In air traffic control (ATC), teamwork is a key component among air traffic control operators (ATCOs) to safely direct theaircraft through the sky and on the ground. To be able to design for future ATC systems, we must understand how ATCOswork together, their teamwork, and how they experience and perceive teamwork, in different ATC environments. We conductedinterviews with 16 ATCOs working in four different ATC environments (en-route control, terminal area control, towercontrol for a small airport and tower control for a large airport in Sweden) and analysed the results in the light of the "BigFive" model of teamwork. The main contributions of this paper are to show: (1) how eight teamwork factors are differentlymanifested by the ATCOs in the different ATC environments, (2) that teamwork in ATC is important during routine operations,during stressful work, and during abnormal situations, and (3) that the design of the organisation, the environment,and the tools, affects teamwork and the importance of different teamwork factors. ; Funding agencies: Swedish Transport Administration; LFV Air Navigation Services of Sweden; NFFP (National Aviation Research Programme) - VINNOVA (Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems) [NFFP6-2013-01201]; Swedish Armed Forces; Swedish Defence Materiel Administ
Background: Teamwork gained momentum in the 1980s. Research studies in the military and aviation demonstrated that teamwork is essential to safety. There were limited studies dealing with the practice of teamwork between nurses and physicians in the Emergence Departments (EDs). Aims: Descriptive aim of the study was to examine differences between staff in the Interventional and Control Groups on perception of staff teamwork. The exploratory aim was to examine staff perception of job satisfaction, work environment, autonomy, and control over practice. Design: The Interventional Group comprised four EDs that participated in teamwork training and operationalized its principles in their EDs. Control Group EDs comprised four EDs which did not participate in the training. Survey questionnaires were used for data collection. Setting and Participants: Staff from four Interventional and four Control Group EDs throughout California participated in the study. There were 191 participants from the Interventional Group EDs and 307 from the Control Group EDs. Main Outcome Measures: Differences between staff who worked in the Interventional Group EDs and staff who worked in the Control Group EDs on perception of teamwork, job satisfaction, work environment, autonomy, and control over practice were assessed. Results: Staff who worked in the Interventional Group EDs showed significant differences compared with staff who worked in the Control Group EDs on staff perception of teamwork (p = 0.006), job satisfaction (p < 0.0001), work environment (p = 0.006), autonomy (p < 0.0001), and control over practice (p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in satisfaction with care received by patients who received care in the interventional group EDs compared with those who received care in the control group EDs. Data on medical and non-medical errors were not collected due to lack of willingness to give approval by potential participating hospitals. Conclusion: Active teamwork practice between nurses and physicians in the EDs appeared to be associated with increased job satisfaction, perception of work environment, autonomy, and control over practice of both nurses and physicians who worked in the Interventional Group over those who worked in the Control Group EDs.
The paper is designed and contextualized as a meaningful whole which includes the triple helix model: a combination of science, the real sector and local government. The basis of this research is teamwork in insurance companies operating in eastern Croatia whose indicators reflect on other insurance companies in Croatia and beyond. The conclusions of the paper suggest that teamwork is omnipresent in insurance companies, and that it affects the efficiency in meeting their objectives. A survey was used to test and prove the hypotheses, indicating that especially during the economic crisis it is crucial to invest in human resources and encourage teamwork via key motivational factors. The conclusions of the paper show that teamwork contributes to the efficiency of the organization, dissemination of new ideas and greater synergy within the insurance company.
The paper is designed and contextualized as a meaningful whole which includes the triple helix model: a combination of science, the real sector and local government. The basis of this research is teamwork in insurance companies operating in eastern Croatia whose indicators reflect on other insurance companies in Croatia and beyond. The conclusions of the paper suggest that teamwork is omnipresent in insurance companies, and that it affects the efficiency in meeting their objectives. A survey was used to test and prove the hypotheses, indicating that especially during the economic crisis it is crucial to invest in human resources and encourage teamwork via key motivational factors. The conclusions of the paper show that teamwork contributes to the efficiency of the organization, dissemination of new ideas and greater synergy within the insurance company.
Professor Ann Florini believes that to solve the world's problems, a new approach based on collaboration among governments, businesses and civil societies is needed. See the papers: Bridging the gaps in global energy governance The public roles of the private sector in Asia: The emerging research agenda
Building digital heritage requires substantial resources in materials, expertise, tools, and cost. Government and university projects are limited in the time and space they can devote to covering even a small part of the world's heritage. The preservation coverage problem is most serious in areas where sources of intellectual and cultural heritage may diminish or disappear over time. A central notion that helps resolve these issues is to make it easier for digital technology to reach sources of valuable heritage. The authors propose an approach to exploit noninstitutional resources for wider participation and inclusion in digital-heritage endeavors. The approach attempts to copy the techniques of institutional digital-heritage work while bringing together noninstitutional resources and providing standard practice.
