Suchergebnisse

Background: Medulloblastoma is associated with rare hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes; however, consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes have not been defined and screening guidelines for genetic counselling and testing for paediatric patients are not available. We aimed to assess and define these genes to provide evidence for future screening guidelines. Methods: In this international, multicentre study, we analysed patients with medulloblastoma from retrospective cohorts (International Cancer Genome Consortium [ICGC] PedBrain, Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium [MAGIC], and the CEFALO series) and from prospective cohorts from four clinical studies (SJMB03, SJMB12, SJYC07, and I-HIT-MED). Whole-genome sequences and exome sequences from blood and tumour samples were analysed for rare damaging germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. DNA methylation profiling was done to determine consensus molecular subgroups: WNT (MB WNT ), SHH (MB SHH ), group 3 (MB Group3 ), and group 4 (MB Group4 ). Medulloblastoma predisposition genes were predicted on the basis of rare variant burden tests against controls without a cancer diagnosis from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Previously defined somatic mutational signatures were used to further classify medulloblastoma genomes into two groups, a clock-like group (signatures 1 and 5) and a homologous recombination repair deficiency-like group (signatures 3 and 8), and chromothripsis was investigated using previously established criteria. Progression-free survival and overall survival were modelled for patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma. Findings: We included a total of 1022 patients with medulloblastoma from the retrospective cohorts (n=673) and the four prospective studies (n=349), from whom blood samples (n=1022) and tumour samples (n=800) were analysed for germline mutations in 110 cancer predisposition genes. In our rare variant burden analysis, we compared these against 53 105 sequenced controls from ExAC and identified APC, BRCA2, PALB2, PTCH1, SUFU, and TP53 as consensus medulloblastoma predisposition genes according to our rare variant burden analysis and estimated that germline mutations accounted for 6% of medulloblastoma diagnoses in the retrospective cohort. The prevalence of genetic predispositions differed between molecular subgroups in the retrospective cohort and was highest for patients in the MB SHH subgroup (20% in the retrospective cohort). These estimates were replicated in the prospective clinical cohort (germline mutations accounted for 5% of medulloblastoma diagnoses, with the highest prevalence [14%] in the MB SHH subgroup). Patients with germline APC mutations developed MB WNT and accounted for most (five [71%] of seven) cases of MB WNT that had no somatic CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations. Patients with germline mutations in SUFU and PTCH1 mostly developed infant MB SHH . Germline TP53 mutations presented only in childhood patients in the MB SHH subgroup and explained more than half (eight [57%] of 14) of all chromothripsis events in this subgroup. Germline mutations in PALB2 and BRCA2 were observed across the MB SHH , MB Group3 , and MB Group4 molecular subgroups and were associated with mutational signatures typical of homologous recombination repair deficiency. In patients with a genetic predisposition to medulloblastoma, 5-year progression-free survival was 52% (95% CI 40–69) and 5-year overall survival was 65% (95% CI 52–81); these survival estimates differed significantly across patients with germline mutations in different medulloblastoma predisposition genes. Interpretation: Genetic counselling and testing should be used as a standard-of-care procedure in patients with MB WNT and MB SHH because these patients have the highest prevalence of damaging germline mutations in known cancer predisposition genes. We propose criteria for routine genetic screening for patients with medulloblastoma based on clinical and molecular tumour characteristics. Funding: German Cancer Aid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Childhood Cancer Foundation (Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung); European Research Council; National Institutes of Health; Canadian Institutes for Health Research; German Cancer Research Center; St Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center; American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities; Swiss National Science Foundation; European Molecular Biology Organization; Cancer Research UK; Hertie Foundation; Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust; V Foundation for Cancer Research; Sontag Foundation; Musicians Against Childhood Cancer; BC Cancer Foundation; Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority; Danish Strategic Research Council; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication; Masaryk University; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Research Council of Norway; Genome Canada; Genome BC; Terry Fox Research Institute; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; The Family of Kathleen Lorette and the Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre; Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation; The Hospital for Sick Children: Sonia and Arthur Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Chief of Research Fund, Cancer Genetics Program, Garron Family Cancer Centre, MDT's Garron Family Endowment; BC Childhood Cancer Parents Association; Cure Search Foundation; Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation; Brainchild; and the Government of Ontario.

Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu Religion und religiöser Identität.

BACKGROUND.: Compulsory admission procedures of patients with mental disorders vary between countries in Europe. The Ethics Committee of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) launched a survey on involuntary admission procedures of patients with mental disorders in 40 countries to gather information from all National Psychiatric Associations that are members of the EPA to develop recommendations for improving involuntary admission processes and promote voluntary care. METHODS.: The survey focused on legislation of involuntary admissions and key actors involved in the admission procedure as well as most common reasons for involuntary admissions. RESULTS.: We analyzed the survey categorical data in themes, which highlight that both medical and legal actors are involved in involuntary admission procedures. CONCLUSIONS.: We conclude that legal reasons for compulsory admission should be reworded in order to remove stigmatization of the patient, that raising awareness about involuntary admission procedures and patient rights with both patients and family advocacy groups is paramount, that communication about procedures should be widely available in lay-language for the general population, and that training sessions and guidance should be available for legal and medical practitioners. Finally, people working in the field need to be constantly aware about the ethical challenges surrounding compulsory admissions.

