Suchergebnisse

This paper is an attempt to answer the raw philosophical question of "ti esti stateterrorism". It is a critical philosophical analysis of the concept of state-terrorism based upon an epistemological discussion, in an effort to re-formulate the question of terrorism by making the case that state-terrorism is the mother phenomenon and root of all forms of terrorism. My ambition is to contribute to our understanding of terrorism by revealing that, in the Greek language which is the language of concepts and philosophy, the term terrorism is terrorcracy and literary means state-terrorism, while it belongs to the same family of words as democracy, since the suffix –cracy, a recognition that may have the power to open new ways of viewing the term and phenomenon of terrorism, if not re-define the whole concept by describing it according to the term's original meaning. Under this logic, terrorism would refer to a form of government and a political system. A hypothesis that my essay introduces into the philosophical dialogues on terrorism, since it never before has been discussed within these terms. State-terrorism is a forbidden term according to legal experts, however should not be treated as a sterile term by critical thinkers ; Este trabajo aborda la cuestión filosófica y urgente del "ti esti state-terrorism". El ensayo analiza críticamente y filosóficamente el concepto del terrorismo del estado, basado en una discusión epistemológica, que intenta re-formular la cuestión del terrorismo, donde se argumenta que el terrorismo de estado es el fenómeno inicial y la raíz del terrorismo en todas sus formas. Mi aspiración es contribuir a una comprensión del terrorismo que trate de revelar cómo en griego –el idioma de los conceptos y la filosofía– el término "terrorismo" es "terror-cracia" y significa literalmente el terrorismo del estado; también es parte de la misma familia de la democracia, al tener el sufijo "–cracia." Este reconocimiento puede revelar nuevas maneras de ver el concepto y fenómeno del terrorismo, o incluso puede ayudar a redefinir el concepto por completo al ponerlo en sintonía con su sentido original. Según este razonamiento, el terrorismo se referiría a una forma del gobierno y a un sistema político. En mi ensayo introduzco esta hipótesis al hilo de diálogos filosóficos sobre el terrorismo, ya que el asunto no se había discutido nunca antes en estos términos. "El terrorismo del estado" es un término prohibido según los expertos jurídicos, pero los pensadores críticos no deben tratarlo como término estéril

La persecución y criminalización a que el Estado colombiano ha sometido al profesor e investigador Miguel Ángel Beltrán durante los últimos seis años es un ejemplo fehaciente, a través de un caso personal, del terrorismo de Estado que se ha impuesto en nuestro país, y cuyas características criminales abarcan los más diversos ámbitos, como lo mostramos en este texto.

