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The reformative activity of Argentine liberal presidents Bartolomé Mitre, Domingo Sarmiento and Nicolas Avelande, who sequentially occupied the presidency during 1862-1880 are analyzed in the paper. The successful modernization measures in the fields of reforming the army and the legislative system, in the development of financial, educational and scientific institutions, transport and communications, and the creation of a favorable immigration atmosphere is reviewed. It is asserted that these measures brought Argentina closer to the leading countries of the world and contributed to its prosperity over the following decades. The introduction of new technologies in agriculture and improved products transportation conditions strengthened Argentina's position on the international food export market. Economic prosperity favoured the influx of European immigrants, which became an additional factor of economic development. The increase of the amount of primary and secondary educational institutions positively influenced Argentina's political, technological and economic development in the future. At the same time, among unsuccessful measures were the introduction of a free market policy, low rates of import duties, which slowed the development of industry in Argentina. The practice of large foreign loans, which resulted in the financial crisis and the entry of the country into a money pit also had a negative influence. Those negative factors, in turn, led to the country's failure to rise above the level of the supplier of agricultural raw materials on the world market. The issues of great social differentiation also remained unresolved. Listed problems in the long run laid the foundations of crisis phenomena. ; У статті проаналізовано реформаторську діяльність ліберальних президентів Аргентини Бартоломе Мітре, Домінго Сарм'єнто та Ніколаса Авельянеди, які послідовно обіймали посаду президента впродовж 1862-1880рр. Розглянуто успішні модернізаційні заходи у сфері реформування армії та системи законодавства, у розбудові фінансових, освітніх і наукових інституцій, транспорту та комунікацій, створення сприятливого імміграційного клімату.

In the article in detail the tradition of the honoring of the theme of the January Uprising of the Polish people in 1863 in the cultural and educational surroundings of Drohobych for the period 1880 – 1939 is considered. It is above all the organization of festive and memorial ceremonies at the level of the public companies, magistrate and parochial institutions of Drohobych. Also the potential range of the residents and natives of the Drohobych district, who actively participated in military campaigns in 1863 – 1864 is defined. Among other things, for the first time in the historiography the articles of the Drohobych journalists dedicated to the January Uprising are analyzed: the autobiographical stories about the participants in the Uprising, the obituaries, the political and publicistic essays and also the poems of initiation. The tradition of organizing a variety of celebrations on the theme of the January uprising has long been a feature of the cultural topos of Drohobych not only at the level of the educational environment of local gymnasiums and public associations, but also at the level of the official city authorities in the face of the magistrate, municipality and district councils, as well as old age groups. The serious attitude of the citizens of the city to the events of 1861 - 1863 was especially relevant in connection with the fact that in the uprising, immigrants from Drohobych and the outskirts took part in the uprising, who, on the one hand, living in the city kept "living memory" about the most dramatic episodes of the stormy events of the January uprising, and on the other hand, they were able, by way of example, to convey the symbolic meaning of their feats to future generations in order to cultivate the legitimate right of every nation to freedom. ; У статті детально розглянуто традицію вшанування теми Січневого повстання польського народу 1863 р. в культурно-освітньому середовищі громадян міста Дрогобича за період 1880 – 1939 рр. Йдеться передовсім про організацію святкових та поминальних урочистостей на рівні громадських товариств, магістрату та парафіяльних інституцій Дрогобича.

In the article in detail the tradition of the honoring of the theme of the January Uprising of the Polish people in 1863 in the cultural and educational surroundings of Drohobych for the period 1880 – 1939 is considered. It is above all the organization of festive and memorial ceremonies at the level of the public companies, magistrate and parochial institutions of Drohobych. Also the potential range of the residents and natives of the Drohobych district, who actively participated in military campaigns in 1863 – 1864 is defined. Among other things, for the first time in the historiography the articles of the Drohobych journalists dedicated to the January Uprising are analyzed: the autobiographical stories about the participants in the Uprising, the obituaries, the political and publicistic essays and also the poems of initiation. The tradition of organizing a variety of celebrations on the theme of the January uprising has long been a feature of the cultural topos of Drohobych not only at the level of the educational environment of local gymnasiums and public associations, but also at the level of the official city authorities in the face of the magistrate, municipality and district councils, as well as old age groups. The serious attitude of the citizens of the city to the events of 1861 - 1863 was especially relevant in connection with the fact that in the uprising, immigrants from Drohobych and the outskirts took part in the uprising, who, on the one hand, living in the city kept "living memory" about the most dramatic episodes of the stormy events of the January uprising, and on the other hand, they were able, by way of example, to convey the symbolic meaning of their feats to future generations in order to cultivate the legitimate right of every nation to freedom. ; У статті детально розглянуто традицію вшанування теми Січневого повстання польського народу 1863 р. в культурно-освітньому середовищі громадян міста Дрогобича за період 1880 – 1939 рр. Йдеться передовсім про організацію святкових та поминальних урочистостей на рівні громадських товариств, магістрату та парафіяльних інституцій Дрогобича.

