Suchergebnisse

Situational approach in management and continuous experimentation becomes a style of doing business for creators of breakthrough new products and innovative start-up companies. A company that successfully started with a breakthrough product, and developed into successful structured business, after some time, would start to lose its ability to create breakthrough new products. Internal corporate procedures and business processes, including the process of creating a new product become more formalized. Exploratory type of works at the initial stage, full of uncertainties in the process of new product development, is poorly formalized and requires flexible approach in management. Creative chaos that was on a start-up stage and that feed teams with fresh ideas disappears. Fireplace for creativity fades. Loss of this competitiveness is a serious argument to develop new approaches to arrange process of creating new products in a mature stage of business development. In the article based on experience in new product development we explore this actual problem and propose a novel approach for the passage of the high uncertainty stage, called "the fuzzy front end of innovation", to create innovative products in matured businesses.

President's bill on cooperation in local government for local and regional development and on amendments to certain laws presupposes the introduction of new forms of cooperation between local government units. These include associations and committees of local activity, teams of territorial cooperation conventions of the local government delegates at the province. Submitted proposals for new forms of cooperation of local government units should be assessed as interesting and innovative at the same time. Residents of local communities are expected even more than they were a dozen years ago to modernize the infrastructure, increase efforts to protect the environment, ensure public safety and order, as well as to guarantee a stable system of health care and education. Only municipalities that are financially and organizationally strong and that cooperate with each other will be raised by counties to better positions which consequently means development of the whole province. The recently adopted EU budget for 2014-2020 may give us the last such opportunity to use EU funds even further for development of our local and regional communities. ; Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim

People's Republic of Poland – a Sketch for Reflections about the Laicization of the StateThe intention of this text was to ponder on, and attempt to resolve questions whether and to what degree did the laicization policy and atheization campaign conducted by successive political teams in Poland after the Second World War contribute to and accelerate the Dechristianization of Polish society, a process discernible also in other Europe states. What factors (political, social, economic, cultural, etc.) favoured such processes and what sort delayed or outright hampered them? What was the role performed by the Polish Episcopate and its long-term head – Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, the Primate of Poland, who intentionally did not hasten the transference onto Polish ground of the accomplishments of the Second Vatican Council? Another significant issue involved the character and intensity of the processes in question. Did they contribute to the modernization of the state and society or, on the contrary, did they conserve their former structure?The author paid considerable attention to the mutual Church–state relations in communist-ruled Poland. It cannot be said that at any time during this period did they resemble those between partners, albeit they indubitably evolved. Such transformations were the consequence of both the internal situation and changes transpiring on the international arena. The foremost premise of all vicissitudes affecting the relations between the Church and the state in post-war Poland (the election of Cardinal Karol Wojtyła as Pope, 1978) possessed both domestic and international dimensions.

People's Republic of Poland – a Sketch for Reflections about the Laicization of the StateThe intention of this text was to ponder on, and attempt to resolve questions whether and to what degree did the laicization policy and atheization campaign conducted by successive political teams in Poland after the Second World War contribute to and accelerate the Dechristianization of Polish society, a process discernible also in other Europe states. What factors (political, social, economic, cultural, etc.) favoured such processes and what sort delayed or outright hampered them? What was the role performed by the Polish Episcopate and its long-term head – Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, the Primate of Poland, who intentionally did not hasten the transference onto Polish ground of the accomplishments of the Second Vatican Council? Another significant issue involved the character and intensity of the processes in question. Did they contribute to the modernization of the state and society or, on the contrary, did they conserve their former structure?The author paid considerable attention to the mutual Church–state relations in communist-ruled Poland. It cannot be said that at any time during this period did they resemble those between partners, albeit they indubitably evolved. Such transformations were the consequence of both the internal situation and changes transpiring on the international arena. The foremost premise of all vicissitudes affecting the relations between the Church and the state in post-war Poland (the election of Cardinal Karol Wojtyła as Pope, 1978) possessed both domestic and international dimensions.

