Suchergebnisse

O parecer analisa o termo inicial da prescrição administrativa da pretensão de recomposição de prazo de outorga de geração de energia elétrica, previsto na esfera administrativa pela Resolução Normativa ANNEL n. 680, de 15/09/2015, e na esfera legislativa pelo art. 4º da Lei 13.203, de 08/12/2015, substituído pelo art. 19 da Lei n. 13.360, de 17/11/2016. No direito administrativo, o prazo prescricional é de 05 (cinco) anos, previsto no art. 1º do Decreto 20.910/1932, ausente outro prazo específico em lei. A contagem do prazo prescricional para o exercício da pretensão administrativa de recomposição de prazo de outorga de geração de energia elétrica de operação que se iniciou antes da vigência da Lei n. 13.203, de 08/12/2015, inicia-se da sua data de entrada em vigor, quando não aplicável a Resolução Normativa n. 680, de 15/09/2015. ; The legal opinion aims to analyze the initial term of the administrative prescription of the claim to recompose the term of the power generation concession, provided in the ANNEL Normative Resolution n. 680, of 15/09/2015, and in the art. 4 of the Law n. 13.203, of 12/08/2015, substituted by art. 19 of Law n. 13.360, of 11/17/2016. In administrative law, the prescription is 05 (five) years, provided for in art. 1 of Decree 20.910, of 1932, absent another specific term in law. A counting of the administrative prescription of the claim to recompose the term of the power generation concession from operation that begins before Law n. 13.203, of 08/12/2015, starts from its date of entry into force, when no apliqued Normative Resolution n. 680, of 15/09/2015.

In consideration of the postures of Kuhn and his critics, we will turn our attention to reflect on the possibility of a normal science (in the kuhnian sense). The motivating question for the central problem of this text will be: Is there really a normal science in the sense proposed by Kuhn? We aim to offer an answer that will partially agree with the Kuhnian ideal of normal science.

Many natural resources have degraded and collapsed despite being managed under rigorous institutional frameworks set up to ensure rational exploitation. Path dependency of dysfunction institutions has been suggested as an explanation for such undesired outcomes. We explore the role of path dependency in natural resource management by studying a 100-year evolution of Swedish fisheries. We rely on three main types of original longitudinal data collected for the period 1914–2016: (A) policy documents, (B) government spending on management and subsidies, and (C) catch and fleet data. Our analysis contrasts the periods before and after the Swedish entrance into the European Union (1995) because this marks the year when fisheries policy became beyond the direct influence of the Swedish government. We uncover four pieces of evidence suggesting the existence of a path dependent dynamic in the pre-EU period: (1) despite increasing insights on the vulnerability of fish stocks to overexploitation, national policy goals in relation to fisheries continuously promoted incompatible goals of social and economic growth but without any reference to the sustainability of the biological resources; (2) the same policy instruments were used over long periods; (3) actor constellations within the fisheries policy subsystem were stable over time; (4) neither political regime nor macroeconomic variables and fisheries performance (industry production, oil price, landing values) could explain observed temporal variation in subsidies. We conclude that key policy actors in the pre-EU period formed an "iron triangle" and thereby prevented necessary policy changes. These national reinforcing feedbacks have been weakened since EU entrance, and the indicators for path dependency show broader involvement of stakeholders, a shift in spending, and policy goals that now explicitly address ecological sustainability.

Abstract: The terms "university", "teaching" and "research" are closely related. The reason for the establishment of a community of learners and students were, on the one hand, the formation of man, and on the other the search for the truth about man, life, society and the world. In the face of technological development and access to information, including the development of legislation that allows the individual, without going through formal institutions, data acquisition, the question arises whether the university is needed, and if so, what is its role in realizing the right to education and freedom of scientific research. Implementation of freedom of scientific research and freedom of teaching in times of universal information access and modern technology can do without the university. However, this is university that can benefit from innovative research methods and teaching remains the most important forum for the exchange of ideas and the search for truth and knowledge transfer, vocational skills and social attitudes.Keywords: Right to education. Freedom of scientific research. Constitution. Cultural rights. Freedom of teaching. Resumo: Os termos "universidade", "ensino" e "pesquisa" estão intimamente relacionados. A razão para o estabelecimento de uma comunidade de alunos e estudantes foram, por um lado, a formação do homem, e por outro a busca da verdade sobre o homem, a vida, a sociedade e o mundo. Em face de desenvolvimento tecnológico e do acesso à informação, incluindo o desenvolvimento de uma legislação que permite que o indivíduo, sem passar por instituições formais, tenha acesso a dados e a informações, gera a questão de saber se a universidade é necessária, e em caso afirmativo, qual é o seu papel na realização dos direitos à educação e à liberdade de pesquisa científica. A implementação da liberdade de investigação científica e liberdade de ensino em tempos de acesso à informação universal e tecnologia avançada pode se realizar sem a universidade. No entanto, a universidade pode se beneficiar de métodos inovadores de pesquisa e de ensino e continuar a ser o mais importante fórum para a troca de ideias ea busca da verdade e da transferência de conhecimentos, competências profissionais e as atitudes sociais.Palavras-chave: Direito à Educação. Liberdade de Pesquisa Científica. Constituição. Direitos Culturais. Liberdade de Ensino.