I've been thinking a bit lately about theories of the business cycle (a lot of time for reflection in these days of COVID-19). At least, the way some of these theories have evolved over my lifetime and from the perspective of my own training in the field. From my (admittedly narrow) perspective as a researcher and advisor at a central bank, the journey beginning c. 1960 seems like it's taken the following steps: (1) Phillips Curve and some Natural Rate Hypothesis; (2) Real Business Cycle (RBC) theory; (3) New Keynesian theory. It seems like we might be ready to take the next step. I'll offer some thoughts on this at the end, for whatever they're worth. There's no easy way to summarize the state of macroeconomic thinking, of course. But it seems clear that, at any given time, some voices and ways of thinking are more dominant than others. By the time the 1960s rolled around, there seemed to be a consensus that monetary and fiscal policy should be used to stabilize the business cycle. The main issue, in this regard, revolved over which set of instruments was better suited for the job. (See, for example, this classic debate between Milton Friedman and Walter Heller). Central to macroeconomic thinking at the time was a concept called the Phillips Curve (PC). There is a subtle, but important, distinction to make here between the PC as a statistical correlation and the PC as a theory of that statistical relationship. In 1958, Phillips noticed an interesting pattern in the data: nominal wage growth seemed negatively correlated with the unemployment rate in the U.K. over the period 1913-48 (see diagram to the right). How to interpret this correlation? One theory is that when the unemployment rate is high, workers are easy to find and their bargaining position is weak, leading to small nominal wage gains. Conversely, when unemployment is low, available workers are scarce and their bargaining position is strong, leading to large nominal wage gains. Then, in 1960, Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow wrote their classic piece "Problem of Achieving and Maintaining a Stable Price-Level: Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy." Then, as is the case still now, the authors lamented the lack of consensus on a theory of price inflation. Various cost-push and demand-pull hypotheses were reviewed, problems of identification noted, and calls for micro-data to help settle the issue were made. They also mentioned Phillips' article and noted how the same diagram for the U.S. looked like a shot-gun blast (little correlation, except for some sub-samples). Then they translated the Phillips curve using price inflation instead of wage inflation. No data was sacrificed in this exercise; their "theory" was summarized with the diagram to the left. I put "theory" in quotes in the passage above because the theory (explanation) was never clear to me. In particular, while I could see how an increase in the rate of unemployment might depress the level wage, I could not grasp how it could influence the rate of growth of wages for any prolonged period of time. This logical inconsistency was solved by the Phelps-Friedman natural rate hypothesis; see Farmer (2013) for a summary and critique. The TL;DR version of this hypothesis is that the PC is negatively sloped only in the short-run, but vertical in the long-run. So, while monetary policy (increasing the rate of inflation) could lower the unemployment rate below its natural rate, it could only do so temporarily. Eventually, the unemployment rate would move back to its natural rate at the higher rate of inflation. This hypothesis seemed to provide a compelling interpretation of the stagflation (high inflation and high unemployment) experienced in the 1970s. It also seemed to explain the success of Volcker's disinflation policy in the 1980s. Nevertheless, uneasiness in the state of the theory remained and a new (well, nothing is ever completely new) way of theorizing was on the horizon.By the time I got to grad school in the late 1980s, "real business cycle theory" was in vogue; see Charles Plosser's summary here and Bob King's lecture notes here. There was a lot going on with this program. A central thesis of RBC theory is that the phenomena of economic growth and business cycles are inextricably linked. This is, of course, is an old idea in economics going back at least to Dennis Robertson (see this review by Charles Goodhart) and explored extensively by a number of Austrian economists, like Joseph Schumpeter. The idea that "the business cycle" is to some extent a byproduct of the process of economic development is an attractive hypothesis. Economic growth is driven by technological innovation and diffusion, and perhaps regulatory policies. There is no a priori reason to expect these "real" processes to evolve in a "smooth" manner. In fact, these changes appear to arrive randomly and with little or no mean-reverting properties. It would truly be a marvel if the business cycle did not exist. The notion of "no mean-reverting properties" is important. It basically means that technology/policy shocks are largely permanent (or at least, highly persistent). If macroeconomic variables like the GDP inherit this property, then a "cycle"--the tendency for a variable to return to some long-run trend--does not even exist (and if you think you see it, it's only a figment of your imagination). For this reason, early proponents of RBC theory preferred the label "fluctuations" over "cycle." This view was supported by the fact that econometricians had a hard time rejecting the hypothesis that the real GDP followed a random walk (with drift). For example, here is Canadian GDP plotted against two realizations of a random walk with drift:This perspective fermented at a time when the cost of computing power was falling dramatically. This permitted economists to study models that were too complicated to analyze with conventional "pencil and paper" methods. Inspiration was provided by Lucas (1980), who wrote:Our task, as I see it…is to write a FORTRAN program
that will accept specific economic policy rules as 'input' and will generate as
'output' statistics describing the operating characteristics of time series we
care about, which are predicted to result from these policies."And so that's what people did. But what sort of statistics were model economies supposed to reproduce? Once again, it was Lucas (1976) who provided the needed guidance. The empirical business cycle regularities emphasized by Lucas were "co-movements" between different aggregate time-series. Employment, for example, is "pro-cyclical" (tends to move in the same direction as GDP) around "trend." These types of regularities can be captured by statistics like correlations. But these correlations (and standard deviations) only make sense for stationary time-series, and the data is mostly non-stationary. So, what to do? Transforming the data through first-differencing (i.e., looking at growth rates instead of levels) is one way to render (much of) the data stationary. Another approach was made popular by Prescott (1986), who advocated a method that most people employ: draw a smooth line through the data, label it "trend," and then examine the behavior of "deviations from trend." Something like this, It's important to note that Prescott viewed the trend line in the figure above as "statistical trend," not an "economic trend." To him, there was no deterministic trend, since the data was being generated by a random walk (so, the actual trend is stochastic). Nevertheless, drawing a smooth trend line was a useful way to render the data stationary. The idea was to apply the same de-trending procedure to actual data and simulated data, and then compare statistical properties across model and data.The point of mentioning this is that no one involved in this program was conditioned to interpret the economy as "overheating" or in "depression." Growing economies exhibited fluctuations--sometimes big and persistent fluctuations. The question was how much of these observed fluctuations could be attributed purely to the process of economic development (technological change), without reference to monetary or financial factors? I think it's fair to say that the answer turned out to be "not much, at least, not at business cycle frequencies." The important action seemed to occur at lower frequencies. Lucas (1988) once again provided the lead when he remarked "Once one starts to think about growth, it is hard to think about anything else." And so, the narrow RBC approach turned its attention to low-frequency dynamics; e.g., see my interview with Lee Ohanian here. Of course, many economists never bought into the idea that monetary and financial factors were unimportant for understanding business cycles. Allen and Gale, for example, schooled us on financial fragility; see here. But this branch of the literature never really made much headway in mainstream macro, at least, not before 2008. Financial crises were something that happened in history, or in other parts of the world. Instead, macroeconomists looked back on its roots in the 1960s and embedded a version of the PC into an RBC model to produce what is now known as the New Keynesian framework. Short-run money non-neutrality was achieved by assuming that nominal price-setting behavior was subject to frictions, rendering nominal prices "sticky." In this environment, shocks to the economy are not absorbed efficiently, at least, not in the absence of an appropriate monetary policy. And so, drawing inspiration from John Taylor and Michael Woodford, the framework added an interest rate policy rule now known as the Taylor rule. Today, the basic NK model consists of these three core elements:[1] An IS curve: Relates aggregate demand to the real interest rate and shocks.[2] An Phillips Curve: Relates the rate of inflation (around trend) to the output gap.[3] A Taylor Rule: Describes how interest rate policy reacts to output and inflation gaps.I have to be honest with you. I never took a liking to NK model. I'm more of an Old Keynesian, similar to Roger Farmer (we share the same supervisor, so perhaps this is no accident). In any case, the NK framework became (and continues to be) a core thought-organizing principle for central bank economists around the world. It has become a sort of lingua franca in academic macro circles. And if you don't know how to speak its language, you're going to have a hard time communicating with the orthodoxy. Of the three basic elements of the NK model, I think the NK Phillips Curve (which embeds the natural rate hypothesis) has resulted in the most mischief; at least, from the perspective of advising the conduct of monetary policy. The concept is firmly embedded in the minds of many macroeconomists and policymakers. Consider, for example, Greg Mankiw's recent piece "Yes, There is a Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment."Today, most economists believe there is a trade-off between inflation and unemployment in the sense that actions taken by a central bank push these variables in opposite directions. As a corollary, they also believe there must be a minimum level of unemployment that the economy can sustain without inflation rising too high. But for various reasons, that level fluctuates and is difficult to determine. The Fed's job is to balance the competing risks of rising unemployment and rising inflation. Striking just the right balance is never easy. The first step, however, is to recognize that the Phillips curve is always out there lurking.The Phillips curve is always lurking. The message for a central banker is "sure, inflation and unemployment may be low for now, but if we keep monetary policy where it is and permit the unemployment rate to fall further, we will risk higher inflation in the future." I'm not sure if economists who write in this manner are aware that they're making it sound like workers are somehow responsible for inflation. Central banker to workers: "I'm sorry, but we need to keep some of you unemployed...it's the inflation, you see." There is evidence that this line of thinking influenced the FOMC in 2015 in its decision to "lift off" and return the policy rate to some historically normal level; see my post here explaining the pros and cons in the lift-off debate. By the start of 2014, there was considerable pressure on the Fed to begin "normalizing" its policy rate. By mid 2014, the expectation of "lift off" likely contributed to significant USD appreciation and the economic weakness that followed. If I recall correctly, Vice Chair Stan Fischer started off the year by announcing that four rate hikes for 2015 were in order (as it turned out, the Fed only raised rates once--in December). To some observers, this all seemed very strange. After all, the unemployment rate was still above its estimated "natural" rate (5%) and inflation continued to undershoot its 2% target. What was going on?What was going on was the Phillips curve. Here is Chair Yellen at the March 17-18, 2015 FOMC meeting (transcript available here):If we adopt alternative B, one criterion for an initial tightening is that we need to be reasonably confident that inflation will move back to 2 percent over the medium term. For the remainder of this year, my guess is that it will be hard to point to data demonstrating that inflation is actually moving up toward our objective. Measured on a 12-month basis, both core and headline inflation will very likely be running below 1½ percent all year. That means that if we decide to start tightening later this year, a development that I think is likely, we will have to justify our inflation forecasts using indirect evidence, historical experience, and economic theory.The argument from history and economic theory seems straightforward. Experience here and abroad teaches us that, as resource utilization tightens, eventually inflation will begin to rise. To me, this seems like a simple matter of demand and supply. So the more labor and product markets tighten, the more confident I'll become in the inflation outlook. Because of the lags in monetary policy, the current high degree of monetary accommodation, and the speed at which the unemployment rate is coming down, it would, to my mind, be imprudent to wait until inflation is much closer to 2 percent to begin to normalize policy. I consider this a strong argument for an initial tightening with inflation still at low levels, and it's one that I plan to make. But I also recognize and am concerned that, at least in recent years, the empirical relationship between slack and inflation has been quite weak.Now, I don't want to make too much of this particular episode. Personally, I don't think it had a major impact on the recovery dynamic. But I do think it had an impact; in particular, the pace of improvement in labor market conditions temporarily slowed. It was an unforced error (as I think other members of the Committee sensed as well).  I think the lift-off episode has contributed to a general re-thinking of the Phillips curve and the natural rate hypothesis. The notion of an economy operating at "excess capacity" has always seemed a bit strange to me, let alone the idea that excess capacity as a cause of inflation (as opposed to a force operating on the price-level). Perhaps it is time to re-visit Milton Friedman's "plucking model."  Instead of drawing a smooth line through the center of a time-series, Friedman drew a line that defined a ceiling (a capacity constraint). Shocks to the economy manifest themselves as "downward plucks" (as if plucking on an elastic band). The plucking model is consistent with the observed cyclical asymmetry in unemployment rate fluctuations. And labor market search models are a natural way to model that asymmetry. In case you're interested, I develop a super-simple (and dare I say, elegant) search model here to demonstrate (and test) the idea: Evidence and Theory on the Cyclical Asymmetry in Unemployment Rate Fluctuations, CJE 1997). See also my blog post here as well as some recent work by Ferraro (RED, 2018) and Dupraz, Nakamura and Steinsson (2019). I like where this is going! One attractive feature of search models, in my view, is that they model relationship formation. Relationships provide a very different mechanism for coordinating economic activity relative to the canonical economic view of anonymous spot exchange in centralized markets. In a relationship, spot prices do not matter as much as the dynamic path of these prices (and other important aspects) over the course of a relationship (see my critique of the sticky price hypothesis here). The observation that retailers, in the early days of C-19, voluntarily rationed goods instead of raising prices makes little sense in anonymous spot exchange, but makes perfect sense for a merchant concerned with maintaining a good relationship with his or her customers. And merchant-supplier relationships can handle shortages without price signals (we're out of toilet paper--please send more!). In financial markets too, the amount of time that is spent forming and maintaining credit relationships is hugely underappreciated in economic modeling. Search theory turns out to be useful for interpreting the way money and bond markets work too. These markets are not like the centralized markets we see modeled in textbooks--they operate as decentralized over-the-counter (OTC) markets, where relationships are key. One reason why economies sometimes take so long to recover after a shock is because the shock has destroyed an existing set of relationships. And it takes time to rebuild relationship capital.Notions of "overheating" in this context probably do not apply to labor market variables, although there is still the possibility of an overaccumulation of certain types of physical capital in a boom (what the Austrians label "malinvestment"). Any "overheating" is likely to manifest itself primarily in asset prices. And sudden crashes in asset prices (whether driven by fundamentals or not), can have significant consequences on real economic activity if asset valuations are used to support lines of credit. Finally, we need a good theory of inflation. The NKPC theory of inflation is not, in my view, a completely satisfactory theory in this regard. To begin, it simply assumes that the central bank can target a long-run rate of inflation (implicitly, with the support of a Ricardian fiscal policy, though this is rarely, if ever, mentioned). At best, it is a theory of how inflation can temporarily depart from its long-run target and how interest rate policy can be used to influence transition dynamics. But the really interesting questions, in my view, have to do with monetary and fiscal policy coordination and what this entails for the ability of an "independent" central bank even to determine the long-run rate of inflation (Sargent and Wallace, 1981).  I know what I've described only scratches the surface of this amazingly deep and broad field. Most of you have no doubt lived through your own process of discovery and contemplation in the world of macroeconomic theorizing. Feel free to share your thoughts below. 