International audience ; The paper analyses some Christian devotional objects from the excavations of 1973–1977 in the aristocratic residence of the 9th–11th centuries at the place of the medieval castle of counts of Anjou in Tours, France. Their dating has been recently revised according to the stratigraphic and chronological observations made by the research team from the French National Center of Urban Archaeology headed by Henry Galinié. The new chronology, as well as the morphology of cult objects, which is sometimes unusual for Latin Europe, suggest that the analogies to them should be searched for in the Byzantine cultural area. In general, personal devotional objects (especially cross-pendants) were uncommon in France, and the veneration of cross was under strict control by the clergy. Before 1400, all cross-pendants had been either brought to France from abroad or made at place after foreign examples. One of the crosses-pendants from Tours has a close analogy in the Middle Dnieper region of Ukraine. Probably, both objects were produced locally, being modeled after one of thecross types of the Post-Iconoclastic period, the form of which goes back to an earlier prototype from the 6th–7th century. Other Christian objects from Tours aristocraticresidence either were brought by pilgrims from Rome, represented a continuation of the local tradition going back to the Merovingian period. The author stresses that Francia of the 9th–11th centuries was not a culturally closed area. It developed its own Christian heritage using new impulses from Italy and the East. The presence of devotional objects in an aristocratic residence with clearly expressed defensive functions is characteristic of the medieval Christian communities. Finding themselves in politically and/or military challenging situation, Christian warriors usually stressed their religious status with extra number of private devotional objects and liturgical gests.

International audience ; The paper analyses some Christian devotional objects from the excavations of 1973–1977 in the aristocratic residence of the 9th–11th centuries at the place of the medieval castle of counts of Anjou in Tours, France. Their dating has been recently revised according to the stratigraphic and chronological observations made by the research team from the French National Center of Urban Archaeology headed by Henry Galinié. The new chronology, as well as the morphology of cult objects, which is sometimes unusual for Latin Europe, suggest that the analogies to them should be searched for in the Byzantine cultural area. In general, personal devotional objects (especially cross-pendants) were uncommon in France, and the veneration of cross was under strict control by the clergy. Before 1400, all cross-pendants had been either brought to France from abroad or made at place after foreign examples. One of the crosses-pendants from Tours has a close analogy in the Middle Dnieper region of Ukraine. Probably, both objects were produced locally, being modeled after one of thecross types of the Post-Iconoclastic period, the form of which goes back to an earlier prototype from the 6th–7th century. Other Christian objects from Tours aristocraticresidence either were brought by pilgrims from Rome, represented a continuation of the local tradition going back to the Merovingian period. The author stresses that Francia of the 9th–11th centuries was not a culturally closed area. It developed its own Christian heritage using new impulses from Italy and the East. The presence of devotional objects in an aristocratic residence with clearly expressed defensive functions is characteristic of the medieval Christian communities. Finding themselves in politically and/or military challenging situation, Christian warriors usually stressed their religious status with extra number of private devotional objects and liturgical gests.

