The article develops the theme of the sensorial border as a politic limit with which ethnographer is to deal when the access in the experiential sphere of those who intend to study involves ethical dilemmas. In particular faces the possibility that the ethnographic knowledge is not always to be understood as the overcoming of the given limits to make new contributions to knowledge, but rather as epistemological desertion in front of the risk of being a tool both of what normally is opposed, and of a cognitive device consistent with the dominant social taxonomy. To illustrate this hypothesis is taken into account the current of ethnographic research on sensitive topics and in particular will be discussed critically some researches on fascist and racist organizations. ; L'articolo sviluppa il tema della frontiera sensoriale come limite politico con il quale l'etnografo si trova a fare i conti quando l'accesso alla sfera esperienziale dei soggetti che intende studiare comporta dilemmi etici. In particolare affronta la possibilità che il sapere etnografico non sempre debba essere inteso come superamento dei limiti dati per apportare nuovi contributi alla conoscenza, ma semmai come diserzione epistemologica di fronte al rischio di farsi strumento sia di ciò che normalmente si osteggia, sia di un dispositivo conoscitivo funzionale alla tassonomia sociale dominante. Per illustrare quest'ipotesi viene preso in considerazione il filone di ricerca etnografica sui temi sensibili e in particolare verranno discusse criticamente delle ricerche su organizzazioni fasciste e razziste.
Il lavoro si propone di affrontare un problema urgente e non rimandabile: la condizione di emergenza ambientale del pianeta terra. Il fenomeno viene ricostruito storicamente, focalizzando l'attenzione sugli aspetti filosoficamente rilevanti – come, per esempio, il rapporto tra scienza e tecnica – e dimostrando la necessità di un cambiamento di rotta, soprattutto in riferimento al fenomeno del surriscaldamento climatico. A questo riguardo viene passata in rassegna una tassonomia delle etiche ambientali, dividendole tra antropocentriche e anti-antropocentriche e considerando la rilevante eccezione a questo schema rappresentata da Hans Jonas. Vengono sottolineati i problemi che incontra l'etica nell'affrontare un compito complesso, globale, a responsabilità diffusa e per il quale è difficile individuare basi motivazionali come quello della difesa dell'ambiente. Per compensare queste mancanze viene preso in analisi il concetto di beni comuni, sulla scia della sua diffusione avvenuta negli ultimi anni. Questo è analizzato nel suo sviluppo a livello di storia delle idee. Sono presi in considerazione in modo critico i contributi di Garret Hardin, di Elinor Ostrom e dei diversi rappresentati dei fronti italiani, divisi in tre approcci: quello dei benecomunisti, quello giuridico e quello dell'etica della cura. Inoltre tale concetto viene posto in relazione dialogica con quelli di bene comune, democrazia e diritti e viene proposta una tassonomia dei suoi usi che si divide in quattro modalità: economica, giuridica, etica e sociale. Infine, viene valutato in modo critico l'effettivo contributo dei diversi fronti dei beni comuni e di un loro possibile approccio integrato possono fornire a livello etico e normativo per contribuire ala difesa dell'ambiente. L'attenzione viene posta anche sul rapporto tra crisi e opportunità e sull'etica animale. In conclusione, l'approccio dei beni comuni sembra essere insufficiente perché manca di una prospettiva globale per affrontare un problema che invece la richiede come quello ambientale. Vengono, quindi, proposte alcune possibili integrazioni. ; This work wants to face an urgent and not postponable issue: the environmental emergency on Planet Earth. The topic is explored from an historical point of view, focusing on some philosophically considerable issues – as, for example, the connection between science and technology – and showing how a change of human behaviour is needed, especially regarding global warming. A taxonomy of the environmental ethics is described, dividing them in anthropocentric and anti-anthropocentric and considering the exception of Hans Jonas. Ethic has problems to face such a complex, global, and with widespread responsibility task which does not offer a sound ground for motivation as environmental protection. In order to exceed these limits, the attention is focused on the notion of common goods, which has encountered a large use over the last few years. This topic is firstly described under the perspective of the history of ideas. Then some proposals are critically examined as the one of Garret Hardin, Elinor Ostrom and some among the different line-ups of the Italian debate as the "benecomunisti", the juridical and the ethic of care approach. Moreover the notion of commons is related in a dialogic way to other concepts such as common good, democracy and rights and a taxonomy of its uses is proposed diving them into: economical, juridical, ethical and social uses. Finally the different proposals of the commons and the one of their integrated approach are critically analysed regarding the help they can offer from an ethical and normative point of view to the task of environmental protection. Also the crisis/opportunity dialectic and topics from animal ethics are described. In conclusion, the common goods approach is considered not sufficient to face a global issue as environmental emergency because of its lack of a global perspective. Therefore some possible integrations are offered.
