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In a study of engineering, scientific, and technical support personnel, factors in the immediate work environment which are influenced by the behavior of the technical manager were found to affect turnover propensities. Satisfaction with supervision, higher order need fulfillment, and unit morale were found to be more important influences on retention for technical support personnel. However, for the engineering and scientific personnel, factors such as autonomy, goal congruence, and higher order need fulfillment were found to have greater influence. The results suggest the importance of management training for technical managers as a potentially effective strategy to reduce turnover.

Modern software systems are characterized by ever-changing goals and requirements. Such systems operate in an environment that is dynamic, open, partly known, unpredictable. New goals arise and others are dropped, due to changes in stakeholders' needs and priorities, government regulations, technology. Despite this dynamism, systems should meet their goals and comply with the evolving requirements. While several self-adaptation mechanisms have been proposed in the literature, they cannot be fully applied for socio-technical systems that involve autonomous (thus, non-controllable) components. This project aims at designing and developing a runtime requirements supervision framework that monitors the execution of socio-technical systems, evaluates their behavior against the overall goals and intervenes by deciding how to revise requirements when adaptation is not possible.

Cover; Contents; Glossary; B; C; D; F; I; J; L; M; O; P; R; S; T; Executive Summary; Tables; 1. Main Recommendations on FMIs; I. Introduction; II. Description of the FMI supervision and oversight framework; A. Overview of FMIs; 2. Average Daily Volume and Value Processed by the Main FMIs in 2011; B. Overview of the Supervision and Oversight Framework; C. Major Past and Ongoing Reforms; III. Main issues at stake; A. Effectiveness of the Oversight/Supervision of the JGB FMIs; B. Oversight of Public-Owned FMIs; C. Cooperation Between Domestic Authorities; D. Shock and Crisis Management.

The study assessed by determines the Supervised Undergraduate Students (SUS) opinion on Undergraduate Research Project (URP) supervision and Gender difference on SUS opinion on URP supervision. Content analysis design was used for the study. The study consisted of two (Federal and State) universities, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, (ATBU) Bauchi from North East and Benue State University (BSU) Makurdi from North Central geo political zones of Nigeria. The population of the study consisted of 434 final year supervised undergraduate research project students. Proportionate stratify random sampling was used to select 205 (122 male and 84 female) SUS. Supervised Undergraduate Students Opinion (SUSO) questionnaire was developed, validated and used for the data collection. Hypothesis was tested at α=0.05 level of significance. To ensure the quality of the analysis, table was used where the co researchers made transparent process from raw data to results in form of tally and frequency. The data was analyzed using conceptual analysis and Chi Square test. URP supervisors were appointed in respective of their expertise or field of specialization; male and female SUS differs significantly (Ҳ2 = 96.265, df= 10, ρ<0.05) on opinion regarding URP supervision were among the findings from the study. Some of the recommendations from the study include academic staff with administrative responsibility to be exempted from URP supervision; similar study to be carried out with Post Graduate thesis supervision.

The study assessed by determines the Supervised Undergraduate Students (SUS) opinion on Undergraduate Research Project (URP) supervision and Gender difference on SUS opinion on URP supervision. Content analysis design was used for the study. The study consisted of two (Federal and State) universities, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, (ATBU) Bauchi from North East and Benue State University (BSU) Makurdi from North Central geo political zones of Nigeria. The population of the study consisted of 434 final year supervised undergraduate research project students. Proportionate stratify random sampling was used to select 205 (122 male and 84 female) SUS. Supervised Undergraduate Students Opinion (SUSO) questionnaire was developed, validated and used for the data collection. Hypothesis was tested at α=0.05 level of significance. To ensure the quality of the analysis, table was used where the co researchers made transparent process from raw data to results in form of tally and frequency. The data was analyzed using conceptual analysis and Chi Square test. URP supervisors were appointed in respective of their expertise or field of specialization; male and female SUS differs significantly (Ҳ2 = 96.265, df= 10, ρ<0.05) on opinion regarding URP supervision were among the findings from the study. Some of the recommendations from the study include academic staff with administrative responsibility to be exempted from URP supervision; similar study to be carried out with Post Graduate thesis supervision. Article visualizations:

The role of supervisory authorities undertaking prudential supervision is to promote the maintenance of efficient, fair, safe and stable insurance markets for the benefit and protection of policyholders. An effective supervisory authority is able to require an insurer to take timely preventive and corrective measures if the insurer fails to operate in a manner that is consistent with sound business practices or regulatory requirements. Traditionally, authorities have performed this role by way of compliance based supervision. Under this style of supervision, insurers must comply with a set of prudential rules generally written into the law or the subordinate legislation. The role of the supervisory authority is to ensure that insurers do, in fact, comply with these rules. In recent years, supervision has been evolving and moving from a style that is compliance based to one that is risk based. This progression has also been a feature of the activities of bank supervision and pension supervision.

The quality of the scholastic supervision has as aim to provide to educational the tools to execute the decision making, to exert the leadership, to develop the professional ethics and to study the necessary alternatives that they facilitate to reach the goals. In this one sense, the autopoiesis and quality of the educative supervision show the systemic interaction that must prevail when the activities according to the universal functions of the supervision evolve such as: to direct, to coordinate, to supervise and to evaluate of way responsible the completion for the educative policies. In the same order of ideas, the scholastic sector is in charge to cooperate with the supervisora action in the establishments and the functions of guarding by the good operation of the sector in order to implement new manager expositions, educational, parents and representatives with a view to solving the conflicting situations. Also, the approaches of the supervision, contribute to control and to improve the administrative and academic management of each establishment, they provide the necessary elements in the change processes and favor the act supervisorio. This last one, helps to consolidate the being, like unique space where the values and the responsibility predominate, inclusively, the supervisory function will be in charge to put in practice the competitions, abilities and conditions that entail the supervisor to realise manifolds activities that promote the democratic processes in knowing, to be, and to make so that the transmitted knowledge allow the true humanistic transformation, technical and scientific. Finally, during the supervisory action the challenges will be the point of the spear to the benefit of the quality, change and autopoiesis, like means that project new forms to supervise in the spaces of the society in the regional scope, national and international. ; La calidad de la supervisión escolar tiene como fin proporcionar al docente herramientas para ejecutar la toma de decisiones, ejercer el liderazgo, ...

This technical manual aims to help governments maximize the benefits that they can receive from higher tobacco taxes by identifying a set of best practices for tobacco taxation. This is one of several available or forthcoming products that focus on tobacco taxation, including: the forthcoming monograph on the economics of tobacco and tobacco control being jointly produced by WHO and the US National Cancer Institute (NCI); the handbook on the effectiveness of tobacco tax and price policies forthcoming in the tobacco control handbook series produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); and the series of reports on tobacco taxation produced by the Bloomberg Global Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use (BI). These products differ in their breadth and depth, as well as their target audiences. The IARC handbook, for example, will provide an in-depth review of the global research evidence on the impact of tobacco taxation and price related policies on tobacco use, while the NCI/WHO monograph provides a broader review of the global evidence on the public health and economic impact of a range of tobacco control policies and other interventions, with an emphasis on impact in low and middle-income countries. In contrast, most of the BI reports are focused on country-specific evidence and on estimating the potential impact of increased tobacco taxes on tobacco use, preventable deaths, and revenues in a given country. This technical manual aims to provide more practical guidance on tax structure and tax administration issues for tax administrators and other government officials interested in increasing tobacco product taxes. Taken together, these and other materials provide a complementary and comprehensive picture of the economics of tobacco, tobacco taxation, and tobacco control.