The article deals with the problem of uncertainty in social interaction and its various forms in the transforming Ukrainian society. We pay special attention to the unstructured status of this society, to setting up a new type of social reality and its negative character, to versions of trust, levels of trust and mistrust in individuals and organizations.We make use of the outcomes of social survey held in 26 oblasts of the country in 2012 by the Institute of Sociology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine by the team led by V.M. Vorona, FNAS (a sample of 1800 respondents). The survey data revealed a negative trend in the change of all features of social reality. The majority of respondents see Ukrainian society as rapidly changing, unstable and chaotic. Levels of trust are determined by the degree of affinity (kinship, business relations or singlemindedness) in social interactions, accompanied by a fall in the level of trust in all political institutions and law enforcement agencies.We conclude that Ukraine showcases a variety of forms of uncertainty manifestation in a transforming society, and that in Ukrainian society the level of trust is the lowest in Europe. This is due to both general factors (globalization, crisis, level of economic development, political stability) and those specific for Ukraine. Overall, the decrease of trust is typical for European societies. ; В статье рассматривается проблема неопределенности в социальных взаимодействиях, различные формы проявления неопределенности в трансформирующемся обществе Украины. Обращается внимание на неструктурированность украинского общества, создание нового типа социальной реальности, ее негативный характер, разновидности доверия, уровень доверия и недоверия личностям и организациям. В статье использованы результаты социологического исследования, проведенного в 26 областях Украины в 2012 г. Институтом социологии Академии наук Украины под руководством академика В. М. Вороны (выборка 1800 чел.). Данные исследований позволяют отмечать негативную тенденцию изменения всех без исключения характеристик социальной реальности. В сознании большинства респондентов доминирует представление об украинском обществе как быстро меняющемся, неустойчивом, беспорядочном. Уровень доверия в украинском обществе определяется степенью близости (родственной, деловой и духовной) в социальных взаимодействиях при снижении уровня доверия ко всем политическим институтам и правоохранительным органам.Делается вывод о том, что Украина демонстрирует многообразие форм проявления неопределенности в трансформирующемся обществе, а уровень доверия в украинском обществе является самым низким в Европе. Это свидетельствует о влиянии не только общих факторов (глобализации, кризиса, уровня экономического развития, политической стабильности), но и специфических условий историко-культурного развития страны, поскольку в целом снижение доверия — общая тенденция для европейских обществ.

The paper describes a conception of intelligent transport systems and reveals their benefit in solution of various tasks: road traffic safety, speed increase, ecology improvement, relief of urban territories, comfort improvement and others. The intelligent transport systems cover all types of transport and consider all the elements of transportation system: transport facilities, infrastructure, dynamically interаctive drivers or users. The information is considered as a basis of the intelligent transport systems, whether we have statistic or operational transportation data or a digital map. Data obtained with the help of such systems can provide real-time information on current situation in the network or on-line information in order to plan a road trip. In addition to the mentioned capabilities of the intelligent transport systems in respect of solution of modern transport problems the paper considers comfort factors and also their technologies, logical and physical architecture, productivity and operational efficiency.The paper provides an analysis on the development of the intelligent transport systems in the world: the USA, European Union and Russia. The initial stage for creation of the intelligent transport systems has been characterized with due account of the experience of various countries. The paper describes myths and realities pertaining to formation of such systems in the countries with transition economy. Peculiar features concerning development of the intelligent transport systems in Belarus have been analyzed in the paper. The paper presents recommendations on practical steps for establishing the Belarusian intelligent transport system. The main problem in creation of the intelligent transport systems is not technical issue but an institutional one. It is necessary to combine efforts of state, research, industrial, commercial, academic structures in the united team. ; В статье расшифровано понятие интеллектуальных транспортных систем, показана их выгода в решении различных задач: безопасности движения, увеличения скорости, улучшения экологии, разгрузки городских территорий, повышения комфорта и др. Интеллектуальные транспортные системы охватывают все виды транспорта и элементы системы транспортировки: транспортные средства, инфраструктуру, динамически взаимодействующих водителей или пользователей. Информация составляет основу интеллектуальных транспортных систем, будь то статические или оперативные транспортные данные или цифровые карты. Такие системы могут предоставить информацию в реальном времени о текущих положениях в сети или онлайн-информацию для планирования поездки. Кроме перечисленных возможностей интеллектуальных транспортных систем в решении современных транспортных проблем, рассмотрены факторы комфорта, а также их технологии, логическая и физическая архитектура, производительность и эксплуатационная эффективность.Проведен анализ развития интеллектуальных транспортных систем в мире: в США, Европейском союзе и России. Охарактеризован начальный этап создания интеллектуальных транспортных систем по опыту различных государств, описаны мифы и реалии формирования таких систем в странах с переходной экономикой. Проанализированы особенности развития интеллектуальных транспортных систем в Беларуси, даны рекомендации о практических шагах по созданию белорусской интеллектуальной транспортной системы. Для Беларуси при создании интеллектуальных транспортных систем основной является не техническая, а институциональная проблема. Необходимо объединить усилия государственных, научных, производственных, коммерческих и академических структур в единую команду для ее решения.