ITALIANO: Per capire il ruolo giocato, nel pieno medioevo e in Italia centrale, dalla signoria rurale nell'organizzazione territoriale, occorre classificare e distinguere i signori laici, che non furono un gruppo omogeneo né stabile nel tempo. Ne derivò un loro variabile peso e significato nell'organizzazione territoriale. L'articolo è un primo tentativo di tassonomia dei signori laici dell'Italia centrale in base a certi parametri fondamentali (territorialità o meno dei poteri; accumulo di più signorie o loro divisione in quote; forme di interazione tra signori; qualità dei rapporti con il mondo urbano; progetti politici dispiegati). Dall'interazione fra questi parametri emerge un quadro complesso e in evoluzione continua e non lineare. Fino al primo Trecento, comunque, i signori rimasero fra i principali protagonisti dell'organizzazione del territorio, seppur in forme sub-regionalmente differenziate. / ENGLISH: To understand the role played by feudal lords in the High Middle Ages in central Italy in the rganisation of the territory, it is necessary to classify and distinguish the secular lords, who do not form a homogenous group, nor do they have chronological consistency. The first aim of this article is to create a taxonomy of the secular lords in central Italy, based on certain fundamental parameters (the rough territory of power; the accumulation of more lordships or their division into parts; forms of interaction between the lords; characteristics of the relationship with the urban world; political projects undertaken). From the interaction between these parameters a complete picture emerges with a continual, non-linear evolution. Up to the beginning of the 14th century, however, the lords remained the principal actors in the organisation of the territory, even if in sub-regionally diverse forms.
This contribution addresses, from a comparative perspective, the topic of inter-ministerial coordination of European policies, adopting a polythetic classification based on a plurality of parameters, including the location of the mechanisms for coordination, as well as the establishment of a specific Ministry for European affairs. The taxonomy is explained through the use of a straight line, on which different points correspond to each "pure" model, while on the segments the author places the real systems adopted throughout the Member States. The article also tests the theories elaborated by political scientists on the evolution of coordination systems, checking their (partial) transposition into legal sources. Recalling the essential results of the stress test that occurred with the economic crisis on the performance of national administrations, with particular reference to their resilience, the text lays the foundations for an assessment of the coordination of European policies in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. ; Il contributo affronta, in prospettiva comparata, il tema del coordinamento interministeriale delle politiche europee, adottando una classificazione politetica basata su una pluralità di parametri, tra cui la collocazione delle sedi di coordinamento e l'istituzione di un Ministero specifico per gli affari europei. La tassonomia viene spiegata attraverso l'utilizzo di una retta, su cui vengono individuati punti corrispondenti a ciascun modello "puro", mentre sui segmenti l'autrice colloca i sistemi reali adottati nei diversi Stati membri. L'articolo testa, inoltre, la tenuta delle teorie politologiche sull'evoluzione dei sistemi di coordinamento, verificando la loro (parziale) trasposizione giuridica. Riprendendo i risultati essenziali dello stress test verificatosi con la crisi economica per la performance delle amministrazioni nazionali, con particolare riferimento alla resilienza delle stesse, il testo pone le basi per una valutazione del coordinamento delle politiche europee nella gestione della crisi della pandemia da COVID-19.