Leadership and teamwork are the key factors contributing to organizational effectiveness if their attributes fit to the socio-cultural context. In this reading, the leadership and teamwork process are described in Developing countries (DCs). Developing countries, which comprise of 80 % of the world's population, are diverse in many ways. However, there are some common socio-economic, institutional, and political characteristics as well as shared cultural attributes. The first section addresses the difficulty of finding a definition of developing countries and lays out some common features. Next comes the presentation of six key socio-cultural characteristics that have implications for leadership and teamwork. The following two sections describe challenges and opportunities in leading and teaming in DCs.
Workshop questions 1. What are the advantages or disadvantages of multidisciplinary teamwork? 2. a. Discuss whether the issue of confidentiality between interdisciplinary team members exists? b. Whether the issue of confidentiality causes problems? 3. What kind of relationship should there be between parents and team members? 4. a. Is a key worker necessary for the smooth coordination of multi disciplinary teamwork? b. If yes, who should take on this role? 5. Should medical care for handicapped children be available within the community, through the C.D.A.U. and the School Medical Service? a. Should these services be run by multi disciplinary teams? b. Or through any other services? ; N/A
When performing a task it is important for teams to optimize their strategies and actions to maximize value and avoid the cost of surprise. The decisions teams make sometimes have unintended consequences and they must then reorganize their thinking, roles and/or configuration into corrective structures more appropriate for the situation. In this study we ask: What are the neurodynamic properties of these reorganizations and how do they relate to the moment-by-moment, and longer, performance-outcomes of teams?. We describe an information-organization approach for detecting and quantitating the fluctuating neurodynamic organizations in teams. Neurodynamic organization is the propensity of team members to enter into prolonged (minutes) metastable neurodynamic relationships as they encounter and resolve disturbances to their normal rhythms. Team neurodynamic organizations were detected and modeled by transforming the physical units of each team member's EEG power levels into Shannon entropy-derived information units about the team's organization and synchronization. Entropy is a measure of the variability or uncertainty of information in a data stream. This physical unit to information unit transformation bridges micro level social coordination events with macro level expert observations of team behavior allowing multimodal comparisons across the neural, cognitive and behavioral time scales of teamwork. The measures included the entropy of each team member's data stream, the overall team entropy and the mutual information between dyad pairs of the team. Mutual information can be thought of as periods related to team member synchrony. Comparisons between individual entropy and mutual information levels for the dyad combinations of three-person teams provided quantitative estimates of the proportion of a person's neurodynamic organizations that represented periods of synchrony with other team members, which in aggregate provided measures of the overall degree of neurodynamic interactions of the team. We propose that increased neurodynamic organization occurs when a team's operating rhythm can no longer support the complexity of the task and the team needs to expend energy to re-organize into structures that better minimize the "surprise" in the environment. Consistent with this hypothesis, the frequency and magnitude of neurodynamic organizations were less in experienced military and healthcare teams than they were in more junior teams. Similar dynamical properties of neurodynamic organization were observed in models of the EEG data streams of military, healthcare and high school science teams suggesting that neurodynamic organization may be a common property of teamwork. The innovation of this study is the potential it raises for developing globally applicable quantitative models of team dynamics that will allow comparisons to be made across teams, tasks and training protocols.
Medical incidents in public hospitals in Hong Kong have persisted for years. The operating theatres are one of the places where medical accidents occur, especially affecting service quality. The surgical team is a substantial cause of medical incidents, possibly because of human mistakes, environmental, equipment, and system failures. Not all surgery departments will implement uniform working styles. The Hospital Authority may set a management plan to unify practice and to identity the problems faced. Therefore, the government and Hospital Authority should focus on human resources, especially in terms of professional training and retention of staff. After all, surgery is a task of teamwork.