Women's legal landmarks : an introduction / Erika Rackley and Rosemary Auchmuty -- Cyfraith Hywel (the laws of Hywel Dda), c. 940 / Carol Howells -- A vindication of the rights of woman, Mary Wollstonecraft, 1792 / Anna Jobe -- Gaols act 1823 / Ruth Lamont -- The Slave, Grace (1827) / Rosemary Auchmuty -- A brief summary of the most important laws concerning women, Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, 1854 / Joanne Conaghan -- Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 / Penelope Russell -- Married Women's Property Act 1882 / Andy Hayward -- First woman prospective parliamentary candidate, Helen Taylor, 1885 / Janet Smith -- Section 5(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 / Lois Bibbings -- Match women's strike, 1888 / Jacqueline Lane -- R v Jackson (1891) / Teresa Sutton -- A pageant of great women, Cicely Hamilton, 1909-12 / Katharine Cockin -- Representation of the People Act 1918 / Mari Takayanagi -- Maternity and Child Welfare Act 1918 / Hazel Biggs -- Article 7 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, 1919 / Aoife O'Donoghue -- Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 / Mari Takayanagi -- First women justices of the peace, 1919 / Anne Logan -- First woman to be admitted to an inn of court, Helena Normanton, 1919 / Judith Bourne -- Committee on the Employment of Women on Police Duties, 1920 / Colin R Moore -- First woman law agent, Madge Easton Anderson, 1920 / Alison Lindsay -- Foundation of the Association of Women Solicitors, 1921 / Elizabeth Cruickshank -- First woman to practise as a barrister in Ireland and the (then) United Kingdom, Averil Deverell, 1921 / Liz Goldthorpe -- First woman solicitor in England and Wales, Carrie Morrison, 1922 / Elizabeth Cruickshank -- Matrimonial Causes Act 1923 / Penelope Russell -- First woman member of the Faculty of Advocates, Margaret Kidd, 1923 / Catriona Cairns -- First woman professor of law in Ireland, Frances Moran, 1925 / Emma Hutchinson -- DPP v Jonathan Cape and Leopold Hill (1928) / Caroline Derry -- Edwards v Attorney-General of Canada (1929) / Sarah Mercer -- Education Act 1944 / Harriet Samuels -- Family Allowances Act 1945 / Lucy Vickers -- British Nationality Act 1948 / Helen Kay and Rose Pipes -- Married Women (Restraint upon Anticipation) Act 1949 / Rosemary Auchmuty -- Life Peerages Act 1958 / Supuni Perera -- First woman to hold regular judicial office in England and Wales, Rose Heilbron, 1964 / Laura Lammasniemi -- Married Women's Property Act 1964 / Sharon Thompson -- First woman High Court judge in England and Wales, Elizabeth Lane, 1965 / Judith Bourne and Frances Burton -- Abortion Act 1967 / Nicky Priaulx and Natalie Jones -- National Health Service (Family Planning) Act 1967 / Leonora Onaran -- Dagenham car plant strike, 1968 / Dawn Watkins -- First woman professor of law in the United Kingdom, Claire Palley, 1970 / Fiona Cownie -- First women's refuge, 1971 / Felicity Kaganas -- Section 25 of the Criminal Justice Act 1972 / Anne Logan -- Sex Discrimination Act 1975 / Anne Morris -- First rape crisis centre, 1976 / Alison Diduck -- Section 4 of the Sexual Offences (amendment) Act 1976 / Clare McGlynn and Julia Downes -- Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977 / Laura Binger and Helen Carr -- Davis v Johnson (1978) / Susan Edwards -- Health (Family Planning) Act 1979 / Máiréad Enright -- Williams & Glyn's Bank v Boland (1980) / Rosemary Auchmuty -- Greenham Common women's peace camp, 1981-2000 / Elizabeth Woodcraft -- Gill and Coote v El Vino Co ltd (1982) / Anne Morris -- Women and the law, Susan Atkins and Brenda Hoggett, 1984 / Brenda Hale and Susan Atkins -- Warnock report, 1984 / Kirsty Horsey -- Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985 / Phyllis Livaha -- Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority (1985) / Emma Nottingham -- Grant v Edwards (1986) / Joanne Beswick -- Section 32 of the Finance Act 1988 / Ann Mumford -- First woman Court of Appeal judge in England and Wales, Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, 1988 / Dana Denis-Smith -- Section 5 of the Criminal Law (Rape) (amendment) Act 1990 / Susan Leahy -- First woman president of Ireland, Mary Robinson, 1990 / Leah Treanor -- Foundation of the Association of Women Barristers, 1991 / Frances Burton -- R v Ahluwalia (1992) / Siobhan Weare -- Feminist legal studies journal, 1993 / Rosemary Hunter -- Barclays Bank v O'brien (1993) / Sarah Greer -- Webb v Emo Air Cargo (UK) ltd (no 2) (1994) / Debra Morris -- First woman to lead a top 10 law firm in England and Wales, Lesley Macdonagh, 1995 / Steven Vaughan -- Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1995 / Laura Cahillane -- St George's Healthcare NHS Trust v S (1998) / Kay Lalor, Anne Morris and Annapurna Waughray -- Section 41 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 / Sonia Kalsi -- Islam v Secretary of State for the Home Department, R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal and another, ex parte Shah (1999) / Nora Honkala -- White v White (2000) / Jonathan Herring -- Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002 / Susan Atkins -- Section 1 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 / Nikki Godden-Rasul -- National Assembly for Wales Election, 2003 / Catrin Fflur Huws -- Mental Capacity Act 2005 / Rosie Harding -- UK ratification of the optional protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (OP-CEDAW), 2005 / Meghan Campbell -- Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007 / Pragna Patel -- First woman attorney general for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, Patricia Scotland, 2007 / Linda Mulcahy -- Section 14 of the Policing and Crime Act 2009 / F Vera-Grey -- Radmacher v Granatino (2010) / Marie Parker -- Concluding observations of the UN Committee against Torture, recommendation to Iireland regarding the Magdalene Laundries, 2011 / Maeve O'Rourke -- Birmingham City Council v Abdulla (2012) / Harini Iyengar -- Electoral (amendment) (Political Funding) Act 2012 / Ivana Bacik -- Protection of Life during Pregnancy Act 2013 / Fiona de Londras -- R v Nimmo and Sorley (2014) / Kim Barker -- Bishops and Priests (Consecration and Ordination of Women) Measure 2014 and Canon c2, "of the consecration of bishops", 2014 / Miranda Threlfall-Holmes -- In the matter of an application for judicial review by the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (2015) / Marie Fox and Sheelagh McGuiness -- Violence Against Women, Domestic Abuse and Sexual Violence (Wales) Act 2015 / Olga Jurasz -- Section 2 of the Abusive Behaviour and Sexual Harm (Scotland) Act 2016 / Erika Rackley -- First woman president of the UK Supreme Court, Brenda Hale, 2017 / Erika Rackley -- Thirty-sixth amendment of the Irish constitution, 2018 / Fiona de Londras.

Republican Gov. Jeff Landry produced
a solid budget request for Louisiana, in a refreshing change of pace one
designed to live within the state's means rather than as an instrument to grow
government.

Overall,
the budget envisions slightly lower spending, although about two-thirds of that
fall is driven by reductions in federal dollars as the debt binge used to hose
down states with money dries up. Much of the rest comes from a decline in
statutory dedication receipts, with very nominal decreases in the general fund
and self-generated funds. In these cases, the revenue sources that fell largely
are tied into economic activity at first overstimulated by the enormous
increase in federal spending then sapped by the resulting sagging
economy slowly slipping into recession.

Thus, Landry and budget architect Commissioner of
Administration Taylor
Barras concentrated on slicing spending tied to temporary initiatives or
bonuses. For example, higher
education received about a $100 million cut, but that mostly came from non-recurring
spending outside of the funding formula disappearing. In almost all instances spending
will continue at around standstill levels.

The budget also carves out new money for certain
initiatives. Perhaps principally, even as most parts of state government will
see pullbacks in spending, more dollars will go to corrections, likely in anticipation
of swinging back the pendulum in punishment from policy changes starting with a
special session on justice matters commencing next week for the next two that look
to increase costs through sentencing that requires more jail time and reduced reliance
on alternatives like parole. Of course, health care received the biggest absolute
increase, largely because state spending in that category is held hostage to
federal programmatic rules, with this reliance increasing substantially under Landry's
predecessor Democrat Gov. John Bel Edwards.