У статті проаналізовано теоретико-методологічні основи культуроохоронної педагогічної концепції В. Щепотьєва – першого ректора Полтавського інституту народної освіти, професора, етнографа, архівіста, митця, засудженого у справі СВУ. Розкрито сутність цільового, методологічного та теоретичного концептів, які включають мету, методологічні положення, принципи та педагогічні умови формування національної свідомості молодого покоління засобами української культури ; The article analyzes the theoretical-methodological foundations of pedagogical conception of culture protection by V. Schepotiev – first rector of Poltava institute of national education, professor, ethnographist, archivist, artist, sentenced in the matter of Ukrainian Liberation Union and executed in 1937 year. There were elucidated in details the purposeful, methodological and theoretical concepts of scientist's pedagogical conception, namely:– Purposeful one includes the purpose of education – the formation of national consciousness in young generation by the means of Ukrainian culture, the formation of responsibility for it to the succession, training of pupil youth to the activity in culture protection;– Methodological concept is grounded on the following statements: human is a child of culture; the separate cultures interact, influence each other and form integrity; national culture is an inalienable component of general human one; in national culture the most importance belongs to language, folklore and art as the expression of individual worldview of nation and "public moods" in concrete historical epoch; each generation must save culture to the succession;– Theoretical one includes: 1) general pedagogical and specific principles, especially nationality, culture-correspondence, democratism, humanism, emotionality; 2) pedagogical conditions: the understanding of culture protective and culture creating mission by scientific-pedagogical intellectuals; the widening of net of culture protective state institutions and public organizations; interconnection between family, secondary and higher schools, out-of-school institutions, church and public organizations in culture protective activity; introduction of culturological approach to the system of education

У статті проаналізовано теоретико-методологічні основи культуроохоронної педагогічної концепції В. Щепотьєва – першого ректора Полтавського інституту народної освіти, професора, етнографа, архівіста, митця, засудженого у справі СВУ. Розкрито сутність цільового, методологічного та теоретичного концептів, які включають мету, методологічні положення, принципи та педагогічні умови формування національної свідомості молодого покоління засобами української культури ; The article analyzes the theoretical-methodological foundations of pedagogical conception of culture protection by V. Schepotiev – first rector of Poltava institute of national education, professor, ethnographist, archivist, artist, sentenced in the matter of Ukrainian Liberation Union and executed in 1937 year. There were elucidated in details the purposeful, methodological and theoretical concepts of scientist's pedagogical conception, namely:– Purposeful one includes the purpose of education – the formation of national consciousness in young generation by the means of Ukrainian culture, the formation of responsibility for it to the succession, training of pupil youth to the activity in culture protection;– Methodological concept is grounded on the following statements: human is a child of culture; the separate cultures interact, influence each other and form integrity; national culture is an inalienable component of general human one; in national culture the most importance belongs to language, folklore and art as the expression of individual worldview of nation and "public moods" in concrete historical epoch; each generation must save culture to the succession;– Theoretical one includes: 1) general pedagogical and specific principles, especially nationality, culture-correspondence, democratism, humanism, emotionality; 2) pedagogical conditions: the understanding of culture protective and culture creating mission by scientific-pedagogical intellectuals; the widening of net of culture protective state institutions and public organizations; interconnection between family, secondary and higher schools, out-of-school institutions, church and public organizations in culture protective activity; introduction of culturological approach to the system of education

The structure of the subjects of religious politics can be conditionally divided into three vertically-integrated groups of subjects carrying out various tasks within the framework of religious politics; they are: «Ideologists», «Administrators» and «Executants». Being the initiator of the new religious politics in USSR, Joseph Stalin personally managed it, while at the core of all three groups were the agencies of national security. Although the Soviet Union was a totalitarian state with a strict verticality of power, but within the system of religious politics deep political processes were taking place, at times resulting in open conflicts within the above mentioned groups, as well as between them. After death of Joseph Stalin, the struggle for his heritage led to the power over the state being transferred into the hands of the highest political administration. These changes also affected the area of national religious politics. At the same time, the ideological department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union strengthens its positions; at first it takes the national security agencies out of the group of «Ideologists», and then replaces the old representatives of national security in the «Administrators» group with the members of Agitprop, practically monopolizing the influence upon the religious politics in USSR. The conflict within the group of «Administrators», between the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults, began almost immediately after their forming and continued during both, the old and the new administrations. The 60's became the apogee of this conflict, when both councils were unified into a single authority – the Council of Religious Affairs at the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. This unification was a triumph of CAROC in a continual struggle with CARC. There was also a competition at the lowest level, among the «Executants»; their desire to demonstrate their effectiveness to the highest administration stimulated the activeness of its representatives. The institution of authorized Councils, responsible for the implementation of the governmental politics with regards to religious organizations, was faced with an active and often independent activity of the local representatives of the party and Soviet authorities. On the other hand, from the late 50's the national security agencies, having lost their influence in the first two groups, concentrated their attention on the work with the Institution of the authorized Councils, and using a broad arsenal of methods have gained control over their activity by the mid 60's. ; Стаття розглядає проблему інтеракції суб'єктів релігійної політики в СРСР. Увагу сфокусовано на визначенні місця і ролі суб'єктів релігійної політики, а також їх взаємовплив. З метою більш чіткого усвідомлення ролі та внутрішніх зв'язків головних суб'єктів релігійної політики в СРСР автор виділяє три основні групи в структурі релігійної політики, а саме: «Ідеологи», «Адміністратори» та «Виконавці». Окрема увага в статті приділяється еволюції відносин між цими групами, а також внутрішньогруповим відносинам.