In this articles we will discuss terrorism in Colombia since the Peace research noting the lack of scientific approaches in that country. There are two main approaches to the topic or divisions, which constitute an ideological base resulting from the polarization that involves the concept of terrorism and ideological base is a function of the media who write about it. This division within Colombian society is the result of the discrediting of the political, economic and judicial, and especially the lack of studies that exist within the university and the disinterest of academics themselves. In this context we propose the alternative if there is a good or bad terrorism. The ambiguity on the issue, the absence of guidance with academic-scientific perspective have reduced Macondian theme in a literature that has contributed little to global issue, other countries instead (Israel, United Kingdom, Spain and the United States) have made great advances in the discipline of terrorism, Colombia is indebted to the international community which has to do with the study, analysis and diagnosis of the issue. ; Resumen: En este artículos vamos a analizar el terrorismo en Colombia desde la Investigación para la paz al observar la falta de planteamientos científicos en dicho país. Existen dos grandes planteamientos o divisiones en dicho tema, las cuales constituyen una base ideológica que resulta de la polarización que implica el concepto de terrorismo y que constituye una base ideológica en función de los medios de comunicación que escriben sobre el tema. Esta división dentro de la sociedad colombiana es la consecuencia del desprestigio de las instituciones políticas, económicas y judiciales, y sobre todo de la falta de estudios que existen dentro del ámbito universitario y el desinterés de los propios académicos. En este contexto planteamos la alternativa si existe un terrorismo bueno o malo. La ambigüedad en el tema, la ausencia de una directriz con perspectiva académico-científica han reducido el tema en una literatura macondiana que poco ha aportado al tema a nivel global, otros países por el contrario (Israel, Reino Unido, España y Estados Unidos) han aportado grandes avances en la disciplina del terrorismo, Colombia esta en deuda con la comunidad internacional en lo que tiene que ver con el estudio, análisis y diagnóstico sobre el tema.Abstract: In this articles we will discuss terrorism in Colombia since the Peace research noting the lack of scientific approaches in that country. There are two main approaches to the topic or divisions, which constitute an ideological base resulting from the polarization that involves the concept of terrorism and ideological base is a function of the media who write about it. This division within Colombian society is the result of the discrediting of the political, economic and judicial, and especially the lack of studies that exist within the university and the disinterest of academics themselves. In this context we propose the alternative if there is a good or bad terrorism. The ambiguity on the issue, the absence of guidance with academic-scientific perspective have reduced Macondian theme in a literature that has contributed little to global issue, other countries instead (Israel, United Kingdom, Spain and the United States) have made great advances in the discipline of terrorism, Colombia is indebted to the international community which has to do with the study, analysis and diagnosis of the issue.

The emergence of the Internet has brought an endless application field within our everyday lives, with new possibilities and challenges. The criminal world has not been external to such appearance, taking advantage of the anonymity given by the world wide web. Internet and technology usage by terrorist groups will be the focal point, through three main frameworks: theoretical, legal and factual. 'Cyber' and 'terrorism' definitions will be precised, in order to round the concept 'cyberterrorism'. Legislation upon the subject will be presented as well as recent cases of cyberterrorism. ; El surgimiento de Internet trajo consigo un sinfín de aplicaciones a nuestra vida cotidiana, con nuevas posibilidades y desafíos. El mundo criminal no ha sido ajeno a esta aparición, obteniendo provecho de la anonimidad que la web conlleva. Se centrará el foco en el uso de la red y la tecnología por parte de los grupos terroristas a través de tres marcos principales: teórico, jurídico y fáctico. A tal fin, se precisarán definiciones de 'ciber' y 'terrorismo', para luego aproximarse al concepto 'ciberterrorismo'. Se trae a colación normativa relativa al tema en cuestión y finalmente se mencionan recientes casos de ciberterrorismo.

27 páginas. ; El terrorismo ha tomado lazos y vínculos muy fuertes dentro de la región de Latinoamérica, y buscan causar dentro de los países que la integran horror y muertes. El terrorismo años tras año se ha internacionalizado hasta el punto tener entrenamientos conjuntos entre estos grupos terroristas. Las mutaciones de los terroristas y las estrategias para eludir los controles gubernamentales hacen que las tareas en contra del terrorismo sean ineficaces. En el desarrollo de este trabajo recopilaremos los orígenes, sucesos y la actualidad del terrorismo dentro de los países Latinoamericanos. ; Terrorism has taken very strong ties and ties within the Latin American region, and seeks to cause within the countries that make up horror and death. Terrorism year after year has been internationalized to the point of having joint trainings between these terrorist groups. Mutations of terrorists and strategies to bypass government controls make counter-terrorism efforts ineffective. In the development of this work we will compile the origins, events and the current situation of terrorism within the Latin American countries.