Аbstract. The aim of the article is to consider the possibilities of use of case technologies in educational process of the university; to prove the efficiency and perspectivity of the given method while training the future expertsprofessionalsMethods. Retrospective and abstract analyses of the scientific-theoretical and practical literature are used while describing the history of development of case-study technology and its didactic possibilities. Test materials are used as the measuring tool of dynamics of informative activity of students, changes of level of their knowledge and abilities in the process of skilled-experimental work.Results and scientific novelty. The way of formation of concept «case technology» is shown; examples of various approaches to understanding of the given method are given; author's experience of research of the given problem is described; stages of work with case technology are allocated. It is experimentally proved that case technologies not only help to fix subject knowledge, to find professional the competence, but also promote development of creative thinking, and form skills of behaviour in a group: abilities to operate in a team, to state and defend the point of view, to listen, to carry on dialogue, to ask questions, to operate with the knowledge, building logic schemes of the problem solution. Besides, during the training period using a case technology students study independent ways of knowledge acquisition which are necessary for the modern professional in constantly ever-changing economic and social realities.The case method reveals creative potential, learns to think and operate differently not only students, but also teachers. This method promotes democratisation of educational process, formation of teachers' progressive thinking, raises motivation of pedagogical activity.Practical significance. The article provides conclusions and recommendations for the use of case technologies in the educational process at the university. ; Цель. В статье рассматриваются возможности применения кейс-технологий в учебном процессе вуза и доказывается эффективность и перспективность данного метода при обучении будущих специалистов-профессионалов. Методы. При описании истории развития case-study и его дидактических возможностей использовались ретроспективный и реферативный анализ научно-теоретической и практической литературы. В процессе опытно-экспериментальной работы измерительным инструментом динамики познавательной активности студентов, изменений уровня их знаний и умений были тестовые материалы. Результаты и научная новизна. Показан путь становления понятия «кейстехнология»; приводятся примеры различных подходов к пониманию данного метода; описан авторский опыт исследования данной проблемы, в частности выделены этапы работы с кейсом. Опытно-экспериментальным путем доказывается, что кейс-технологии не только помогают закрепить предметные знания, обрести профессиональные компетенции, но и способствуют развитию креативного мышления, формируют навыки поведения в коллективе, умения действовать в команде, высказывать и отстаивать свою точку зрения, слушать, вести диалог, задавать вопросы, оперировать своими знаниями, выстраивая логические схемы решения проблемы. Кроме того, во время работы с кейсом студенты учатся самостоятельным способам пополнения своих знаний, что необходимо современному профессионалу в постоянно меняющихся экономических и социальных реалиях. Кейс-метод раскрывает творческий потенциал, учит думать и действовать по-иному не только студентов, но и педагога. Этот метод способствует демократизации учебного процесса, формированию у преподавателей прогрессивного мышления, повышает мотивацию педагогической деятельности. Практическая значимость. Даны рекомендации по использованию кейстехнологий в учебном процессе вуза.