The Bologna Process, the reform process of the universities after the Bologna Declaration, currently represents both a great opportunity and a challenge for librarianship schools in Europe. It is an opportunity for governments to stimulate and support the internationalization and necessary change of higher education institutions: all European nations have renewed legislation for a reform of the universities in the direction of a common architecture of courses and a better transparency of the teaching offer. It is a challenge, as it is difficult to achieve true cooperation in Europe for the overall improvement of university education. The main goal is that of allowing each student to move freely from one university to another, and be able to compete after graduation in the European labour market for obtaining a workplace. It is the first time that internationalization and quality assurance are considered together in Europe. In the Bologna Process, which has been guided by politicians up to now, the professional sectors must now become active. They are in fact responsible for constructing the so called zones of mutual trust, areas in which mutual trust is based on agreements and concrete results is created (declarations of goodwill are not sufficient). Some sectors, as for example that of engineers, have already formed agreements and projects for the internationalization of the quality assurance processes. The article analyzes the problems to be faced when constructing a quality assurance process that is both national and international, centred on the specificity of Library Schools in Europe. The question for which an answer must be found is: how can the Bologna Process improve the quality of education for information professionals in Europe? The paper focuses on the results of a survey carried out by the IFLA Education and training section in 2004. This survey describes how at the moment quality is evaluated in Library Schools in Europe. In particular: it tries to identify the aims and value of different approaches to quality assurance in Europe; a taxonomy of quality procedures in use in Europe is presented; the quality indicators used for Library Schools are defined and also compared with those at international level. ; The Bologna Process, the reform process of the universities after the Bologna Declaration, currently represents both a great opportunity and a challenge for librarianship schools in Europe. It is an opportunity for governments to stimulate and support the internationalization and necessary change of higher education institutions: all European nations have renewed legislation for a reform of the universities in the direction of a common architecture of courses and a better transparency of the teaching offer. It is a challenge, as it is difficult to achieve true cooperation in Europe for the overall improvement of university education. The main goal is that of allowing each student to move freely from one university to another, and be able to compete after graduation in the European labour market for obtaining a workplace. It is the first time that internationalization and quality assurance are considered together in Europe. In the Bologna Process, which has been guided by politicians up to now, the professional sectors must now become active. They are in fact responsible for constructing the so called zones of mutual trust, areas in which mutual trust is based on agreements and concrete results is created (declarations of goodwill are not sufficient). Some sectors, as for example that of engineers, have already formed agreements and projects for the internationalization of the quality assurance processes. The article analyzes the problems to be faced when constructing a quality assurance process that is both national and international, centred on the specificity of Library Schools in Europe. The question for which an answer must be found is: how can the Bologna Process improve the quality of education for information professionals in Europe? The paper focuses on the results of a survey carried out by the IFLA Education and training section in 2004. This survey describes how at the moment quality is evaluated in Library Schools in Europe. In particular: it tries to identify the aims and value of different approaches to quality assurance in Europe; a taxonomy of quality procedures in use in Europe is presented; the quality indicators used for Library Schools are defined and also compared with those at international level.
Opinion mining is a recent discipline at the crossroads of Information Retrieval and of Computational Linguistics which is concerned not with the topic a document is about, but with the opinion it expresses. It has a rich set of applications, ranging from tracking users' opinions about products or about political candidates as expressed in online forums, to customer relationship management. Functional to the extraction of opinions from text is the determination of the relevant entities of the language that are used to express opinions, and their opinion-related properties. For example, determining that the term beautiful casts a positive connotation to its subject. In this thesis we investigate on the automatic recognition of opinion-related properties of terms. This results into building opinion-related lexical resources, which can be used into opinion mining applications. We start from the (relatively) simple problem of determining the orientation of subjective terms. We propose an original semi-supervised term classification model that is based on the quantitative analysis of the glosses of such terms, i.e. the definitions that these terms are given in on-line dictionaries. This method outperforms all known methods when tested on the recognized standard benchmarks for this task. We show how our method is capable to produce good results on more complex tasks, such as discriminating subjective terms (e.g., good) from objective ones (e.g., green), or classifying terms on a fine-grained attitude taxonomy. We then propose a relevant refinement of the task, i.e., distinguishing the opinion-related properties of distinct term senses. We present SentiWordNet, a novel high-quality, high-coverage lexical resource, where each one of the 115,424 senses contained in WordNet has been automatically evaluated on the three dimensions of positivity, negativity, and objectivity. We propose also an original and effective use of random-walk models to rank term senses by their positivity or negativity. The random-walk algorithms we present have a great application potential also outside the opinion mining area, for example in word sense disambiguation tasks. A result of this experience is the generation of an improved version of SentiWordNet. We finally evaluate and compare the various versions of SentiWordNet we present here with other opinion-related lexical resources well-known in literature, experimenting their use in an Opinion Extraction application. We show that the use of SentiWordNet produces a significant improvement with respect to the baseline system, not using any specialized lexical resource, and also with respect to the use of other opinion-related lexical resources.