That's the problem Landry faces. Edwards, perhaps
understanding the flukish nature of his governorship that pitted his
considerably leftist ideology against the center-right preferences of the
population and Legislature, tried to bake in as much government spending as
possible when in office, designing things to make it difficult to rein in
spending and where any economic downturn or amelioration of federal dollars flowing
into the state would produce revenue crunches that discouraged any kind of tax
relief.

This has left a poison pill for Landry, particularly
beginning in fiscal year 2026 staring next year when around $477 million in sales
tax receipts roll off the books. Even as other revenues as of now seem likely
to creep higher, that tax relief by cutting sales taxes by about a tenth
creates a budgetary headache for at least a couple of years.

It's not like insufficient revenues have been the
problem in the past two decades leading to this budget year. Rather, spending has
continued higher with general fund outlays averaging almost three percent a
year growth in that interval, outstripping inflation
over that time span by about 15 percentage points – while the state's
population increased exactly 0.5 percent. Less discretionary expenditures
through self-generated and statutory dedication funding grew even higher, while
federal funds leapt upwards at a rate over double that of general fund dollars.

Landry's task has been to corral higher spending
in order to induce the right-sizing of government dependent upon less revenues.
And the FY 2025 budget along with his handling of surpluses from previous years
give clues as to how he will approach that.

For starters, the state has a $91 million surplus
this current year that could be appropriated for any purpose. Landry wants to
have it go to justice measures, to backstop future emergency or disaster
spending, and to resolve the contentious issue of updating two-decade-old
voting machines.

With the $325 million from the previous fiscal
year, except for constitutional requirements steering money to the Budget
Stabilization Fund and to pay down unfunded accrued liabilities in pension
funds, he wants all of it to go to capital projects involving transportation,
coastal restoration, and deferred maintenance of state buildings. This explains
why the general fund contribution to capital outlay will drop 60 percent in the
upcoming budget, freeing up $100 million.

One
alternative would have put as much as possible into paying down the Teachers
Retirement System of Louisiana UAL, which would have freed considerable dollars
for local education agencies to provide educator pay raises on their own. Last
year, the Minimum Foundation Program had included these at a cost of $198
million, but the Legislature didn't accept that because at the last minute it
wanted to change allocations within it. The rules such as they are, legislators
had to budget with the FY 2023 formula that didn't include the raise.

This facilitated
a happy accident where instead of a permanent raise a stipend was given by
the state. Landry again chose this route rather than the paydown, as it
provided more flexibility to fulfill state priorities, even if outside the current
MFP formula, which the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education could alter
to reflect, that would promote performance pay and target high-need subjects.
It gives him the option to scale back next year and/or for BESE to adjust the
formula next year to account for fewer, but more efficiently spent, dollars.

In short, the effort wisely recognizes that the
state must live within its means that concomitantly acknowledges it has tried
to take too much from its people at the expense of economic development, and
sets up a good structure initially to achieve goals of right-sized government
at an appropriate taxing level. As well, it leaves open the opportunity of
future fiscal reform by not locking in new permanent programmatic commitments. The day/night contrast to the previous eight years is stunning and welcome.

New House Speaker Mike Johsnon made good on a promise to bring a separate $14.3 billion Israel aid bill to the floor Monday, saying he'll pay for it by making cuts elsewhere in the budget. This sets up a fight with the Senate and the White House, the first test for the newly minted Speaker.The White House has proposed to combine $60 billion in aid for Kyiv with $14 billion for Tel Aviv — along with $14 billion for border security funding and $7 billion for the Indo-Pacific — into one emergency spending package, a plan that has received robust support from Senate leadership in both parties, but has created some controversy among House and Senate Republicans.Johnson's alternative is "a poison pill and non-starter. It's just not the way we're going to proceed," according to Sen. Ben Cardin (D-Md.), the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. "It's got to be bipartisan. And the House has to realize they can't work on a bill just with Republicans."Johnson, who emerged from a messy battle for the speakership last week, has been a quiet opponent of every Ukraine funding bill since May 2022. But his more recent rhetoric suggests that he may be more open to bringing a standalone funding package over the opposition of some of the more outspoken aid opponents in his party. "We can't allow Vladimir Putin to prevail in Ukraine because I don't believe it would stop there, and would probably encourage and empower China to perhaps make a move on Taiwan," Johnson told Fox News' Sean Hannity on Thursday, during his first interview as the leader of the House GOP. "We're not gonna abandon [Ukraine]."Johnson, however, stressed the need for accountability. "We want to know what the objective there is. What is the endgame in Ukraine? The White House has not provided that," he said. Because House Republicans are still "working through" the conditions they want to attach to future Ukraine funding, and aid for Israel is more pressing, Johnson emphasized that the issues should be kept separate, telling Hannity that he had informed the White House that it was "consensus" within his conference that Congress needs to "bifurcate" the two issues.Some in the Senate GOP conference agree, having urged Congress to split up the proposal. Nine Republican Senators wrote a letter to leaders McConnell and Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.) making the case, and Sen. J.D. Vance (R-Ohio), one of the leaders of the effort, circulated a memo detailing what he sees as the five major areas differentiating the two countries. "The administration seeks to link Ukraine and Israel funding. This is a grave error that betrays a lack of strategic focus. Each conflict is distinct and represents a different claim on U.S. interests," the memo reads.Republicans in the Senate have largely been more supportive of Ukraine aid than their counterparts in the House, and McConnell has been a vocal advocate for Biden's plan. According to Politico, the minority leader has abandoned "his typically cautious style when it comes to aiding Ukraine, shrugging off potshots at his leadership and expending political capital for the embattled country despite a painful rift in the party." But Vance maintains that his colleagues agree that the question should remain separated from support for Israel."There's actually pretty wide consensus that we should separate Israel from the package," Vance told Politico. "Whether there are nine Republicans who are willing to break off and join the Democrats is an open question," he added, referring to the number of GOP votes that would be required to avoid a filibuster.As the Senate prepares to unveil its spending proposal, Johnson is moving ahead with funding for Israel. "We're gonna bring forward a standalone Israel funding measure," he said on Fox News. "We're gonna find pay fors in the budget, we're not just printing money to send it overseas. We're gonna find the cuts elsewhere to do that." As Punchbowl News put it, seeking such cuts for aid for Israel is "unheard of." The bill, which was released on Monday afternoon, contains $14.3 billion in money for Israel, offset by $14.3 billion in cuts to the Internal Revenue Service and the Inflation Reduction Act. By including these cuts, the House GOP is reportedly hoping to shore up Republican support and possibly push some Democrats to oppose the measure. Given the GOP's slim margin in the House, Johnson can only afford four defections if all Democrats oppose his legislation. Two Republicans have already said that will vote against funding for Israel. "I will be voting NO on all funding packages for the Ukraine war (as I have from the beginning) and now the Israel war," wrote Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-Ga.) on the social media platform X on Sunday. "This week the House will vote on $14.5 billion foreign aid package for Israel, in addition to the $3.8 billion that already passed. I will be a NO vote," added Rep. Thomas Massie (R-Ky.). "Less than 1/3 of the 49,000 people who responded to my poll today support this additional funding. We simply can't afford it."Separating the two issues could eventually complicate efforts to pass Ukraine funding, even if Johnson proves more amenable than some of his colleagues. Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.) — an enthusiastic supporter of the new Speaker — has used the fact that a majority of Republicans voted in favor of an amendment that stripped $300 million in security assistance to Kyiv from the defense appropriations, as evidence that a GOP speaker would go against the majority of his party by bringing such legislation to the floor. "According to the Hastert Rule, which Speaker McCarthy agreed to in January, you cannot use Democrats to roll a majority of the majority," Gaetz said earlier this month, "certainly on something as consequential as Ukraine."