Object of research is foreign and native experience of creating technoparks that have emerged during the transition to the information society in the last 25–30 years and the differences of technoparks as a new model of innovative environment from other models of previous eras.The goals of research are the identification of the nature and development of conceptual architectural design technology parks, adequate for Ukraine.Problem situation.In the transition to the information society, the role of people engaged in the intellectual creative activity is increasing. Science, knowledge and education are the leading branches of production of the new society. The main and most valuable products are the innovations in various forms. For their appearance it is essential to create a special environment of their production, original garden incubator, which would generate multidisciplinary job (synergy), knowledge and elements of scientific production, with the synthesis functions, replacing each other. However, the models proposed and implemented in Ukraine and Russia represent the modernization of the old forms of innovative environment, they are modified new conditions, and not the actual technoparks. Technoparks are distinguished with compactness, applied nature of research, temporary teams, cluster locality, modularity, flexibility, openness and accessibility for everybody, environmental friendliness, availability of parks and exhibition and educational complexes, unique architectural design.Conclusion.1. Technopark is a special type of innovation environment, "park", where socially significant new ideas and knowledge for the whole society are "grown", and its products are distributed freely and openly. Technoparks are an incentive fulfillment and development of the nation's intellect. The creation of small and medium–sized (in scope and cost) organizations to develop competitive high–tech products in the form of industrial parks will help Ukraine to survive the crisis and compete in the global market.2. "Fruits" of technology parks are the intellectual products in the form of IT, new technologies which are intended for use in management, production, education, social services and do not require a strong industrial base, huge material and human resources on the development stage. For a rapid distribution of technology parks in Ukraine support is needed from central and local government, academia, businesses and investors to develop the legal framework, PR — support.3. Research of technoparks belongs rather to the application level of science, practical knowledge and technology, but has a broad basis for the introduction and spread. "Technopark" is a holistic system of open, organic synthesis of ties and relations of innovative research and society on the principles and foundations that were not previously used.4. Technoparks work as independent innovation systems, while cooperating as partners with other types of innovative environments: universities, research institutes, NPK, TNK, NPP, international research centers and the International Funds and all comers. Industrial parks may represent a part of a larger creation as a structural unit, but in that case, they should maintain their autonomy and all the features of Technopark, otherwise they lose their essence.5. Architectural design of Technopark is intended to reflect by the means of expression the concept and the role of technology parks in the innovative development of society and embody its distinctive features. Architectural image of Technopark should be memorable and holistic. With all the diversity of technology parks, there are two basic universal features of architectural models: uniqueness and dynamism.6. Each industrial park is a unique architectural complex system of internal and external relations (modules) using the conditions of given territory, region and contributing to its further development. Technopark is autonomous self–functioning, open, flexible and mobile system that responds promptly to requests from business, education, government and society, which in turn determines the architectural design principles and development of industrial parks. ; Проанализирован зарубежный и отечественный опыт создания технопарков, появившихся в постиндустриальных странах в последние 25–30 лет. Разработана авторская концепция сущности и принципы универсальной модели технопарков с точки зрения архитектуры, адекватная для украинского общества. ; Проаналізовано зарубіжний та вітчизняний досвід створення технопарків, які з'явилися у постіндустріальних країнах в останні 25–30 років. Розроблено авторську концепцію сутності та принципи універсальної моделі технопарків з точки зору архітектури, адекватну для українського суспільства.

