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This book deals with community-building as it manifested itself in early modern 's-Hertogenbosch. Citizenship and autonomous collective organisations were phenomena that were present in all West-European cities. Mostly men organised themselves in among others civic militias, craft-guilds and the reformed congregation: corporations that may be considered the most important institutions of the middling sort. The members of the corporate institutions rendered their services to a great extent to the master-corporation, their domicile. On the basis of the situation in 's-Hertogenbosch the following questions will be answered: 1. how was civil society formed in Dutch cities in the seventeenth and eighteenth century; 2. in what way did the corporate institutions contribute to the local community-building; 3. how did these social connections develop in time. Craft-guilds, civic militias and the church created a bond between the people. By their regulations members of these corporations took up a juridically clearly defined position towards the inhabitants who did not belong, and especially towards foreigners. In the corporations individual freedom was not sought as its highest goal, but the welfare of the collective. The corporations offered their members dignity, social acceptance, participation, sociability and protection in times of distress, and they bore responsibility for the organization of the city. In this book there is definitely a place for conflict as well. A harmonious and prosperous society is in the view of communautarists like Robert Putnam's almost the natural outcome from citizens cooperating in unions. Conflict forms an essential part of the interaction between people. In spite of the conflicts corporations did not collapse. Corporations underlined the importance of the social bond for the individual as well as the community. The main obstacle was religion. The policy of the town council was directed towards a fair and just treatment of the different confessions within the framework of the Capitulation Treaty of 1629 and the "laws of The Hague". The town council was the guardian of the common interest and it corrected the corporations that were inclined to serve their own ends. Skipping the details Robert Putnam draws attention to the corporations in North-Italian city-states that caused civil communities to bloom. Putnam relates this to the present American society. He just like Amitai Etzioni, another important community-thinker, recognizes the importance of social connections in which members cooperate, have discussions and in doing so keep democracy alive. Communautarists pay attention to the transmitting of norms and values. Corporations in early modern times also were emphatically engaged in this. What applied to Putnam's city-states in the late Middle Ages also applies to the corporations in early modern 's-Hertogenbosch. Members of the corporations created a lively culture of discussion, a necessary condition for a community on its way to democracy. (Jonathan Israel states that 'the democratic republic [started] in the Republiek') In order to deliberate with one another it is important that the partners in deliberation trust one another. Cooperating within social connections and delegating responsibilities is only possible, as Fukuyama points out, if there is trust. Both within the guilds and the militias this trust could grow because quite soon after the Reduction of 1629 the catholic and reformed members started to work on the ecumenicity of everyday life. Schilling and Blickle both ascertain, ignoring details, that changes into a democratic direction in early modern times were initiated bottom-up in small connections. The discussion that Tönnies started on Gesellschaft und Gemeinschaft is still very much alive especially when we take into account the 'golden rules' of Etzioni. He draws attention to the smaller connections - intermediary institutions - that a democratic communitarian society, a 'community of communities' needs if it is to stay alive.

A study of the relation between the nature of municipal elections in Belgium & the degree of Ur'ization of municipalities. 5 categories of electoral patterns are discerned: elections without competition; totally local; predominantly local; mixed; predominantly nat'l. Operationalizations of Ur'ization in Belgium from previous res are used. A positive r is found between growing Ur'ization & a shift from local to predominantly nat'l electoral pattern. This does not mean that the predominantly nat'l electoral pattern is found exclusively in the highest category of Ur'ization, nor that the exclusively local electoral figure & elections without competition occur only in Ru regions. But it is a fact that the gravity center of the more nat'l electoral patterns lies in the Ur'ized municipalities & towns, whereas the gravity center of local electoral patterns lies in Ru municipalities. Findings support the hyp of the "tenuous zone," formulated by S. Groenman (see SA A1165). 2 Graphs, 1 Table. Modified HA.

While increasingly more people live in cities, urban peripheries are expending at the cost of nature. This book explains how sustainability can be achieved by urban redevelopment and upcycling. The large-scale processes of urban redevelopment in this book are based on a successful brownfield project in Netherlands, the Paleiskwartier in 's-Hertogenbosch. 'Designing for sustainability through upcycling' tells the inside story of nearly three decades how policies were made, decisions taken, designs created, how the projects developed in phases and how the city government partnered the private sector in a unique way. A series of essays and short interviews with key players involved – including directors, designers, developers and city-officials – provides a detailed overview of how this project was actually realized. This book offers first-hand information of 30 years of development as told by master-planner Shyam Khandekar. Professor Vinayak Bharne places the process of upcycling in the context of developments from other parts of the world. A must-read for those on the threshold of undertaking a brownfield redevelopment process in their city