Full list of authors: González Delgado, R. M.; Díaz-García, L. A.; de Amorim, A.; Bruzual, G.; Cid Fernandes, R.; Pérez, E.; Bonoli, S.; Cenarro, A. J.; Coelho, P. R. T.; Cortesi, A.; García-Benito, R.; López Fernández, R.; Martínez-Solaeche, G.; Rodríguez-Martín, J. E.; Magris, G.; Mejía-Narvaez, A.; Brito-Silva, D.; Abramo, L. R.; Diego, J. M. ; Dupke, R. A.; Hernán-Caballero, A.; Hernández-Monteagudo, C.; López-Sanjuan, C.; Marín-Franch, A.; Marra, V.; Moles, M.; Montero-Dorta, A.; Queiroz, C.; Sodré, L.; Varela, J.; Vázquez Ramió, H.; Vílchez, J. M.; Baqui, P. O.; Benítez, N.; Cristóbal-Hornillos, D.; Ederoclite, A.; Mendes de Oliveira, C.; Civera, T.; Muniesa, D.; Taylor, K.; Tempel, E.; J-PAS Collaboration. ; The Javalambre-Physics of the Accelerating Universe Astrophysical Survey (J-PAS) will soon start imaging thousands of square degrees of the northern sky with its unique set of 56 filters (spectral resolution of R - 60). Before the arrival of the final instrument, we observed 1 deg2 on the AEGIS field with an interim camera with all the J-PAS filters. Taking advantage of these data, dubbed miniJPAS, we aim at proving the scientific potential of the J-PAS to derive the stellar population properties of galaxies via fitting codes for spectral energy distributions (SEDs), with the ultimate goal of performing galaxy evolution studies across cosmic time. One parametric (BaySeAGal) and three non-parametric (MUFFIT, AlStar, and TGASPEX) SED-fitting codes are used to constrain the stellar mass, age, metallicity, extinction, and rest-frame and dust-corrected (u-r) colours of a complete flux-limited sample (rSDSS - 22.5 AB) of miniJPAS galaxies that extends up to z = 1. We generally find consistent results on the galaxy properties derived from the different codes, independently of the galaxy spectral type or redshift; this is remarkable considering that 25% of the J-spectra have signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) -3. For galaxies with S=N - 10, we estimate that the J-PAS photometric system will allow us to derive the stellar population properties of rest-frame (u - r) colour, stellar mass, extinction, and mass-weighted age with a precision of 0:04 - 0:02 mag, 0:07 - 0:03 dex, 0:2 - 0:09 mag, and 0:16 - 0:07 dex, respectively. This precision is equivalent to that obtained with spectroscopic surveys of similar S/N. By using the dust-corrected (u - r) colour mass diagram, a powerful proxy for characterizing galaxy populations, we find: (i) that the fraction of red and blue galaxies evolves with cosmic time, with red galaxies being -38% and -18% of the whole population at z = 0:1 and z = 0:5, respectively, and (ii) consistent results between codes for the average intrinsic (u-r) colour, stellar mass, age, and stellar metallicity of blue and red galaxies and their evolution up to z = 1. At all redshifts, the more massive galaxies belong to the red sequence, and these galaxies are typically older and more metal-rich than their counterparts in the blue cloud. Our results confirm that with J-PAS data we will be able to analyse large samples of galaxies up to z - 1, with galaxy stellar masses above log(M?=M-) - 8:9, 9.5, and 9.9 at z = 0:3, 0.5, and 0.7, respectively. The star formation history of a complete sub-sample of galaxies selected at z - 0:1 with log(M=M-) > 8:3 constrains the cosmic evolution of the star formation rate density up to z - 3, in good agreement with results from cosmological surveys. © ESO 2021. ; Acknowledgements. R.G.D., L.A.D.G., R.G.B., G.M.S., J.R.M., and E.P. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709), and to the AYA2016-77846-P and PID2019-109067-GB100. L.A.D.G. also acknowledges financial support by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (grant MOST 106-2628-M-001-003-MY3) and by the Academia Sinica (grant AS-IA-107-M01). G.B. acknowledges financial support from the National Autonomous University of México (UNAM) through grant DGAPA/PAPIIT IG100319 and from CONACyT through grant CB2015-252364. SB acknowledges PGC2018-097585-B-C22, MINECO/FEDER, UE of the Spanish Ministerio de Econo-mia, Industria y Competitividad. L.S.J. acknowledges support from Brazilian agencies FAPESP (2019/10923-5) and CNPq (304819/201794). P.O.B. acknowledges support from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. P.R.T.C. acknowledges financial support from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) process number 2018/05392-8 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvi-mento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) process number 310041/2018-0. V.M. thanks CNPq (Brazil) for partial financial support. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 888258. E.T. acknowledges support by ETAg grant PRG1006 and by EU through the ERDF CoE grant TK133. Based on observations made with the JST/T250 telescope and PathFinder camera for the miniJPAS project at the Observatorio Astrofísico de Javalambre (OAJ), in Teruel, owned, managed, and operated by the Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA). We acknowledge the OAJ Data Processing and Archiving Unit (UPAD) for reducing and calibrating the OAJ data used in this work. Funding for OAJ, UPAD, and CEFCA has been provided by the Governments of Spain and Aragón through the Fondo de Inver-siones de Teruel; the Aragón Government through the Research Groups E96, E103, and E16_17R; the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) with grant PGC2018-097585-B-C21; the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO/FEDER, UE) under AYA2015-66211-C2-1-P, AYA2015-66211-C2-2, AYA2012-30789, and ICTS-2009-14; and European FEDER funding (FCDD10-4E-867, FCDD13-4E-2685). ; Peer reviewed

Financial distress is a state where firms do not have enough proceeds to pay theirfinancial obligations while at maturity they become bankrupt. Generally, financial difficultiesare the main indicator of failure and give a signal of the beginning of the expectedbankruptcy. Thus, financial distress needs to be wary of for investor and companies. Thisresearch aims to differences in financial distress between the method of revision andmodification of the Altman Z-score pharmaceutical companies the period 2014-2018 and theinfluence of Net Working Capital to Total Assets (WC/TA), Retained Earning to Total Assets(RE/TA), Earning Before Interest and Tax to Total Assets (EBIT/TA), Book Value of Equity toTotal Liabilities (BVE/BVL), and Sales to Total Assets (S/TA) on Financial Distress onpharmaceutical companies listed on the IDX. This study took an observation period of fiveyears, from 2014 to 2018, where the number of samples used were 9 pharmaceuticalcompanies on the IDX. This study examines the regression relationship between thedependent variable and the independent variable with multiple linear. In this study showsthat the partial test results of the ratio contained in the Altman Z-score, namely WC / TA, RE/ TA, EBIT / TA, BVE / BVL, and S / TA have a positive effect on financial distress.Keywords: Financial Distress, Z-score, Revision Method, Modification Method, WC/TA,RE/TA, EBIT/TA, BVE/BVL, S/TReferenceAl-khatib, H. B., & Al-Horani, A. (2012, July). Predicting Financial Distress of Public Companies Listed in Amman Stock Exchange. European Scientific Journal, 8(15).Abdullah, A. B., & Ismail, K. N. (2008). Disclosure of Voluntary Accounting Ratios by Malaysian Listed Companies. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 6(1), 1-20.Almilia, L. S., & Kristijadi. (2003, Desember). analisis rasio keuangan untuk memprediksi kondisi financial distress perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Jakarta. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Auditing Indonesia, 7(2), 183-210.Aripin, N., Tower, G., & Taylor, G. (2011). Insights on the diversity of financial ratios communication. Asian Review of Accounting, 19(1), 68-85.Bindu, T. H., Subrahmanyam, S. E., & Bhat, M. S. (2015). Financial performance analysis of selected dairy units in Andhra Pradesh using Altman Z score model. Asia Pacific Journal of Research, I(XXVI), 34-42.Binti, S., Zeni, M., & Ameer, R. (2010). Turnaround prediction of distressed companies: evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 8(2), 143-159.Bryan, D., Fernando, G. D., & Tripathy, A. (2013). Bankruptcy risk, productivity and firm strategy. Review of Accounting and Finance, 12(4), 309-326.Campbell, J. Y., Hilscher, J. D., & Szilagyi, J. (2011). Predicting financial distress and the performance of distressed. Journal of Investment Management, 9(2), 14-34.Chamboko, R., Kadira, G., Mundia, L., & Chamboko, R. K. (2017). Mapping patterns of financial distress among consumers in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(12), 1654-1668.Chen, Y., Chen, C. H., & Huang, S. L. (2010). An appraisal of financially distressed companies' earnings management: Evidence from listed companies in China. Pacific Accounting Review, 22(1), 22-41.Cultrera, L., & Bredart, X. (2016). Bankruptcy prediction: the case of Belgian SMEs. Review of Accounting and Finance, 15(1), 101-119.Dwijayanti, S. P. (2012, Juli). Penyebab, dampak, dan prediksi dari financial distress serta solusi untuk mengatasi financial distress. Jurnal Akuntansi Kontemporer, 2(2), 191-205.Exchange, I. S. (n.d.). IDX. Retrieved from Indonesia Stock Exchange: https://www.idx.co.id/Farooq, U., Qamar, M. A., & Haque, A. (2018). A three-stage dynamic model of financial distress. Managerial Finance, 44(9), 1101-1116.Ghozali, H. I. (2014). Ekonometrika: Teori, Konsep dan Aplikasi IBM SPSS 22. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.Gunathilaka, C. (2014). Financial distress prediciton: A comparative study of solvency test and Z-score models with Reference to Sri Lanka. Journal of Financial Risk Management, XI(3), 39-51.Hidayat, M. A., & Meiranto, W. (2014). Prediksi financial distress perusahaan manufaktur di Indonesia. Journal of Accounting, 33, 1-11.Hu, D., & Zheng, H. (2015). Does ownership structure affect the degree of corporate financial distress in China? Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 5(1), 33-50.Indonesia, I. A. (2019). Standar Akuntansi Keuangan. Retrieved from PSAK 1 Penyajian Laporan Keuangan: http://www.iaiglobal.or.id/v03/standar-akuntansi-keuangan/pernyataan-sak-7-psak-1-penyajian-laporan-keuanganLeClere, M. J. (2006). Bankruptcy studies and ad hoc variable selection: a canonical correlation analysis. Review of Accounting and Finance, 5(4), 410-422.Lee, T. A. (2011). Bankrupt accountants and lawyers: Transition in the rise of professionalism in Victorian Scotland. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 24(7), 879-903.Nasser, E. M., & Aryati, T. (2000). Model analisis camel untuk memprediksi financial distress pada sektor perbankan yang Go Public. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Auditing Indonesia, 4(2), 111-130.Pemerintah, P. (2016, Juni 8). Instruksi Presiden (INPRES) tentang Percepatan Pengembangan Industri Farmasi dan Alat Kesehatan. Retrieved from Peraturan BPK: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/77336/inpres-no-6-tahun-2016Permana, R. K., Ahmar, N., & Djaddang, S. (2017, Oktober). Prediksis Financial Distress pada perusahaan manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen, 7(2), 149-166.Ramadhani, A. S., & Lukviarman, N. (n.d.). perbandingan analisis prediksi kebangkrutan menggunakan metode altman pertama, revisi, altman modifikasi dengan ukuran dan umur peusahaan sebagai variabel penjelas. Jurnal Siasat Bisnis, 13(1), 15-28.Standards, I. F. (n.d.). IFRS. Retrieved from IFRS Standarads: https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-of-standards/Statistik, B. P. (n.d.). BPS. Retrieved from Badan Pusat Statistik: https://www.bps.go.id/Sugiyono. (2015). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: Alfabeta.Trussel, J. M., & Patrick, P. A. (2009). A predictive model of fiscal distress in local governments. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 21(4), 578-616.Trussel, J. M., & Patrick, P. A. (2013). Predicting fiscal distress in special district governments. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 25(4), 589-616.Trussel, J. M., & Patrick, P. A. (2018). Assessing and ranking the financial risk of municipal governments: The case of Pennsylvania. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 19(1), 81-101.