The article provides an overview of existing research of the manifestations of archaization and neo-traditionalism in the regions which are part of the Volga Federal District (Ulyanovsk, Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Penza, Saratov oblasts, the Republics of Bashkortostan, Mari El, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, and Perm Krai). The selection and systematization of literature is being done by a research team from the Institute of Fundamental and Applied Studies, Moscow University for the Humanities, in partnership with colleagues from other research centers throughout Russia. The materials are published as part of the research database "Russian Models of Archaization and Neo-traditionalism in the Conditions of Modernization" (www.neoregion.ru).In the Volga Federal District, like in the rest of the country, social transformation began in the 1990s. Tatarstan has been known for the most conspicuous effort to change the federal relations. A significant rise in regional identification has been observed here, with the structures of power undergoing "Tatarization" followed by "clanization". A similar picture could be noted in other regions as well.Among the archaization trends developing under the conditions of modernization, we have singled out the prevalence of family self-government rather than the social one. Religious archaization in the regions of the Volga District was especially conspicuous in the areas where early forms of religious beliefs have always prevailed, e.g. among the Finnic (Mordva, Mari, Udmurts) and Turkic (Chuvashes, Kriashens) peoples.The archaic religious practices that have been preserved until now have formed the basis of neo-traditionalist religious forms. The religious beliefs of the Volga peoples have been centered around two main foci: an agrarian cult linked to rural communities and the family/tribal cult of ancestors. Nevertheless, the Russian Orthodox Church has come to be the overall dominating power in the region.An upsurge in politicized ethnic identity that began in the early 1990s has demanded that the regional elites come up with new ideological constructs. A search for pre-Islamic traditions has commenced, mostly taking the shape of folk history.Ideas of neo-traditionalism are being actively developed by scholars and artists in Russia's ethnic republics; they get the support of regional governments and find their way into ethnic festivals. Among the Russian population of the ethnic republics, the folk traditions of the agricultural year are gaining a second life. ; В статье представлен обзор научных исследований проявлений архаизации и неотрадиционализма в регионах Приволжского федерального округа России (республики Башкортостан, Марий Эл, Мордовия, Татарстан, Удмуртия, Чувашская; Ульяновская, Кировская, Нижегородская, Оренбургская, Самарская, Пензенская, Саратовская области и Пермский край). Сбор литературы и ее систематизация производятся исследовательским коллективом Института фундаментальных и прикладных исследований Московского гуманитарного университета в сотрудничестве с коллегами из других научных центров страны. Материалы размещены в научно-исследовательской базе данных «Российские модели архаизации и неотрадиционализма в условиях модернизации» (www.neoregion.ru).Социально-трансформационные процессы здесь, как и по всей стране, развернулись в 1990-е годы. При этом наиболее заметную в масштабах страны инициативу политических преобразований по линии федеративных отношений взял на себя Татарстан. Было зафиксировано существенное усиление регионального самосознания у населения республики. При этом властные структуры сначала претерпели «татаризацию», а затем «клановизацию». Аналогичная картина и в других регионах.Среди архаизационных тенденций, развернувшихся в условиях модернизации, авторы выделили тенденции преобладания семейного самоуправления над социальным. Религиозная архаизация в регионах округа особенно стала заметна там, где ранние формы религиозных верований бытовали всегда, например у финноязычных (мордва, мари, удмурты) и тюркоязычных (чуваши, кряшены) народов.Сохранившиеся архаические религиозные практики составили основу религиозной формы неотрадиционализма. Верования народов Поволжья развивались вокруг двух главных стержней: аграрного культа, связанного с сельскообщинной организацией, и семейно-родового культа предков. Тем не менее в регионе в целом доминирует влияние Русской православной церкви.Всплеск политизированной этничности с начала 1990-х годов требовал у региональных элит новых идеологических конструктов, развернулись поиски доисламских традиций, в основном в жанре фольк-хистори.Идеи неотрадиционализма активно развиваются научной, творческой интеллигенцией национальных республик, поддержаны правительствами и реализуются в форме национальных праздников. Вторую жизнь обрели обрядовые традиции весенне-летнего цикла в среде русского населения национальных республик.