The article outlines the range of literary tastes of the peasants in the 1850s – 1880s and analyzes the intensity of peasants' reading. It has been proved that the main result of development of the peasants' reading culture was the change in their attitude to reading and books. As long as the traditional peasant way of life remained unchanged, the need for active reading did not arise. Neither did the reading tastes change. With the advent of social request for information dictated by the modernization processes in the country, the demand for new forms of communication, including books (based on secular literature) has formed. In the 1850s–1880s, the reading culture was developing independently, 'naturally', within the literary environment permitted by the censorship. It is only in the 1890, when a network of the leaders of reading (public schools, free public libraries, public readings, book storages) appeared, did an active pressure on the reading culture on the part of the government state and the public emerge. Keywords: Ukrainian peasantry, history of reading, reading culture, traditional society, cheap literature, Podillia province. ; Окреслено коло читацьких смаків селянської читацької аудиторії 1850–1880-х рр., роз-глянуто інтенсивність читання селян. Доведено, що головним результатом розвитку читацької культури селян досліджуваного періоду стала зміна їхнього ставлення до читання та книги. Допоки традиційний селянський уклад залишався незмінним, потреби в активному читанні не виникало, не змінювалося коло читання. Із появою соціального замовлення на інформацію, зумовлене модернізаційними процесами в країні, сформовано попит на нові форми комуніка-ції, зокрема книжкову, в основі якої була світська книга. У 1850 – 1880-х рр. читацька культура розвивалася самостійно, "природним шляхом", у межах дозволеного цензурою книжкового простору. Тільки у 1890-х рр. із появою мережі провідників читання (народних шкіл, безкош-товних народних бібліотек, народних читань, книжкових складів) розпочато активний тиск з боку держави та громадськості. Ключові слова: українське селянство, історія читання, читацька культура, традиційне суспільство, лубочна література, Подільська губернія.

Introduction. International trade is closely related to environmental sustainable development, while promoting trade growth and environmental sustainable development are also the goals pursued by mankind. China's environmental sustainability is affected by both severe shortages of natural resources and severe environmental pollution. In addition, growing populations and rapid economic growth, as well as weak environmental controls, have increased demand for natural resources and affected their pollution. In the past year, in conditions of the complex international situation and the severe impact of COVID-19 pandemic, China's foreign trade imports and exports have been significantly better than expected, and the scale of foreign trade has once again set a record high. However, how to ensure the growth of international trade while ensuring environmental protection? Sustainable development is one of the problems that the Chinese government needs to solve.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of fundamental provisions of crisis theory, international trade theory, theory of foreign trade of national ecological and economic systems, as well as modern concepts of post pandemic development. The solution of the set tasks was carried out by using a set of general scientific research methods: analysis of scientific literature, method of analogy and comparison, theoretical synthesis, classification, methodological generalization, economic and statistical analysis, expert assessments and scientific abstraction. The authors use the Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the General Administration of Customs, Baidu academic papers, and relevant documents in the CNKI database as data sources.The purpose of research – to prove the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development.Results. The research proved the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. The research substantiates environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. Related factors of international trade in the context of environmental sustainability have been identified. The formation of modern international trade in the conditions of changing the ecological environment of China is analyzed. Countermeasures on environmental sustainability in the context of China's growing international trade are proposed. Through the summary of research, it is found out the relevance and causality between trade and the environment, analyze and study the changes in relevant data, and summarize the main imbalances in the process of China's response to international trade and environmental sustainable development, so as to put forward corresponding problems in response to these issues solution.Prospects. The results of the research discover the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade. The prospect of further research is to apply the impact of the China's international trade development on its environmental sustainability for the development of domestic foreign trade policy.

