Gregory Kneidel