In the current global crisis, a fall in living standards and the obvious narrowing of the window of opportunities for the young, in almost all parts of the world (Middle East, North Africa, Europe and the former Soviet Union) have forced many self-organizational processes among youth to take a radical turnover. The contemporary trends of individualization and emancipation of the social subject, setting oneself free from various restrictions and expanding the space of individual freedom, are accompanied both by the plurality of young people's views and ideas of their social milieu — and by a rise in protest mood. Youth has now become the main driving force of extremist action.In accordance with the theoretical and methodological approaches developed by the Department of Sociology of Youth at the Institute of Socio-Political Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, the article examines the role of trust as a significant factor of extremism among the young. We analyze the outcomes of two surveys titled "The Sociocultural Mechanism of Building and Reproducing Attitudes to the Objects of Social Reality in Russian Society" and "Trust as a Social Reality Phenomenon" done by a team lead by Yu. A. Zubok and V. I. Chuprov in 13 constituent regions of the Russian Federation. The total number of respondents in the year 2011 stood at 1301, with a subsample of youth aged 18–29 accounting for 323. In 2014, the respondents totaled 1459, with 790 of them representing the subsample of youth aged 15–29.Our interpretation of youth extremism as a social phenomenon is based on the peculiarities of youth as a social group, the nature of its consciousness and subcultures as a way of self-organization. Theoretical foundations of the concept of trust are found within the phenomenological approach to sociology of knowledge, which defines trust as a form of positive perception of the objects and the creation of its subjective image laden with specific meanings. Trust in government is the outcome of rational and emotional perception of its leaders and institutions by young people. Thus trust comes up as a measure of overlapping by expectations and realities.The surveys have demonstrated how youth's trust in government act as a significant regulator of the socio-political activity of the young, as well as the general direction of this activity and its particular manifestations, providing sustainable links to institutional norms, helping to reduce radicalization of young people, and weakening their commitment to extremist action. ; В условиях современного кризиса во многих странах мира, падения уровня жизни и очевидного сужения структуры возможностей молодежи ее самоорганизационные процессы и их направленность приобретают экстремальные формы. Современные тенденции индивидуализации и усиления социальной субъектности молодежи, эмансипации как освобождения молодых людей от различных форм ограничений и расширения пространства свободы сочетаются не только с плюрализмом идеалов и представлений молодых людей о социальном окружении, но и с повышением протестного потенциала. Молодежь становится основной движущей силой экстремистских акций.На основе теоретико-методологических подходов, разрабатываемых Отделом социологии молодежи Института социально-политических исследований РАН, в статье рассматривается роль доверия как одного из значимых регуляторов экстремизма в среде молодежи. Анализируются результаты исследований «Социокультурный механизм формирования и воспроизводства отношения к объектам социальной реальности в российском обществе», и «Доверие как феномен социальной реальности», проведенных под руководством Ю. А. Зубок и. В. И. Чупрова в 13 субъектах Российской Федерации. В 2011 г. всего было опрошено 1301 чел., объем подвыборки молодежи в возрасте 18–29 лет составил 323 чел.; в 2014 — 1459 чел., объем подвыборки молодежи в возрасте 15–29 лет — 790 чел.Рассмотрение молодежного экстремизма как социального явления осуществляется, исходя из социально-групповых особенностей молодежи, специфики ее сознания и субкультуры, как способа самоорганизации. Теоретическое обоснование концепции доверия производится на основе феноменологического подхода социологии знания, согласно которому доверие определяется как форма позитивного восприятия объекта, и формирование его субъективного образа. Доверие к власти является результатом ее рационального и чувственно-эмоционального восприятия молодежью с последующей позитивной оценкой деятельности ее структур как меры совпадения ожиданий и реальности.На основе данных исследований выявлено, что доверие молодежи к власти выступает значимым регулятором не только ее социально-политической активности, но также ее направленности и конкретных форм реализации, придавая им институциональный характер, способствует снижению радикальных настроений молодежи, ослаблению установок на экстремизм.