Object of the thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. The main focus of the thesis is placed on the analysis of this aspect. However, in order to obtain an all-round analysis account is also taken of the processes taking place in European Muslim communities. Aim of the thesis – to consider the process of formation of the EU counter-terrorism policy in 2001–2006, to assess the validity of the measures used in the fight against terrorism and their success. Hypothesis of the thesis – the EU counter-terrorism policy is facing difficulties in implementing the application of measures and is not preventive, the application of improper measures contributes to radicalisation of Muslim communities and their involvement in terrorist activities. Seeking an all-round treatment of the problem, the master's thesis analyses transformation of terrorism over the recent years, looks into the factors influencing the radicalisation tendencies of the European Muslim community, and considers evolution of terrorism. Moreover, the master's thesis analyses the practical implementation of the main instruments in the fight against terrorism (the EU's fight against recruitment, solution of the problem of financing of terrorists, consolidation of co-operation of judicial institutions as well as exchange of intelligence by the EU member states). The essential problem preventing the formation of a common EU counter-terrorism policy is the responsibility borne by the member states for ensuring of national security. It is this aspect, which hinders the efficient activities of common counter-terrorism instruments. The efficiency of the EU counter-terrorism policy is reduced by the absence of the institutional framework for the fight against terrorism. In spite of efforts of the EU towards creation of a mechanism to ensure the proper functioning of counter-terrorism activities, this goal has not been achieved yet. A rather contrary effect can be noticed. Although many working groups and committees have been set up, in the absence of their focused activities, functions of the fight against terrorism are duplicated, and co-operation itself is being developed at different levels, which enhances the complexity of the counter-terrorism mechanism. Another important reason reducing the efficiency of the fight against terrorism is the multifaceted nature of the fight against terrorism. The current counter-terrorism policy may be described as reactive rather than preventive. The lack of political will can be noted, and co-operation is accompanied by distrust. The analysis of specific counter-terrorism measures shows that even after a political agreement on their application is achieved, their implementation in practice is slow and is characterised by essential shortcomings. Another important aspect underlining the inefficiency of the EU counter-terrorism policy is criminalisation of the phenomenon of terrorism. Such a stance is formed by the focusing of the EU's fight against terrorism exclusively on legal issues. The absolute majority of implemented measures are legal measures. Moreover, the essential question of the fight against terrorism – why does a part of the European Muslim community become involved in terrorist activities – is omitted. The lack of a socio-cultural component within the framework of the counter-terrorism policy reflects the fact that the EU is fighting against the terrorist organisations of the past. Faced with Jihad terrorism, the EU is applying inert methods, which today cannot provide a valid response. This is another aspect revealing that the EU is fighting against the consequences rather than causes of the phenomenon. Legal measures are necessary to stop terrorist attacks today, however this could be just an adjacent level. Of the greatest importance is solution of socio-cultural problems, whose existence secures recruitment of potential terrorists.