Health communication is a vital topic for research because everyone either interacts with health professionals, encounters health-related messages in the media, has suffered from a serious illness, or has experienced a loved one with a life-threatening or terminal illness (Sharf, 1993). Our experiences with health and illness are significant to our sense of self. Two journals in the field of communication, Health Communication and the Journal of Health Communication publish research exclusively on communication topics within health care, public health campaigns, and related issues. Additionally, mainstream communication journals such as Journal of Applied Communication Research and Communication Monographs, also publish articles on health communication. Journals in a range of other disciplines cover health communication topics, such as Health Psychology, Sociology of Health and Illness, and Qualitative Health Research. Both graduate and undergraduate communication curricula in universities across the U.S. commonly include health communication courses, and there is a growing market for textbooks in the field. Three excellent introductory textbooks written by communication scholars include Beck's (2001) Communicating for better health: A guide through the medical mazes, du Pre's (1999) Communicating about health: Current issues and perspectives and the forthcoming (October 2002) Communicating health: Personal, cultural, and political complexities by Geist-Martin, Ray, and Sharf.
In Sweden, the National Board of Health and Welfare forecasts a decrease in dentists with 26% and an increase in dental hygienists with 47% until the year of 2023. This, together with changes in both epidemiology, especially of dental caries, and political priorities, calls for an effective and well-developed cooperation between dentists and dental hygienists in future dentistry. Hence, the aim of this project was to investigate whether highlighting teamwork during the undergraduate studies of dental students and dental hygiene students could improve the students' holistic view on patients as well as their knowledge of and insight into each other's future professions. Thirty-four dental students and 24 dental hygiene students participated in the study. At the beginning of their final year in undergraduate education, a questionnaire testing the level of knowledge of the dental hygienists' clinical competences was completed by both groups of students. In addition, activities intending to improve teamwork quality included the following: (i) a seminar with a dentist representing the Public Dental Health Services in Sweden, (ii) dental students as supervisors for dental hygiene students, (iii) planning and treatment for shared patients and (iv) students' presentations of the treatments and their outcomes at a final seminar. The project was ended by the students answering the above-mentioned questionnaire for the second time, followed by an evaluation of the different activities included in the study. The knowledge of dental hygienists' competences showed higher scores in almost all questions. Both groups of students considered the following aspects important: seminars with external participants, dental students acting as supervisors and planning and treating shared patients. By initiating and encouraging teamwork between dental students and dental hygiene students, it is possible to increase knowledge on dental hygienists' competence and also to develop and strengthen a holistic view on patients and dental work, ...
PhD thesis in Health, medicine and welfare ; Background: This thesis focuses on interprofessional teamwork (TPT) training for medical and nursing students in Norway, seeking to expand and deepen the knowledge base underpinning such training. The topic raises a number of issues linked to the current status of TPT and TPT training, the conceptual understanding of the perspectives needed for planning and design of TPT training, and the strategies and measures conducive to future improvements. The results discussed in this thesis are published in four separate papers, referred to as papers T-TV. The expectation that TPT can help reduce patient harm may be regarded the main driver of TPT training in health education and healthcare practice. Policywise, the World Health Organization has highlighted TPT as a core component of the recommended skill-set of healthcare workers. Reiterating this position, Norwegian government authorities have enacted policies calling for collaboration across professions and educational programs, including interprofessional clinical training. To date few studies have explored students', faculty members', and clinical practitioners' conceptualization of TPT training, especially not across diverse stakeholder groups. Students' views are arguably of special interest; in spite of this little attention has been devoted to their perspectives on TPT and TPT training. Aims: The overarching aim of the thesis is to present in-depth accounts of the stakeholders' perceptions, experiences and recommendations for TPT training in healthcare education in Norway, with the intention of strengthening the knowledge base for the planning, designing and implementation of such training. Against this backdrop the following objectives have guided the research: • To explore the status of TPT training in the context of the Norwegian education of medical and nursing students. • To develop a conceptual understanding of TPT training in healthcare, based on the perspectives of the stakeholders. • To develop and conduct a pilot TPT training session for nursing and medical students. More specifically, seven research questions were crafted to operationalize the objectives. Methodology: This thesis is qualitative in nature, employing an explorative and descriptive case study design. The case is set in the Norwegian educational system for nursing and medical students, and encompasses two universities and a university hospital. The case content focuses on the perspectives of stakeholders (students, teachers, and clinicians). The case is explorative due to several novel aspects, including bringing together the views of students, teachers, and clinicians for a qualitative inquiry of perspectives, ideas, and practices pertaining to TPT and TPT training in a pre-graduate educational setting. Paper T queried all 32 of Norway's nursing and medical