This article studies one aspect of British-Russian cooperation between the 1840s and 1850s, involving the exchange of technical staff. The research is based on clerical records and act sources, deposited in archival materials of central and local governmental bodies of the Russian mining industry. The specific features of cooperation are illustrated by examples of service of Englishmen at Ural factories. The author analyses circumstances of recruitment and conditions of work of high-qualified engineers as well as of ordinary masters. During the period in question, Englishmen were the most requested specialists because they were thought to possess advanced technological experience and knowledge. Such a perception extended to all, not just to the representatives of professions requiring the highest education and qualification. In the second half of the 1840s – early 1850s, a team of shipbuilders led by the engineer, James Carr, worked in the Ural plants. During this period the Russian government actively invited mechanics, hammer workers, molders and masters of puddling. Englishmen often were appointed to higher positions to deal with the technical part of Ural state factories. The exchange of experience was carried out during the common work of British and Russian engineers and masters as well as in the process of training. The paper displays the ambiguity of such interaction and difficulties, which arose due to faults of either one or the other side. The sources, documenting recruitment and dismissal of foreigners, describe cases when the hiring of invited specialists did not bring the expected results. The author reveals the reasons and consequences of failed attempts of using British technological experience at Russian plants. Among them include technical unpreparedness of the Ural industry, the inconsistency between the qualification of foreigners and the tasks for which they were invited and finally insufficient awareness of the Russian side concerning the recruited technicians' professional skills. Biographies of English specialists (engineers, mechanics, etc.) are considered in the context of international conjuncture, which at the time was characterized by an increase in tension in English-Russian relations and the upcoming war. The paper demonstrates that the attitude of some British men towards their service in the Urals changed for the worse because the Crimean war had begun. Others continued their contract work in the Urals in spite of the military confrontation between Russia and England. The activity of British technical specialists in the Urals was a reflection of peculiarities in English-Russian relations, in which cooperation in economic and technological spheres could coexist with a drastic deterioration of political relations. ; Статья посвящена исследованию одной из сторон британско-российского сотрудничества в 1840–50-е гг., заключавшейся в обмене техническими кадрами. Исследование проведено на основе делопроизводственных и актовых источников, отложившихся в фондах центральных и местных органов управления российской горной промышленностью. Особое место среди них занимают контракты с британскими специалистами, а также служебная переписка. Характерные черты технического сотрудничества проиллюстрированы яркими примерами службы англичан на заводах Урала. Проанализированы обстоятельства вербовки и условия работы по контрактам как высококвалифицированных инженеров, так и рядовых мастеров. В изучаемый период англичане оказались наиболее востребованными специалистами, поскольку считались носителями передового технологического опыта и знаний. Такое восприятие распространялось на всех, а не только на представителей профессий, требующих наибольшей образованности и квалификации. Выявлен персональный состав британских специалистов. Во второй половине 1840-х – начале 1850-х гг. на уральских заводах работала команда корабельных мастеров во главе с инженером Джеймсом Карром, которая обеспечила развитие судостроения. Активно приглашались в этот период механики, молотовые мастера, специалисты по пудлингованию, формовщики. На высшие должности по технической части уральских казенных заводов нередко назначались выходцы из Англии. Обмен опытом осуществлялся во время совместной работы британских и русских инженеров и мастеров, а также в ходе обучения. В статье показана неоднозначность этого взаимодействия, сложности, возникавшие по вине и той и другой стороны. Источники, документирующие процессы найма и увольнения иностранцев, свидетельствуют о случаях, когда привлечение приезжих специалистов не давало ожидаемых результатов. Выявлены причины и последствия неудавшихся попыток использования британского технологического опыта на российских заводах, среди которых техническая неподготовленность уральской промышленности, несоответствие квалификации приглашенных иностранцев тем задачам, которые перед ними ставились, недостаточная осведомленность российской стороны о профессиональном уровне контрактуемых. Судьбы британских специалистов (инженеров, механиков и пр.) рассматриваются в контексте международной конъюнктуры, характеризовавшейся в исследуемый период нарастанием напряженности в англо-русских отношениях с последующими военными действиями. Показано, что отношение одних британцев к службе на Урале менялось в негативную сторону в связи начавшейся Крымской войной, другие же, несмотря на военную конфронтацию России и Англии, продолжали работать на уральских заводах, не прерывая контрактов. Деятельность британских технических специалистов на Урале является ярким отражением специфики англо-русских отношений, в которых сотрудничество в сфере экономики и технологий могло проходить наряду с жестким обострением внешнеполитических отношений.