Summary: Since it was established by Riek Bakker and Ank Bleeker in 1977, the Bakker & Bleeker bureau (operating as Bureau B+B since 1990) has functioned as a laboratory for the professional community. Designers such as Winy Maas, Adriaan Geuze and Michael van Gessel have worked there and the office was an incubator for design practices such as West 8, Karres en Brands and Rietveld Landscape. The development of Bureau B+B coincides to a large extent with the emancipation of Dutch post-war landscape architecture and urbanism. Self-assured and autonomous, the bureau reintroduced design to the city, from an unexpected angle. It soon ranked among the world|s best, thanks among other things to its design for the Parc de la Villette in Paris (1982), a commission won ex aequo with designers such as Rem Koolhaas and Bernard Tschumi. The bureau has always been interdisciplinary, employing landscape architects, urban planners, architects, land development experts and industrial designers

In de BKR zitten? of ?in de Contraprestatie? zoals de regeling in het begin werd genoemd, was in de jaren 1949-1987 een begrip in Nederland. De Beeldende Kunstenaarsregeling bood kunstenaars die niet van hun werk konden leven, een tijdelijk inkomen in ruil voor kunstwerken. De regeling was geliefd bij kunstenaars, meer dan 5.600 maakten er op enig moment gebruik van, maar de regering vond haar te duur en zette er na 38 jaar een punt achter. 0De Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed bezat in 1987, 221.000 schilderijen, tekeningen, grafiek, beelden, sieraden, objecten, video?s, etcetera. Ruim 200.000 werken zijn geschonken aan instellingen, teruggegeven aan de makers en overgedragen aan de kunstuitleen. De Rijksdienst heeft er 20.000 gehouden. Ze worden uitgeleend aan musea, ministeries, ambassades en aan tentoonstellingen en manifestaties. 0In dit boek, rijk geïllustreerd met een selectie van 100 topstukken, beschrijft Fransje Kuyvenhoven de turbulente geschiedenis van deze unieke regeling. Met recht ?een monument voor de BKR?.00Exhibition: Gorcums Museum, Gorinchem, The Netherlands (12.12.2020 - 18.05.2021)

Onder de naam Cubic 3 Design ontwierpen Ton Hoogerwerf (1956) en Gerwin van Vulpen (1958) tussen 1981 en 1995 humorvolle objecten die zich verzetten tegen de gedachte dat een voorwerp functioneel moet zijn. Hun ?vrolijke tegenmethode? had zijn oorsprong vooral in de Britse punk en in subculturen die daar weer uit voort waren gekomen: new wave en new romantics vooral. Een tijdlang sloot het werk aan bij buitenlandse anti-designstromingen die eveneens de dood aan het functionalisme verklaarden. Vormgeving moest de voortdurend veranderende tijdgeest uitdrukken, vonden Hoogerwerf en Van Vulpen, en dus heftig gedecoreerd zijn. Het leidde tot ?camp? vazen van purschuim, trol-lampen die eenzaamheid oplosten, Rock Hudson-servethouders die aids bespreekbaar maakten en een ?trash? interieur voor de Rijksdienst Beeldende Kunst in Den Haag.00Cubic?s ?goede smaak van de slechte smaak? wordt door Yvonne Brentjens nader onder de loep genomen. Het boek schetst tegelijkertijd een krachtig tijdsbeeld van de jaren 80 en eerste helft van de jaren 90. Het is daarmee een onmisbare schakel in het begrijpen van Droog Design en het latere Dutch Design.00Exhibition: Kunstmuseum, The Hague, The Netherlands (28.05.-09.10.2022)

A discussion of the development of political protest in the Netherlands based on: (1) a study conducted by S. H. Barnes, M. Kaase, et al in 1974 (Political Action. Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies, Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979); (2) a 1979 replication conducted by J. J. A. Thomassen et al (De verstomde revolutie. Politieke opvattingen en gedragingen van Nederlandse burgers na de jaren zestig [The Speechless Revolution. Political Opinions and Behavior of Dutch Citizens after the Sixties], Samson: Alphen a.d. Rijn, 1983); & (3) a 1985 replication survey conducted by the department of political science of the U of Amsterdam. Analysis indicates that the protest potential in the Netherlands has diminished, but that participation has increased; while youth in the 1960s had relatively high protest potential & protest participation, youth of the 1980s appear to be even more active. The questionnaire also examined willingness to demonstrate for (or against) issues classified as socialist, new (immaterialist), or traditional. Although a distinction was expected, the willingness to demonstrate for the socialist & new issues was relatively high, & there were no clear boundaries between the supporters of these groups. It is concluded that much remains to be learned about the manner in which a potential for certain actions develops & is mobilized. 11 Tables, 1 Appendix, 31 References. Modified AA