educational institutions for information on TPT training offered through study programs. Data in papers TT and TTT were acquired mainly through focus group interviews; paper TV is based on data obtained from debrief sessions that followed simulation-based TPT training sessions. Tn addition, the study included data from individual interviews and observations carried out at a hospital ward (paper TTT). The data analysis was mainly inductive, based on content analysis, a technique that generates categories and themes that are grounded in the data. The data analysis resulted in the development of a conceptual framework for TPT training. Results: The four papers together constitute a cohesive effort to expand and deepen the knowledge underpinning TPT training for medical and nursing students in Norway. Grounded in the perspectives of the key stakeholders, the results are concerned with fundamental principles. Below, the main results are structured according to the seven research questions: What are the commonalities and differences in the IPT contents adopted in the curricula of the various educational institutions? (paper T). Encouraged by government policies, all of the medical and nursing schools in Norway had adopted objectives of providing TPT training. The curricula of these schools were similarly structured with two components: theoretical lecturing and clinical practice. How are the components of IPT embedded in nursing and medical curricula in Norway? (paper T). Most of the schools - medical and nursing - had introduced TPT as a topic in theoretical lecturing; only three nursing schools had yet to do so. Tn clinical practice, the uptake of TPT training was slower; one of four medical schools, and 25 of 28 nursing schools did not offer TPT training. What are students' perceptions of their professional roles in the context of IPT? (paper TT). A knowledge gap was found to exist between the medical students and the nursing students; meaning the medical students had incomplete knowledge of the capabilities of the nursing students, and vice versa. The knowledge gap was perceived as an obstacle to TPT. The analysis further exposed a traditional pattern of professional roles prevailing in TPT, influencing the professional understanding of responsibility. The medical students were inclined to individual behavior, assuming responsibility, while the nursing students perceived themselves as coordinators inclined to sharing responsibility. How do students perceive IPT arenas? (paper TT). There was substantial variation in the students' perceptions of TPT arenas (e.g. ward rounds, psychiatric wards), reaching from arenas with good collaboration, to arenas characterized by rigid hierarchical structures. Psychiatric wards were highlighted as arenas favorable to collaboration and TPT. The students suggested the huddle meetings and the daily rounds as useful arenas to serve as a basis for TPT training. How do the relevant stakeholder groups perceive the contents of IPT in the education of nursing and medical students? (paper TTT). Students and other stakeholders perceived TPT and TPT training favorably but still profoundly influenced by professional role patterns, with the medical students and physicians occupying the dominant role. The perceptions of TPT and TPT training among the stakeholders exposed three perspectives through which issues pertaining to TPT training were addressed: clinical professionalism, team performance, and patient-centered perspective. Together the perspectives constitute a conceptual framework that provides a structure for addressing a broad range of phenomena associated with TPT and TPT training. The results furthermore concluded that the patient-centered perspective was conspicuously under-represented among the stakeholders. What characterizes interprofessional communication among nursing and medical students in a simulation-based training session and how do students describe it? (paper TV). Based on the perspectives of the students, the analysis identified two characteristic communication types: clinical exchange and collaborative exchange. Less manifest in the students' communication was patient- centered exchange. Medical students were perceived as likely to favor clinical exchange, and consequently de-emphasizing the need for collaborative and patient centered exchange. How do nursing and medical students perceive the use of SBAR in a simulation- based training session? (paper TV) Functioning best for clinical exchange, the introduction of SBAR proved only partly successful and required customization to the simulation scenarios at hand. Conclusion: TPT training as part of clinical practice for nursing and medical students is still being introduced into the Norwegian educational system. Based on stakeholders' perspectives, this thesis has contributed to expanding and deepening the knowledge base underpinning TPT and TPT training. The students' perceptions were of particular interest, and revealed the existence of a mutual knowledge gap among nursing and medical students. A conceptual framework consisting of three dimensions: clinical professionalism, team performance, and patient-centered perspective has been developed, and may serve as a tool for planning and designing TPT training. A pilot TPT session provided insight into communication processes and reiterated the need for the patient-centered perspective.
International audience ; In literature tending to Team Cognition (Salas & Fiore, 2004) and in Activity Theory studies (Caroly, 2010) the definition of "team" is quite variable (Patel, Pettitt, & Wilson, 2012; Wildman, Thayer, Rosen, Salas, Mathieu, & Rayne, 2012), but it is generally associated to already stable teams (working collective) whom members are used to work together in their actual activities (collective activities). Nevertheless, some of these teams are composed by individuals who don't know one another (knotworking), working on reaching a common goal in a disrupted spatiotemporal environment (e.g. aircraft collaboration in military joint operations). This kind of team activity is called collaborative activity (Montferrat, Poirier, & Coppin, 2009). Using both quantitative and qualitative methodology, this study distinguishes clearly different kinds of team, working collective and knotworking, and different team activities, collaborative activities and collective activities.