Object of the thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. The main focus of the thesis is placed on the analysis of this aspect. However, in order to obtain an all-round analysis account is also taken of the processes taking place in European Muslim communities. Aim of the thesis – to consider the process of formation of the EU counter-terrorism policy in 2001–2006, to assess the validity of the measures used in the fight against terrorism and their success. Hypothesis of the thesis – the EU counter-terrorism policy is facing difficulties in implementing the application of measures and is not preventive, the application of improper measures contributes to radicalisation of Muslim communities and their involvement in terrorist activities. Seeking an all-round treatment of the problem, the master's thesis analyses transformation of terrorism over the recent years, looks into the factors influencing the radicalisation tendencies of the European Muslim community, and considers evolution of terrorism. Moreover, the master's thesis analyses the practical implementation of the main instruments in the fight against terrorism (the EU's fight against recruitment, solution of the problem of financing of terrorists, consolidation of co-operation of judicial institutions as well as exchange of intelligence by the EU member states). The essential problem preventing the formation of a common EU counter-terrorism policy is the responsibility borne by the member states for ensuring of national security. It is this aspect, which hinders the efficient activities of common counter-terrorism instruments. The efficiency of the EU counter-terrorism policy is reduced by the absence of the institutional framework for the fight against terrorism. In spite of efforts of the EU towards creation of a mechanism to ensure the proper functioning of counter-terrorism activities, this goal has not been achieved yet. A rather contrary effect can be noticed. Although many working groups and committees have been set up, in the absence of their focused activities, functions of the fight against terrorism are duplicated, and co-operation itself is being developed at different levels, which enhances the complexity of the counter-terrorism mechanism. Another important reason reducing the efficiency of the fight against terrorism is the multifaceted nature of the fight against terrorism. The current counter-terrorism policy may be described as reactive rather than preventive. The lack of political will can be noted, and co-operation is accompanied by distrust. The analysis of specific counter-terrorism measures shows that even after a political agreement on their application is achieved, their implementation in practice is slow and is characterised by essential shortcomings. Another important aspect underlining the inefficiency of the EU counter-terrorism policy is criminalisation of the phenomenon of terrorism. Such a stance is formed by the focusing of the EU's fight against terrorism exclusively on legal issues. The absolute majority of implemented measures are legal measures. Moreover, the essential question of the fight against terrorism – why does a part of the European Muslim community become involved in terrorist activities – is omitted. The lack of a socio-cultural component within the framework of the counter-terrorism policy reflects the fact that the EU is fighting against the terrorist organisations of the past. Faced with Jihad terrorism, the EU is applying inert methods, which today cannot provide a valid response. This is another aspect revealing that the EU is fighting against the consequences rather than causes of the phenomenon. Legal measures are necessary to stop terrorist attacks today, however this could be just an adjacent level. Of the greatest importance is solution of socio-cultural problems, whose existence secures recruitment of potential terrorists.