Barbara Grabowska, Łukasz Kwadrans WIELOKULTUROWEJ I MIĘDZYKULTUROWEJ KONCEPCJІ W EDUKACJI Autorzy tekstu podejmują próbę definicji pojęć, które już od co najmniej kilkudziesięciu lat funkcjonują w naukach społecznych. Wskazują na to, że wielokulturowość należałoby traktować jako formę reakcji na zróżnicowanie kulturowe. Jednocześnie w międzykulturowości widzą możliwości integracyjne i oczekiwaną formę interakcji z innością. Swoje rozważania kończą krótką prezentacją idei pedagogiki międzykulturowej, jako subdyscypliny naukowej. Kluczowe słowa: wielokulturowość, międzykulturowość, edukacja, pedagogika międzykulturowa. ; The authors of the article make an attempt to study definitions of terms that have been around at least a few dozen years, operating in the social sciences. They suggest that multiculturalism should be treated as a form of reaction to cultural diversity. At the same time in intercultural ideas they see integration capabilities and expected form of interaction with otherness. At the end of the following article they add a short presentation of the idea of intercultural pedagogy as a scientific sub-discipline. ; 1. Barber, B. R. (1997). Dżihad kontra McŚwiat. Warszawa. 2. Bartz, B. (1997). Idea wielokulturowego wychowania w nowoczesnych społeczeństwach, Duisburg — Radom. 3. Burszta, W. (1997). Wielokulturowość. Pytania pierwsze, [in:] U progu wielokulturowości. Nowe oblicza społeczeństwa polskiego, ed. by M. Kempny, A. Kapciak, S. Łodziński, Warszawa. 4. Delors, J. (1998). Edukacja — jest w niej ukryty skarb, Report for UNESCO the International Education Council for 21st century with Jacques Delors in charge,Warszawa. 5. Durkheim, E. (1999). O podziale pracy społecznej, Warszawa. 6. Golka, M. (1997). Oblicza wielokulturowości, [in:] U progu wielokulturowości. Nowe oblicza społeczeństwa polskiego, ed. by M. Kempny, A. Kapciak, S. Łodziński, Warszawa. 7. Grzybowski, P. P. (2007). Edukacja europejska — od wielokulturowości do międzykulturowości. Koncepcje edukacji wielokulturowej i międzykulturowej w kontekście europejskim ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem środowiska frankofońskiego. Kraków. 8. Hejnicka-Bezwińska, T. (2003). Pedagogika pozytywistyczna, [in:] Pedagogika— podręcznik akademicki, ed. by Z. Kwieciński, B. Śliwerski, Warszawa. Vol. 1. 9. Idzik, I. (2004). Czy istnieje potrzeba edukacji międzykulturowej?, "Sprawy Narodowościowe. Seria Nowa", No. 24–25, Poznań–Warszawa. 10. Jarymowicz, M. (1999). Poznać siebie — zrozumieć innych, [in:] Humanistyka przełomu wieków, ed. by Kozielecki, J. Warszawa. 11. Jasiński, Z. (2005). Mezikulturní pedagogika jako pedagogická disciplina, [in:] Proměny pedagogiky, ed. by J. Prokop, M. Rybikom, UK, Praha. 12. Jasiński, Z. (2004). Od pedagogiki narodowej do pedagogiki międzykulturowej. Refleksje na progu eurointegracji, [in:] Edukacja międzykulturowa w Polsce na przełomie XX i XXI wieku, ed. by A. Paszko, Kraków. 13. Kempny, M., & Kapciak, A., & Łodziński, S. eds. (1997). Nowe oblicza społeczeństwa polskiego. Warszawa. 14. Komorowski, Z. (1975). Pluralizm — wielokulturowość — diaspora, "Kultura i Społeczeństwo" No. 2–3. 15. Korporowicz, L. (1997). Wielokulturowość a międzykulturowość: od reakcji do interakcji, [in:] U progu wielokulturowości. Nowe oblicza społeczeństwa polskiego, ed. by M. Kempny, A. Kapciak, S. Łodziński, Warszawa. 16. Kossak-Główczewski, K. (1997). Edukacja regionalna, wielokulturowa i międzykulturowa a pytanie o "prywatne ojczyzny" — zarys problemu, [in:] Rodzina wobec wyzwań edukacji międzykulturowej, ed. by J. Nikitorowicz, Białystok. 17. Kraus, B. (2000). Współistnienie wielokulturowe a mniejszości w Republice Czeskiej, [in:] O potrzebie dialogu kultur i ludzi, ed. by T. Pilch, Warszawa. 18. Krzysztofek, K. (2003). Pogranicza i multikulturalizm w poszerzonej Unii Europejskiej. Report prepared for the conference: "Współczesność a wielokulturowość: pomiędzy Sarajewem, Jerozolimą i Nowym Jorkiem", Sejny 20 April 2003 http://www.pogranicze.sejny.pl/archiwum/kalendarium/3iiii_forum_krzysz.htm (10 July 2008). 19.Krzysztofek, K. (1999). Wielokulturowość, demokracja i rynek kultury, [in:] Pogranicze. Studia społeczne, ed. by A. Sadowski, Białystok. 20.Lewowicki, T. (2000). W poszukiwaniu modelu edukacji międzykulturowej, [in:] Edukacja międzykulturowa w Polsce i na świecie, ed. by T. Lewowicki, Katowice. 21. Markowska, M. (1990) Teoretyczne podstawy edukacji międzykulturowej, "Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny", No. 4. 22. Nikitorowicz, J. (2004). Dialog kultur w społeczeństwie wielokulturowym i w działaniach edukacji międzykulturowej w kontekście integracji, [in:] Edukacja międzykulturowa w Polsce na przełomie XX i XXI wieku, ed. by A. Paszko, Kraków. 23.Nikitorowicz, J. (2001). Koncepcje tożsamości międzykulturowej jako wartości edukacyjnej społeczeństwa wielokulturowego, "Rocznik Pedagogiczny", Vol. 24, Radom. 24. Nikitorowicz, J. (2005). Konteksty lokalno­szkolne kreowania tożsamości kulturowej w warunkach wielokulturowości, [in:] Przemiany społeczno­cywilizacyjne i edukacja szkolna — problemy rozwoju indywidualnego i kształtowania się tożsamości, ed. by T. Lewowicki, A. Szczurek­ Boruta, B. Grabowska, Cieszyn–Warszawa–Kraków. 25. Nikitorowicz, J. (2005). Kreowanie tożsamości dziecka. Wyzwania edukacji międzykulturowej, Gdańsk. 26. Nikitorowicz, J. (1995). Pogranicze, tożsamość, edukacja międzykulturowa, Białystok. 27. Olechnicki, K., & Załęcki, P. (2000). Słownik socjologiczny, Toruń. 28.Paleczny, T. (2008). Meandry wielokulturowości: Oblicza pluralizmu w społeczeństwach wielokulturowych— USA i Brazylia, http://www.uj.edu.pl/ISR/kulturoznawstwo_miedzynarodowe/ publikacje/meandry.doc (10 July 2008) 29. Průcha, J. (2006). Multikulturní výchova. Přiručka (nejen) pro učitele. Praha. 30. Rubacha, K. (2003). Budowanie teorii pedagogicznych, [in:] Pedagogika — podręcznik akademicki, ed. by Z. Kwieciński, B. Śliwerski, Warszawa. Vol. 1. 31. Smart, B. (1998). Postmodernizm, Poznań. 32. Sobecki, M. (1997). Funkcja etniczno­kulturowa szkół mniejszości narodowych, Białystok. 33. Szacki, J. (2002). Historia myśli socjologicznej. Wydanie nowe. Warszawa. 34. Szkudlarek, T. (2003). Pedagogika międzykulturowa, [in:] Pedagogika — podręcznik akademicki, ed. by Z. Kwieciński, B. Śliwerski, Warszawa. Vol. 1. 35. Szymański, M. J. (2000). Od pedagogiki dla cudzoziemców do pedagogiki międzykulturowej w Republice Federalnej Niemiec — czyli modernizm i postmodernizm, [in:] Edukacja w świecie współczesnym. Wybór tekstów z pedagogiki porównawczej wraz z przewodnikiem bibliograficznym i przewodnikiem internetowym, ed. by R. Leppert, Kraków. 36.Taylor, M. (2000). "Każdy inny— wszyscy równi"— rzecz o edukacji międzykulturowej, [in:] Edukacja w świecie współczesnym. Wybór tekstów z pedagogiki porównawczej wraz z przewodnikiem bibliograficznym i przewodnikiem internetowym, ed. by. Leppert, Kraków. 37. Tofler, A. (2000). Szok przyszłości, Poznań. 38. Tofler, A. (1986). Trzecia fala, Warszawa. 39. Turner, J. (1994). Socjologia. Podstawowe pojęcia, Poznań. 40. Tönnies, F. (1988). Wspólnota i stowarzyszenie. Rozprawa o komunizmie i socjalizmie jako empirycznych formach kultury, Warszawa. 41. Wojakowski, D. (2000). Wielokulturowość pogranicza wyzwaniem dla edukacji (Z badań na pograniczu polsko­ukraińskim), [in:] Edukacja międzykulturowa w Polsce i na świecie, ed. by T. Lewowicki, Katowice. 42. Wołoszyn, S. (1998). Nauki o wychowaniu w Polsce w XX wieku. Próba syntetycznego zarysu na tle powszechnym, Kielce. 43. Żelazny, W. (2004). Etniczność. Ład — konflikt — sprawiedliwość, Poznań.

