Suchergebnisse

Since the Russo-Georgian War of August 2008, the United States and the European Union has adamantly, and justifiably, refused to accept Russia's post-war recognition of the declared independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. However, Washington and Brussels have failed, together and separately, to develop a realistic strategy toward the breakaway territories that takes changed political dynamics into account. Indeed, we do not have a workable policy at all; we have platitudes stuck in amber that ignore reality. The core realities we must acknowledge are, first, that these territories are almost certainly lost to Georgia, possibly for decades, and second, that Russian influence in both places has in- creased rapidly and substantially. Unless the United States changes its approach, the Russian Federation will soon completely absorb Abkhazia and South Ossetia. To prevent that outcome, we, together with the European Union, need urgently to end the current policy of isolation with respect to these territories and replace it with one of "engagement without recognition."

Eine im Auftrag des RFE/RL Research Institute von der Soziologischen Gesellschaft der Ukraine durchgeführte Meinungsumfrage vom Herbst 1991 hat ergeben, daß 83% der erwachsenen Bevölkerung der Ukraine sich gegen jegliche Grenzänderungen aussprach, wohingegen nur 4% für eine Integration von Teilen der Ukraine in die Russische Föderation plädierten. Die bei dieser Umfrage ermittelten Ergebnisse bezüglich der Haltung zur Unabhängigkeitserklärung der Ukraine entsprachen in etwa den tatsächlichen Ergebnissen des Referendums vom 1. Dezember 1991. (BIOst-Srt)

Under the title 'The American Dilemma on the Horn', Bereket Habte Selassie published in this Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2, June 1984, pp. 249–72, a lawyer's presentation of a client's case: that of the Eritrean separatists. Although my views do not necessarily represent those held by the régime in Addis Ababa, they do indicate why Ethiopians resolutely continue to defend the territorial integrity of their motherland with a degree of unity only admitted by a few writers.

The emergence of International Law is closely connected with the formation ofindependent states. It is intended to govern the conduct of independent states intheir relationship with one another via norms and main principles [1]. The maindocuments on the contents of principles of modern International Law are the1970 UN Declaration of Principles of International Law and the 1975 OSCE Declarationon Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States. Territorialintegrity and self-determination of nations are two principles of the InternationalLaw, which raise a lot of debates because of a supposed contradiction.Territorial integrity refers to the protection of an independent state's territoryfrom aggression of other states. Self-determination is defined as a right ofnations to freely decide their sovereignty and political status without externalcompulsion or outside interference [2, p. 94-97, 89-91]. Thus, territorial integrityis related to the relations among sovereign independent states, while selfdeterminationrefers to the relations between an independent state and a people.The objective of this article is to describe and explain the issue of selfdetermination,both as a right of nations and as a principle of International Law,as well as its relationship with the concept of territorial integrity of the states.The definite understanding of these principles is of vital importance for us, as wehave the question of Nagorno-Karabakh, which by all means has to be solved byapplication of the self-determination concept.

Der Autor versucht nachzuweisen, warum die Äthiopier mit großer Mehrheit die territoriale Einheit ihres Mutterlandes unterstützen und der eritreische Widerstand abbröckelt. Historischer Rückblick auf die Geschichte Äthiopiens und die durch Kolonialpolitik Italiens geschaffene separate Region Eritrea. Entstehung des Konflikts und der eritreischen Widerstandsbewegungen, Beschreibung ihrer Rolle und Ziele. Gründe für die Rebellion gegen die Zentralregierung. Der eritreische Krieg hat seit der Revolution seine Berechtigung verloren, viele junge Männer kämpfen heute gegen ihren Willen. Mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen. (DÜI-Hlb)

During the conference entitled Spatial Econometrics and Regional Economic Analyses, which took place in Lodz in 2014, there was a proposition to introduce the spatial coherence property into the Ward method, which is applied to group administrative units [1]. At each stage of agglomeration in the modified Ward method, there are included only those aggregates which are adjacent to each other. This work is an extension of this concept based upon other methods of hierarchical clustering, in particular the single and complete linkage method. The study highlighted the benefits of cluster­ing methods with the coherence property, also emphasizing the limitations of these procedures. First of all, the introduction of the restricting condition during the procedure of the hierarchical clustering reduces the homogeneity of isolated clusters. Spatial constraints may also lead to a situation where the distance between the clusters linked at a later stage is smaller than at an earlier stage (graphically, we can talk about the dendrogram "backflow"). The method of complete linkage is free of these aberration where the distance between the clusters is defined as the maximum distance between their elements. The modified clustering algorithm was implemented as an extension of STATISTICA software. Examples of an application of the hierarchical clustering method with the coherence concern sector changes in the European regional space. The aim of the analysis was to isolate spatially coherent areas that demonstrate a similar direction and intensity of structural change in selected areas of the labour market.