For the purposes of this work, the terrorism is understood as a method of political violent action, which tends to be articulated in processes of long duration (terrorist campaigns), in order to compensate asymmetries in the context of a conflict. As method, the terrorism operates provoking a destruction or chaos, according to an eminently transitive model and whose psychological effect is superior to his material effects (since it chooses aims with high symbolic value), to effects of transmitting a message and affecting big audiencies, in order to promote (principal though not exclusively) certain political pretensions (Molano-red, 2010). One of the most remarkable characteristics of the terrorist method is his trend to appear in big waves of global coverage. A pioneering investigator (Rapoport, 2004:47) defined these big waves as " a cycle of activity in a certain period - a cycle characterized by phases of expansion and contraction … (whose) fundamental feature is his international character; similar activities that happen in several countries, orientated by a common predominant force that determines the characteristics and mutual relations between the groups participants ". Following this hypothesis, has been suggested in another part (Molano-red, 2009b) the existence of three global cycles of terrorism, that is to say, momenta (more than periods) during which the use of the terrorism as favorite method for the political action for diverse groups in the whole world was intensified and extended: a " revolutionary cycle " (that goes from 1870 until 1914, approximately), a "explanatory" (that would take place between 1948 and 1980), and the more recent one, the "milenarist", which dates back of the decade of 1990 and nowadays it would be in full expansion. ; Para efectos de este trabajo, el terrorismo se entiende como un método de acción política violenta, que tiende a articularse en procesos de larga duración (campañas terroristas), con el fin de compensar asimetrías en el contexto de un conflicto. Como método, el terrorismo opera provocando una destrucción o caos suntuario, según un modelo eminentemente transitivo y cuyo efecto psicológico es superior a sus efectos materiales (por cuanto elige objetivos con alto valor simbólico), a efectos de transmitir un mensaje y afectar grandes audiencias, en aras de la promoción (principal aunque no exclusivamente) de determinadas pretensiones políticas (Molano-Rojas, 2010). Una de las características más llamativas del método terrorista es su tendencia a presentarse en oleadas de cobertura global. Un investigador pionero (Rapoport, 2004: 47) definió estas oleadas como "un ciclo de actividad en un periodo determinado –un ciclo caracterizado por fases de expansión y contracción… (cuyo) rasgo fundamental es su carácter internacional; actividades similares que ocurren en varios países, orientadas por una fuerza común predominante que determina las características y relaciones mutuas entre los grupos participantes". Siguiendo esta hipótesis, se ha sugerido en otra parte (Molano-Rojas, 2009b) la existencia de tres ciclos globales de terrorismo, es decir, momenta (más que periodos) durante los cuales se intensificó y extendió el uso del terrorismo como método predilecto para la acción política por diversos grupos en todo el mundo: un "ciclo revolucionario" (que va desde 1870 hasta 1914, aproximadamente), uno "emancipatorio" (que se produciría entre 1948 y 1980), y uno más reciente, el "milenarista", que data de la década de 1990 y actualmente estaría en plena expansión. ; Le terrorisme est défini comme une méthode d'action politique violente qui s'articule avec des processus de longue durée (campagnes terroristes) afin de compenser les asymétries dans le contexte d'un conflit. En tant que méthode, le terrorisme provoque une destruction à grande échelle qui suit un modèle transitif dont l'effet psychologique est supérieur à ses effets de matière, étant donné que les terroristes choisissent des cibles à haute valeur symbolique, pour transmettre un message qui touche la société de manière significative, afin de bien promouvoir ses prétentions politiques (Molano-Rojas, 2010). Une des caractéristiques les plus frappantes de méthodes terroristes est leur tendance à se produire dans des vagues d'une couverture mondiale. Un pionnier de la recherche (Rapoport, 2004:47) a identifié ces vagues comme «un cycle d'activité dans une période donnée, un cycle caractérisé par l'expansion et la contraction . dont la principale caractéristique est son caractère international ; activités similaires qui se produisent dans plusieurs pays, par une force conjointe qui détermine les caractéristiques et les interrelations entre les groupes participants». En suivant cette hypothèse, Molano-Rojas, 2009b a suggéré ailleurs, l'existence de trois cycles mondiaux du terrorisme, au cours des quelles le terrorisme a été utilisé comme méthode de choix pour l'action politique par divers groupes à travers le monde: un «cycle révolutionnaire» (en cours d'exécution de 1870 à 1914, environ), une «émancipation» (qui a eu lieu entre 1948 et 1980), et une plus récente, le "millénaire" datant de la fin des années 1990 et qui est actuellement en pleine expansion. ; Para efeitos deste trabalho, o terrorismo é entendido como um método de ação política violenta, que tende a se articular em processos de longa duração (campanhas terroristas), com a finalidade de compensar assimetrias no contexto de um conflito. Como método, o terrorismo opera provocando uma destruição ou caos sucinto, segundo um modelo eminentemente transitivo e cujo efeito psicológico é superior seus efeitos materiais (tanto que escolhe objetivos com alto valor simbólico), com intuito de transmitir uma mensagem e afetar grandes audiências, em trabalhar a promoção (principal, ainda que não exclusivamente) de determinadas pretensões políticas (MolanoRojas, 2010). Uma das características mais chamativas do método terrorista é sua tendência a se apresentar em ondas de cobertura global. Um pesquisador pioneiro (Rapoport, 2004:47) definiu estas ondas como "um ciclo de atividade num período determinado – um ciclo caracterizado por três fases de expansão e contração.(cuja) característica principal é seu impacto internacional; atividades similares que ocorrem em diversos países, orientadas por um força comum predominante que determina as características e relações mútuas entre os grupos participantes". Seguindo esta hipótese, foi sugerido em outra parte (Molano-Rojas, 2009b) a existência de três ciclos globais de terrorismo, que dizer, momenta (mais que períodos) durante os quais se intensificou e estendeu o uso do terrorismo como método predileto para a ação política por diversos grupos em todo mundo: um "ciclo revolucionário" (que vai de 1870 até 1914 e 1980), e um mais recente, o "milenarista", que data da década de 1990 e atualmente estaria em plena expansão.