On 4 January 2011, a twenty-six-year-old Tunisian street-vendor named Muhamed Bouazizi, driven to desperation after a spate of abuse at the hands of government officials, doused himself in petrol and set himself alight. While by all accounts Bouazizi's self-immolation should have passed unnoticed, his act of defiance sparked a revolution that led to the overthrow of Tunisia's autocratic leader Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and influenced similar regional movements. Bouazizi was declared a martyr, not for Islam, although he was a Muslim, but, to quote his mother, "all of the Tunisian people."1 He was constructed as a secular figure, whose sacrifice transcended the parochial boundaries of class, religion and nationality through his single act self-destructive defiance. The framing of Bouazizi's death as martyrdom was counter to the conventional popular understanding of martyrdom in the west, which, following the 9/11 attacks on America, has been narrowly conflated with suicide bombing. The attacks led to a plethora of works written by academics clamoring to explain the phenomenon of the 'suicide martyr' to an increasingly insecure public fearful of religious extremists bent on sacrificing themselves as a martyr. In the course of critiquing all of Middle Eastern society in one broad swathe, prominent Orientalist scholar Bernard Lewis ruminated that "if the peoples of the Middle East continue on their present path, the suicide bomber may become a metaphor for the whole region, and there will be no escape from a downward spiral of hate and spite, rage and self-pity, poverty and oppression."2 Conversely, the emergence of the supposed religious phenomenon of the martyr is, in Lewis' view, indicative of the regions' historical failure to join in the project of modernization. Taking Bouazizi's martyrdom as an inspiration, my broader intent with this paper is to counter the view that martyrdom is solely a religious phenomenon, and to show how the martyr has been constructed in particular historical situations as a secular politicized figure. There is more to martyrdom than suicide bombing, and by understanding the complexity and variety of these representations, I hope to contribute to the scholarship that recognizes the maturity and depth of contemporary Middle Eastern political and social culture. Before I do so I would like to briefly outline what it is I mean when I use the words 'secular' and 'martyrdom', two terms whose definitions in popular and academic discourse are amorphous at best. While in contemporary usage secularity has come to mean almost anything not of or relating to religion, this sharp distinction has little analytical utility in the study of how cultural and religious concepts become codified in nationalist discourses. Anthropologist Talal Asad has written extensively on the conceptual linkages between supposed secular and religious ontologies, particularly in regard to the fluidity of contemporary cultural transmission and the way the modern state constructs and promotes its own legitimacy. In Formations of the Secular Assad quotes Charles Taylor, who defined secularity as the "attempt to find the lowest denominator among the doctrines of conflicting religious sects."3 Benedict Anderson placed religious communities as the conceptual antecedents to the modern nation state in his lauded Imagined Communities, arguing that individuals of differing cultures and languages would nonetheless understand each other through the shared ideographs of their religious traditions.4 Secularity then, if we are to take Anderson and Asad's arguments, is not simply a concept's state of 'not being of' or 'not relating to' religion but may also be a concept whose constituent parts can be shared and commonly understood across religions, cultures and temporal spaces. Martyrdom is one of Anderson's shared ideographs in that while different communities and cultures conceptualize martyrdom in widely divergent ways, there is a basic narrative structure that each can share in. While the term 'martyr' in English, and its Arabic analogue 'shahid', are both rooted etymologically to the secular act of 'witnessing' in a legal context,5 it was adopted as a loanword in the Christian, Jewish and Islamic traditions to refer to one who had died for their faith. It was within these faiths that martyrdom acquired a specific narrative and descriptive format. "In it's purest form," writes Samuel Z. Klausner, "martyrdom is a voluntary, conscious, and altruistic readiness to suffer and offer one's life for a cause."6 A martyr is generally presented as a hero fighting for a cause, who, although foreeseing harm done to them by their opponents, carries on despite the risk. Who can, and cannot be a martyr varies, as civilians, fallen soldiers, politicians, and public leaders have all, at one point or another, been memorialized by Middle Eastern communities as martyrs. When the son of Syrian leader Hafez al-Assad was killed in a car accident in 1990, for example, government run news agencies referred to him as a martyr to the state.7 Mohammad Bouazizi, as mentioned before, was hailed as a martyr to the Tunisian revolution. The framing of these two incredibly dissimilar figures as martyrs attests to the malleability of martyrdom, and was made possible, in part, by the reconceptualization of martyrdom as a secular concept that took place in the Middle East throughout the 20th century. In the broader study of the links and divergences between the secular and the religious in the Middle East, we must, in the words of Talal Asad, "discover what people do with and to ideas and practices before we can understand what is involved in the secularization of theological concepts in different times and places."8 By examining how martyrdom was conceptualized and formed in the modern Middle East, we can get a broader view of the ways in which the cultures of the region mediate and augment their cultural practices and respond to the ever-shifting challenges they face. ; Arts, Faculty of ; History, Department of ; Unreviewed ; Undergraduate