L'obiettivo del presente progetto di ricerca è quello di far luce sul tema della gestione dei prestiti integrali dall'inglese, tratto tipico dell'italiano parlato in contesti istituzionali, da parte di interpreti simultaneisti e traduttori nella direzionalità italiano>spagnolo. L'idea alla base del progetto, dunque, è quella di analizzare, attraverso uno studio di tipo osservazionale, quali strategie possono essere attivate in interpretazione simultanea e in traduzione per far fronte a un fenomeno potenzialmente insidioso quale l'anglicismo integrale. La finalità ultima è quella di poterne ricavare una serie di possibili ricadute didattiche applicabili attraverso uno strumento di libero accesso, la piattaforma Anglintrad, a disposizione di docenti e studenti di interpretazione e traduzione, così come di professionisti all'interno di un percorso di formazione continua. La fase preliminare alla creazione della piattaforma è stata lo sviluppo di un corpus intermodale, Anglintrad, composto da discorsi originali italiani pronunciati nell'ambito della seduta plenaria del Parlamento europeo, dei relativi testi interpretati in spagnolo e delle traduzioni dei resoconti per esteso delle stesse sedute. Il carattere intermodale di Anglintrad ha consentito un confronto diretto tra le strategie adottate dagli interpreti e dai traduttori a fronte dello stesso fenomeno potenzialmente problematico e ha portato alla definizione di una tassonomia di strategie specifiche per poterle classificare. L'analisi dettagliata di ogni fenomeno è stata integrata da apposite schede analitiche recanti informazioni relative all'uso e al grado di assimilazione di ciascun prestito in lingua italiana. La parte applicativa del progetto Anglintrad è costituita dal suo uso sia come strumento formativo che di consultazione. Il lavoro di ricerca si conclude con quattro originali proposte didattiche. ; This research project examined the way in which a typical feature of spoken institutional Italian, namely the use of unmodified English loanwords, was managed by simultaneous interpreters and translators in the Italian>Spanish language pair. The main idea underlying the project consisted in the application of an observational study analysing the strategies used both in simultaneous interpreting and in translation in order to cope with a potentially troublesome phenomenon like the presence of unmodified English loanwords. The aim was to extract some possible didactic implications for application through an open-access tool, the Anglintrad online platform, which is designed for trainers and students in interpreting and translation, but also for professionals within a life-long learning framework. The preliminary phase leading to the creation of the platform entailed the compilation of an intermodal corpus, Anglintrad, consisting of a group of original speeches delivered in Italian at the European Parliament plenary sitting, the related Spanish interpreted texts and the translations of the verbatim reports of proceedings. As an intermodal corpus, Anglintrad made possible direct comparisons of the various strategies adopted by interpreters and translators who all faced the same potentially problem-triggering phenomenon. This led to the definition of a taxonomy of specific strategies. The analysis of each phenomenon was then supplemented by a newly created lexical database with detailed information on the use of each loanword in Italian and on its degree of integration into this language. The project also produced a practical part, namely the application of the platform as a didactic tool and for consultation purposes, and concluded with the development of four original didactic proposals.
The morphological consequences of architectural rules and regulations have an extremely relevant impact in the determination of both architectural and urban quality. Despite that, the relationship between the normative domain and architectural practice is often overlooked, and current scientific works tend to (1) concentrate on the political, the social, or the historical dimensions of architectural normativity and (2) elaborate on norms as external to the design process. This research tackles the norm-form relationship with two aims: the first is to elucidate the role of rules in determining architectural form, as a part of the design process, rather than an external constraint. Rules that have an impact on the design process can be considered as design acts, and their agency can be judged on the basis of their contribution to design quality. The second aim is to develop an understanding of the normative traits of architectural practice, by delving, through historical analyses, in the 'modes of transmission' of normativity inside the discipline—i.e., how architects elaborate, communicate and implement the normative process as a specific part of the project itself. Architects use norms as part of the design process, which is, in turn, inherently normative. To this end, the first part of the thesis elaborates on the theoretical framework in which the question can be addressed. Drawing on Choay's work, the twofold foundation of architecture as a discipline, based on one side on Rules—notably with Vitruvius' and Alberti's works— and on the other on drawn or built Models, is investigated. Architectural normativity, namely the manifold manifestations of normativity along the process of production of space, is questioned, to build, through the use of instruments pertaining to philosophy of law and social ontology, a taxonomy of the normative ideas underlying a variety of architectural phenomena. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the interactions between architecture and the domain of state-enforced norms, to define the 'perverse effects' of existing norms in the Italian normative framework, namely effects that are neither expected nor intended, and whose formal consequences, although derived from deliberate decisions taken during the design process, is distant from the norms' telos. The third part of the thesis consists of three in-depth case studies that serve the scope to investigate and clarify the relationship between architectural practice and rules. Drawing on the notion normative model —namely a built or designed architecture invested with deontic value, explored and defined in the first part— the thesis delves into the idea that architectural artefacts can carry a deontic meaning. It shows how it is possible to conceive, within an adequate normative framework, an effective drawn or built normative artefact that is capable of solving the aporias investigated in the second part of the thesis. In the three case studies discussed, the verbal regulation acts as a reinforcement vis-à-vis the normative models, which in turn express a series of ideas that can be declined in the design process flexibly and efficiently. The work concludes that the complex relationship between architecture and normativity is determined on one side by its historical development, in particular at the dawn of the print age, where architectural drawings drastically replaced the verbal discourse as a vector of architectural information, and on the other side by the crystallisation occurred during the rise of urbanism, that articulated regulation in its current, parametrical form. While rules and regulations pertaining to the architectural realm must be intended as part of the discipline, architecture itself can contribute to the development of a more articulated and effective regulation through the exploration of the project as a normative tool.