Abstract. Economic criminality and terrorism have become transnational issues, and, after reaching the political, social and economic spheres in the different States, they have become two of the most dangerous current threats. The article aims to analyze these two paradigms of organized crime, beginning by decoding the concepts of economic and terrorist criminality, starting from the external expression. Subsequently, it deals with these events from a functional and practical viewpoint, seeking to identify certain systematic profiles which will enable us to reach a clear concept of what economic and terrorist criminality is. After going over international trends as regards legislation and international criminal politics, the text focuses on a privileged connection between both types: terrorist funding. ; Resumen. La criminalidad económica y el terrorismo han adquirido una dimensión transnacional y, al alcanzar las esferas política, social y económica de los Estados, se hantransformado en dos de las más peligrosas amenazas actuales. El artículo procura una aproximación a estos dos paradigmas del crimen organizado, comenzando por descifrar los conceptos de criminalidad económica y terrorista, partiendo de la expresión externa.Posteriormente aborda los fenómenos desde una perspectiva funcional y práctica, buscandoidentificar ciertos perfiles sistemáticos que permitan arribar a un concepto acabado de la criminalidad económica y terrorista. Tras relevar las tendencias legislativas internacionalesy la política criminal internacional, finalmente el texto se centra en un punto de conexión privilegiado entre ambos tipos: el financiamiento terrorista.

En este artículo se repasan los principales puntos de vista sobre lo que se considera terrorismo, y se proponen elementos en búsqueda de la definición de un concepto hasta el momento inexistente. El aporte que intento realizar es introducir dimensiones generalmente extrañas a cualquier consideración de terrorismo, delimitando el fenómeno de modo tal que muchos de los actos hoy incluidos en el mismo no puedan ser considerados de tal modo, a la vez que incorporaría otros actos que no son considerados de tal manera. La lógica propuesta parte de las definiciones académicas y políticas de terrorismo existentes, insuficientes ambas para abarcar la magnitud del problema, y se asienta luego en la distinción clásica de los diferentes tipos de violencia, elaborándose a partir de ellas una propuesta conceptual. Esta propuesta es contrastada con algunos datos disponibles, se evalúa la incidencia del terrorismo, y se concluye en la funcionalidad del fenómeno para la transformación de estructuras de manera poco advertida. ; In this article the main views on what is considered Terrorism are reviewed, and proposed seeking elements of the definition of a concept to the moment nonexist-ent. The contribution tries to do is enter strange dimensions generally to any con-sideration of terrorism, defining the phenomenon so that today many of the acts included in it can't be considered so, at the same time incorporate other acts which are not considered so. Logic proposed become from academic and political defini-tions existing about terrorism, insufficient to cover both the magnitude of the prob-lem, and sits itself in the classic distinction of different types of violence, and made from them a conceptual proposal. This proposal is contrasted with some data available, the incidence of terrorism is evaluated, and concludes on the functionali-ty of the phenomenon to transform structures so little noticed. ; Fil: Nievas, Flabián Héctor José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentina

The gradual rapprochement between peoples, cultures, beliefs involve numerous conflicts with indigenous peoples on ethnic or religious grounds. These conflicts tend to turn into articulation of radical positions and extremist activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the current state of terrorist acts and identify the determinants of terrorism on racial and religious grounds in Western Europe. The statistical method, comparison, graphic analysis, analysis of the Global Index of Terrorism; The European Union reports on the situation and trends of terrorism, as well as the research on terrorism-related issues for 2011-2021, were used as empirical research methods. It is determined that the UK, France, Germany, Greece, Belgium, Spain, Italy, and Sweden are subject to the highest risk of terrorist acts. It was proved that the determinants of terrorism are localized in relation to key issues related to the state of the economic sphere, social development, as well as the spiritual and cultural sphere. Emphasis is placed on the need to overcome the problems associated with terrorist activities by formulating a policy of national means of resolving ethnic and racial issues and active international cooperation. Further research will identify key determinants of terrorism in Eastern Europe.