Eating habits develop during the first years of a child's life, children learn what, when, and how much to eat through direct experience with food and by observing the eating habits of others. The aim of this study is to get a clear picture of the Eating program Healthy, starting from the planning, implementation, supervision, and evaluation as a case study of nutrition education; to get information about the advantages, disadvantages and effects of implementing a healthy eating program for children. This research was conducted through a case study with qualitative data analysed using Miles and Huberman techniques. Sample of children in Ananda Islāmic School Kindergarten. The results showed the Healthy Eating program could be implemented well, the diet was quite varied and could be considered a healthy and nutritious food. The visible impact is the emotion of pleasure experienced by children, children become fond of eating vegetables, and make children disciplined and responsible. Inadequate results were found due to the limitations of an adequate kitchen for cooking healthy food, such as cooking activities still carried out by the cook himself at the Foundation's house which is located not far from the school place; use of melamine and plastic cutlery for food; the spoon and fork used already uses aluminium material but still does not match its size; does not involve nutritionists. Keywords: Early Childhood, Eating Healthy Program References: Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Bandura, Albert. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education and Behavior, 31(2), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198104263660 Battjes-Fries, M. C. E., Haveman-Nies, A., Renes, R. J., Meester, H. J., & Van'T Veer, P. (2015). Effect of the Dutch school-based education programme "Taste Lessons" on behavioural determinants of taste acceptance and healthy eating: A quasi-experimental study. Public Health Nutrition, 18(12), 2231–2241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014003012 Birch, L., Savage, J. S., & Ventura, A. (2007). Influences on the Development of Children's Eating Behaviours: From Infancy to Adolescence. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research : A Publication of Dietitians of Canada = Revue Canadienne de La Pratique et de La Recherche En Dietetique : Une Publication Des Dietetistes Du Canada, 68(1), s1– s56. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430591%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/a rticlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2678872 Coulthard, H., Williamson, I., Palfreyman, Z., & Lyttle, S. (2018). Evaluation of a pilot sensory play intervention to increase fruit acceptance in preschool children. Appetite, 120, 609–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.011 Coulthard, Helen, & Sealy, A. (2017). Play with your food! Sensory play is associated with tasting of fruits and vegetables in preschool children. Appetite, 113, 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.003 Crain, W. C. (2005). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dazeley, P., Houston-Price, C., & Hill, C. (2012). Should healthy eating programmes incorporate interaction with foods in different sensory modalities? A review of the evidence. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(5), 769–777. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511007343 Derscheid, L. E., Umoren, J., Kim, S. Y., Henry, B. W., & Zittel, L. L. (2010). Early childhood teachers' and staff members' perceptions of nutrition and physical activity practices for preschoolers. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 24(3), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2010.487405 Eliassen, E. K. (2011). The impact of teachers and families on young children's eating behaviors. YC Young Children, 66(2), 84–89. Elliott, E., Isaacs, M., & Chugani, C. (2010). Promoting Self-Efficacy in Early Career Teachers: A Principal's Guide for Differentiated Mentoring and Supervision. Florida Journal of Educational Administration & Policy, 4(1), 131–146. Emm, S., Harris, J., Halterman, J., Chvilicek, S., & Bishop, C. (2019). Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Intake with Reservation and Off-reservation Kindergarten Students in Nevada. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 9, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2019.09b.014 Flynn, M. A. T. (2015). Empowering people to be healthier: Public health nutrition through the Ottawa Charter. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 74(3), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002966511400161X Franciscato, S. J., Janson, G., Machado, R., Lauris, J. R. P., de Andrade, S. M. J., & Fisberg, M. (2019). Impact of the nutrition education Program Nutriamigos® on levels of awareness on healthy eating habits in school-aged children. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 29(3), 390–402. https://doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v29.9538 Froehlich Chow, A., & Humbert, M. L. (2014). Perceptions of early childhood educators: Factors influencing the promotion of physical activity opportunities in Canadian rural care centers. Child Indicators Research, 7(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-013-9202-x Graham, H., Feenstra, G., Evans, A. M., & Zidenberg-Cherr, S. (2002). Healthy Eating Habits in Children. California Agriculture, 58(4), 200–205. Gucciardi, E., Nagel, R., Szwiega, S., Chow, B. Y. Y., Barker, C., Nezon, J., . Butler, A. (2019). Evaluation of a Sensory-Based Food Education Program on Fruit and V egetable Consumption among Kindergarten Children. Journal of Child Nutrition & Management, 43(1). Holley, C. E., Farrow, C., & Haycraft, E. (2017). A Systematic Review of Methods for Increasing Vegetable Consumption in Early Childhood. Current Nutrition Reports, 6(2), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-017-0202-1 Hoppu, U., Prinz, M., Ojansivu, P., Laaksonen, O., & Sandell, M. A. (2015). Impact of sensory- based food education in kindergarten on willingness to eat vegetables and berries. Food and Nutrition Research, 59, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.28795 Jarpe-Ratner, E., Folkens, S., Sharma, S., Daro, D., & Edens, N. K. (2016). An Experiential Cooking and Nutrition Education Program Increases Cooking Self-Efficacy and Vegetable Consumption in Children in Grades 3–8. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 48(10), 697-705.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2016.07.021 Jones, A. M., & Zidenberg-Cherr, S. (2015). Exploring Nutrition Education Resources and Barriers, and Nutrition Knowledge in Teachers in California. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(2), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2014.06.011 Jung, T., Huang, J., Eagan, L., & Oldenburg, D. (2019). Influence of school-based nutrition education program on healthy eating literacy and healthy food choice among primary school children. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 57(2), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2018.1552177 Lwin, M. O., Malik, S., Ridwan, H., & Sum Au, C. S. (2017). Media exposure and parental mediation on fast-food consumption among children in metropolitan and suburban Indonesian. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 26(5), 899–905. https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.122016.04 Mc Kenna, & L, M. (2010). Policy Options to Support Healthy Eating in Schools. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101(2), S14–S18. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405619 Menkes, R. PERATURAN MENTERI KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 41 TAHUN 2014. , Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia § (2014). Mitsopoulou, A. V., Magriplis, E., Dimakopoulos, I., Karageorgou, D., Bakogianni, I., Micha, R., . Zampelas, A. (2019). Association of meal and snack patterns with micronutrient intakes among Greek children and adolescents: data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 32(4), 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12639 Moffitt, A. (2019). Early Childhood Educators and the Development of Family Literacy Programs: A Qualitative Case Study. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 96. Retrieved from http://proxy.mul.missouri.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2242479347 ?accountid=14576%0Ahttps://library.missouri.edu/findit?genre=dissertations+%26+theses &title=Early+Childhood+Educators+and+the+Development+of+Family+Literacy+Progra ms%3A+ Mustonen, S., & Tuorila, H. (2010). Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Quality and Preference, 21(4), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001 Myszkowska-Ryciak, J., & Harton, A. (2019). Eating healthy, growing healthy: Outcome evaluation of the nutrition education program optimizing the nutritional value of preschool menus, Poland. Nutrients, 11(10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102438 Nekitsing, C., Hetherington, M. M., & Blundell-Birtill, P. (2018). Developing Healthy Food Preferences in Preschool Children Through Taste Exposure, Sensory Learning, and Nutrition Education. Current Obesity Reports, 7(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679- 018-0297-8 Noura, M. S. pd. (2018). Child nutrition programs in kindergarten schools implemented by the governmental sector and global nutrition consulting companies: A systematic review. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 6(3), 656–663. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.6.3.07 Oh, S. M., Yu, Y. L., Choi, H. I., & Kim, K. W. (2012). Implementation and Evaluation of Nutrition Education Programs Focusing on Increasing Vegetables, Fruits and Dairy Foods Consumption for Preschool Children. Korean Journal of Community Nutrition, 17(5), 517. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.517 Osera, T., Tsutie, S., & Kobayashi, M. (2016). Using Soybean Products in School Lunch for Health Education may improve Children's Attitude and Guardians' Knowledge in Kindergarten. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour, 04(05). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4494.1000310 Park, B. K., & Cho, M. S. (2016). Taste education reduces food neophobia and increases willingness to try novel foods in school children. Nutrition Research and Practice, 10(2), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2016.10.2.221 Pendidikan, K., & Kebudayaan, D. A. N. Menteri Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 137 Tahun 2013 Tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. , (2015). Prima, E., Yuliantina, I., Nurfadillah, Handayani, I., Riana, & Ganesa, R. eni. (2017). Layanan Kesehatan,Gizi dan Perawatan. Jakarta: Direktorat Pembinaan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini dan Pendidikan Masyarakat Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Resor, J., Hegde, A. V., & Stage, V. C. (2020). Pre-service early childhood educators' perceived barriers and supports to nutrition education. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 00(00), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10901027.2020.1740841 Rizqie Aulianaca5804p200-169314. (2011). Gizi Seimbang Dan Makanan Sehat Untuk Anak Usia Dini. Journal of Nutrition and Food Research, 2(1), 1–12. Retrieved from http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pengabdian/rizqie-auliana-dra-mkes/gizi-seimbang- dan-makanan-sehat-untuk-anak-usia-dini.pdf Sandell, M., Mikkelsen, B. E., Lyytikäinen, A., Ojansivu, P., Hoppu, U., Hillgrén, A., & Lagström, H. (2016). Future for food education of children. Futures, 83, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2016.04.006 Schanzenbach, D. W., & Thorn, B. (2019). Food Support Programs and Their Impacts on Young Children. Health Affairs, (march). Retrieved from https://www.healthaffairs.org/briefs Schmitt, S. A., Bryant, L. M., Korucu, I., Kirkham, L., Katare, B., & Benjamin, T. (2019). The effects of a nutrition education curriculum on improving young children's fruit and vegetable preferences and nutrition and health knowledge. Public Health Nutrition, 22(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018002586 Sekiyama, M., Roosita, K., & Ohtsuka, R. (2012). Snack foods consumption contributes to poor nutrition of rural children in West Java, Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 21(4), 558–567. https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.2012.21.4.11 Sepp, H., & Ho, K. (2016). Food as a tool for learning in everyday activities at preschool exploratory study from Sweden. Food & Nurtition Research, 1, 1–7. Shor, R., & Friedman, A. (2009). Integration of nutrition-related components by early childhood education professionals into their individual work with children at risk. Early Child Development and Care, 179(4), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430701269218 Taylor, C. M., & Emmett, P. M. (2019). Picky eating in children: Causes and consequences. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 78(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665118002586 Taylor, C. M., Steer, C. D., Hays, N. P., & Emmett, P. M. (2019). Growth and body composition in children who are picky eaters: a longitudinal view. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(6), 869–878. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0250-7 Unusan, N. (2007). Effects of a food and nutrition course on the self-reported knowledge and behavior of preschool teacher candidates. Early Childhood Education Journal, 34(5), 323– 327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-006-0116-9 Usfar, A. A., Iswarawanti, D. N., Davelyna, D., & Dillon, D. (2010). Food and Personal Hygiene Perceptions and Practices among Caregivers Whose Children Have Diarrhea: A Qualitative Study of Urban Mothers in Tangerang, Indonesia. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2009.03.003 Witt, K. E., & Dunn, C. (2012). Increasing Fruit and V egetable Consumption among Preschoolers: Evaluation of Color Me Healthy. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 44(2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2011.01.002

The Lancet Countdown is an international collaboration established to provide an independent, global monitoring system dedicated to tracking the emerging health profile of the changing climate. The 2020 report presents 43 indicators across five sections: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerabilities; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. This report represents the findings and consensus of the 35 leading academic institutions and UN agencies that make up The Lancet Countdown, and draws on the expertise of climate scientists, geographers, engineers, experts in energy, food, and transport, economists, social, and political scientists, data scientists, public health professionals, and doctors.

Background. Compulsory admission procedures of patients with mental disorders vary between countries in Europe. The Ethics Committee of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) launched a survey on involuntary admission procedures of patients with mental disorders in 40 countries to gather information from all National Psychiatric Associations that are members of the EPA to develop recommendations for improving involuntary admission processes and promote voluntary care. Methods. The survey focused on legislation of involuntary admissions and key actors involved in the admission procedure as well as most common reasons for involuntary admissions. Results. We analyzed the survey categorical data in themes, which highlight that both medical and legal actors are involved in involuntary admission procedures. Conclusions. We conclude that legal reasons for compulsory admission should be reworded in order to remove stigmatization of the patient, that raising awareness about involuntary admission procedures and patient rights with both patients and family advocacy groups is paramount, that communication about procedures should be widely available in lay-language for the general population, and that training sessions and guidance should be available for legal and medical practitioners. Finally, people working in the field need to be constantly aware about the ethical challenges surrounding compulsory admissions. ; publishedVersion ; © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the European Psychiatric Association This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.