Дане дослідження присвячене кризі в Індокитаї в 40-70-х рр. ХХ ст. та політиці США. Конфлікт у В'єтнамі – один з найбільших конфліктів після Другої світової війни. У першому розділі проаналізовано історіографію та джерельну базу з даного дослідження. У другому розділі описано становище в Індокитаї після Другої світової війни, Першу індокитайську війну, охарактеризовано Женевські угоди 1954 р. та їх наслідки. У третьому розділі проаналізовано ситуацію у Південному В'єтнамі в кінці 50-х- на поч. 60- рр. ХХ ст. та політику США у цей період, висвітлено війну США у В'єтнамі, її хід та політичне врегулювання кризи, наслідки війни для США та В'єтнаму. ; This study focuses on the crisis in Indochina in the 40-70's of the twentieth century. and US policy. The conflict in Vietnam is one of the biggest conflicts since World War II. The first section analyzes the historiography and source base of this study. The second chapter describes the situation in Indochina after World War II, the First Indochina War, describes the Geneva Accords of 1954 and their consequences. The third section analyzes the situation in South Vietnam in the late 1950s. 60s of the XX century. and US policy during this period, covering the US war in Vietnam, its course and political settlement of the crisis, the consequences of the war for the United States and Vietnam.

У статті пропонуються способи дослідження повсякденного життя партійно-радянської номенклатури в УРСР у 1970-х – на початку 1980-х рр. на основі матеріалів Державного архіву Львівської області, Центрального державного архіву громадських об'єднань України, а також інтерв'ю, спогадів, преси та художньої літератури. Проаналізовано особливості ділового та морально-етичного образу представника партійної еліти. Поєднання вивчення професійних та управлінських функцій із застосуванням методів історії повсякденності дозволило реконструювати цілісний образ партійного функціонера. ; The attempt to reconstruct the daily life of the Party and the Soviet nomenclature in the Ukrainian SSR in 1970 s –beginningꞌ of 1980ꞌs on the basis of the State Archives of Lviv's region, Central State Archive of Public Organizations of Ukraine, materials of interviews, memoirs, press and literature was made in the article. In this paper examines the coverage of features of portrait descriptions, business, moral and ethical image of representative of the party elite. The thesis considers the combination of professional and management functions with everyday history, all of which allowed for the objectivity and integrity of the image of the party functionary. Special attention is given to methods of comparing, matching and synthesizing used to defining the place of the party nomenclature in the context of social and political life in the Soviet Union, to establish its impact on society and to trace the process of the ideological values formation and their correlation with life's realities.

На основі вивчення історико-педагогічної та мистецтвознавчої літератури аналізуються розпорядження уряду, які створювали передумови для розвитку художньої самодіяльності студентської молоді. У статті розглянуто постанови уряду, які мали вагомий вплив на вдосконалення виховної роботи серед студентів. Вагому роль у становленні творчих студентських колективів відіграли конкурси- огляди художньої самодіяльності колективів студентів різних навчальних закладів, які організовувалися на місцевому, районному, обласному, республіканському та союзному рівнях (VI Всесвітній московський фестиваль молоді та студентів у Москві (1957), І Всесоюзний фестиваль естрадних театрів у Москві (1965)). Це сприяло виникненню СТЕМів при різних навчальних закладах країни. ; The article deals with analysis of government's regulations which had great impact on development of amateur performances of student, from the perspective of studying historical-pedagogical and art-study sources. The article examines governmental regulations which had a significant impact on the improvement of educational work among students. Careful selection of repertoire for student amateur art, improvement of cultural services for students (opening students club and palaces of students), the allocation of student's day is the basic for student's amateur performances. Important role in the formation of creative students group was played by concerts-reviews of amateur performances of collectives of various education institutions, which were organized at the local, district, regional, republican and union levels (VI World Moscow festival of Youth and Students in Moscow (1957), and the first All-Union Festival of the pop theatres in Moscow (1965)). This contributed to the emergence of STEMs at various educational institutions in the country. The main areas of creative teams and student sections that were active in the study period are shown. The analysis of students' concert choirs and orchestras is conducted and the following feature of creative teams are revealed: entertainming, charitable and educational functions; their contribution to the promotion of art among the general population is outlined. Meaningful historical and pedagogical analysis of a wide layer of archival material made the possibility to identify and characterize the features of creative groups: upbringing, educational, charitable and entertaining. It promotes formation of conscious and critical attitude to the world historical and educational heritage. The materials of the paper suggest a new approach to the analysis of archival materials, illumination and evaluation of controversial issues of student creative teams of Slobozhanshchina in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century.

Funktion und Probleme der palästinensischen Presse, hauptsächlich seit der Intifada. Presse als Plattform für Intifadapolitik; Probleme der Pressefreiheit und der israelischen Politik der vollendeten Tatsachen. (DOI)