This study examines the changes of total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations in 20 Swedish lakes throughout Sweden using pre-industrial (1860) TOC0 inferred from near-infrared spectrometry (TOCNIRS) of lake sediments to determine if land use change over time could be a plausible explanation for changes in lake water TOC. The study also focuses on the importance of using inferred pre-industrial data of lake water pH and TOC for acidification assessment, in particular ANC0. Most lakes in this study show a long-term decreasing trend of TOC from 1860 up to -0.45 mg/l/yr-1 to an identified breaking point where the TOC turns from decreasing to increasing. Fifteen of the lakes have a breaking point in the mid to late 20th century (1950-1980) while five lakes do not display a clear breaking point. The magnitude of the increasing trend of TOC after the breaking point is up to 0.16 mg/l/yr-1 . Changes in land use were studied by comparing historical maps with present databases of land use. Land use changes in the catchment area show substantial differences in forest cultivation; for instance the coniferous forest has increased by 26% on average. This increase is due to removal of native forest (deciduous forest) and removal of wetlands. Two major conclusions can be drawn from the effects of land use change on TOC levels: (I) No direct correlation between land use change and long-term trends of TOC could be identified in this study. Previous studies have identified the effects of land use change on the carbon storage in the catchment area that corresponds well with the findings of this study. (II) the character of the forest land plays an important role when discussing the effects of land use change for long term TOC trends. The change from open-ended forests with large trees to intense managed forest is considered as an important driving force for TOC. To determine reference conditions there is a need to make good estimations of ANC0 for acidification assessment in Swedish lakes. This study examines the precision of MAGIC model ANC0 calculations (ANC0-MAGIC) against ANC0 calculated with TOCNIRS, diatom-pH and calculated pCO2 (ANC0, diatom-NIRS). ANC0, diatom-NIRS shows a mean difference of (-31µeq/l) when comparing it with ANC0-MAGIC. In comparison, when using contemporary TOC (TOCt) mean lake value 1990-2005 (ANC0,diatom-TOC) the results show a mean difference of (-0.45 µeq/l) in comparison with ANC0-MAGIC. A better fit is generated with TOCNIRS then TOCt. This could be an indication that ANC0- MAGIC overestimates the acidification of Swedish lakes. The European Union's "Water 8 Framework Directive", which Sweden has implemented, requires that all surface waters within the Union's authority have achieved good ecological status by 2015. According to the ecological quality standard the differences between the pre-industrial pH and contemporary pH, i.e. ΔpH=pH0-pHt, should not be more than 0.4 units. This study shows that the long-term trends have to be accounted for when calculating reference conditions and ecological status for acidification

This paper investigates the drivers of long term real interest rates in Brazil. It is shown that long term yield on inflation linked bonds are driven by yields on 10 year interest rates of United States (US) government bonds and 10 year risk premium, as measured by the Credit Default Swap (CDS). Long term interest rates in Brazil were on a downward trend, following US real rates and stable risk premium, until the taper tantrum in the first half of 2013. From then onwards, real interest rates rose due to the increase in US real rates in anticipation of the beginning of monetary policy normalization and, more recently, due to a sharp increase in Brazilian risk premium. Policy interest rates do not significantly affect long term real interest rates. ; Este artigo investiga os determinantes da taxa de juros real de longo prazo no Brasil. É mostrado que as taxas dos títulos indexados à inflação de longo prazo são movidas pelas taxas de juros de 10 anos dos títulos americanos indexados à inflação, e pelo prêmio de risco, medido pelo CDS de 10 anos. As taxas de juros de longo prazo estavam em uma trajetória declinante, seguindo a trajetória dos juros reais americanos e a estabilidade do prêmio de risco até o episódio do "taper tantrum" na primeira metade de 2013. Desde então, a taxa de juros real de longo prazo do Brasil tem subido, em parte por conta da alta dos juros reais americanos, em antecipação à normalização monetária, e, mais recentemente, por conta de uma forte alta do prêmio de risco. A taxa de juros real de política, medida pela taxa Selic deflacionada pela expectativa de inflação para 12 meses à frente, não afeta significativamente a taxa de juros real de longo prazo.

Latin America is beginning to implement long-term care public policies. But only a few studies look at the situation of the countries in the region. This study aims to examine long-term care public programs in Costa Rica and to estimate the country's demand for formal care. For this purpose, we have revised its National Health Accounts, conducted five interviews with representatives of governmental institutions, reviewed the scientific literature and official reports, and analyzed the data drawn from a national care survey. The results show the existence of fragmented, poverty-focused programs that were not designed for long-term care needs. The estimated percentage of older adults in the region that currently require help to perform activities of daily living is 13.4%. The informal care work is intensive, mostly provided by a family member, and unpaid. ; Embora políticas públicas de cuidados prolongados estejam começando a ser implementadas na América Latina, poucos estudos analisam a situação dos países que compõem a região. Este estudo tem por objetivo examinar programas públicos de cuidados prolongados na Costa Rica e estimar a demanda do país por cuidados formais. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de revisão das Contas Nacionais de Saúde, cinco entrevistas com representantes de instituições governamentais, revisão da literatura científica e relatórios oficiais, e análise dos dados extraídos de uma pesquisa nacional de cuidados. Os resultados indicam a existência de programas fragmentados e focados no enfrentamento à pobreza que não foram projetados para atender às necessidades de cuidados prolongados. Estima-se que, atualmente, 13,4% dos idosos da região necessitam de ajuda na execução de atividades básicasda vida diária, e que o trabalho informal de cuidados é intensivo, oferecido principalmente por um membro da família, e não remunerado.