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Since the advent of the first proto-state entities, human society has searched for the best way to manage and organize large groups. Criteria have changed throughout history more than once: initially, the legitimacy of the Manager was supported by tradition, religious cult – the best leader has not only strength, agility and intelligence, qualities which were required of the leaders in the pre-state era, but behind it the authority of tradition. Currently, the legitimacy of the ruler (take consideration of "developed" countries of Europe) depends on many factors, as a rather formal and paradigmatic for the current system of governance – utilitarianism in the classical formulation of Jeremy Bentham, based on a democratic form of government, the rate on the effectiveness of leadership, understood primarily in an economic sense. ; С момента появления первых протогосударственных образований человеческое общество искало наилучший способ управления и организации больших групп. Критерии менялись на протяжении истории не один раз: первоначально легитимация управленца поддерживалась традицией, религиозным культом – лучший вождь обладает не только силой, ловкостью и умом, качествами, какие требовались вождям в догосударственную эпоху, но за ним стоит авторитет традиции. В настоящее время легитимность правителя (возьмем для рассмотрения «развитые» страны Европы) зависит от множества факторов, как достаточно формальных, так и парадигмальных для нынешней системы управления обществом – утилитаризма в классической формулировке Бентама, продиктованного демократической формой правления, ставке на эффективность руководства, понимаемую в первую очередь в экономическом смысле.

The article is devoted to the problem of the development of an integrated approach to the development and implementation of measures aimed at improving the eficiency of the intellectual capital of Russia. The article proves the thesis about the lack of eficiency of functioning of the national economy, including the sector of high-tech industry – the creator and main «consumer» of intellectual capital, which determines the need to ind measures to stimulate the growth of eficiency of this important productive force of the economy in an era of high technology. The article also presents the idea that the measures aimed at improving the eficiency of intellectual capital use should be comprehensive in nature, affecting the major factors of the process of its use. The proposed measures need to be enforced and implemented taking into account the current macroeconomic situation in the country, to maximize the beneits from their introduction. The paper proposes a set of measures to promote the use of intellectual capital through the development of the institution of private investment and increase the availability of loan funds for high-tech enterprises; restructuring of tax incentives for companies that actively use the intellectual capital; the development of public-private partnerships; improvement of legislation in the sphere of creation and circulation of intellectual property; provision of uniform and balanced development of the national innovation system to improve the eficiency of the transfer of knowledge and technology. In this context, the actual problem of the restructuring of the Russian scientiic and technical sphere and its core – the scientiic organizations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, aimed to improve the transfer of scientiic knowledge and achievements in the manufacturing sector is also considered.

Важнейшим фактором становления творческого опыта детей является развивающая игровая деятельность, формирующая гибкость мышления, интеллект, которыйпредставляет собой навыки обработки информации («книжный ум»), развивающие беглость, гибкость, оригинальность и разработанность мышления. В процессе обучения игре в шахматы используются методы решения шахматных задач, современные информационные технологии и методы, реализация врожденных задатков, превращение их в способности, креативное мышление, наличие цели достижения шахматных высот, определяющих его дальнейшую деятельность. В качестве диагностического инструментария оценки уровня сформированности творческого опыта младших школьников, обучающихся шахматам, использовались тест креативности Торренса,«карта одаренности» (А. И. Савенкова), опрос родителей и др. Обучение шахматам состоит из последовательности занятий, имеющих два уровня сложности, распределенных по годам обучения. Важным условием реализации творческого опыта младших школьников является соблюдение принципов развивающего обучения. Активно используются компьютер, задачный подход в обучении, решение сложных и многогранных шахматных задач. Учащимся даются для решения шахматные задачи, развивающие беглость, гибкость, оригинальность и разработанность мышления, предлагаются позиции для решения и разыгрывания нестандартных шахматных задач. Полученные результаты позволяют сделать заключение о последовательности актуализации творческого опыта младших школьников от осмысления генетического опыта до решения сложных шахматных задач.
The most important factor in the formation of the creative experience of children is the developmental play activity, which forms the flexibility of thinking, intellect, which is information processing skills ("book mind"), which develops fluency, flexibility, ingenuity and development of thinking. In the process of learning to play chess, methods for solving chess problems, modern information technologies and methods, the implementation of innate inclinations, their transformation into abilities, creative thinking, the goal of reaching heights in playing chess are used. As a diagnostic tool to evaluate the level of formation of the creative experience of junior schoolchildren learning chess, we used Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, the Map of Giftedness by A.I. Savenkov, a survey of parents, etc. Teaching chess consists of a sequence of lessons that have two levels complexity, distributed over the years of training. An important condition for the implementation of the creative experience of younger students is the observance of the principles of developmental education. The computer, the task-based approach to learning, and the solution of complex and multifaceted chess problems are actively used. Students are offered to solve chess problems that develop fluency, flexibility, originality and development of thinking, positions are offered for solving and playing non-standard chess problems. The obtained results make it possible to draw a conclusion about the sequence of actualization of the creative experience of younger schoolchildren from understanding the genetic experience to the solution complex chess problems.

The article examines historical preconditions that gave rise to disagreements and disputes regarding the intellectual legacy of one of the prominent Russian economists of the early XVIII century Ivan Pososhkov. Essential aspects of mercantilist and non-mercantilist extracts from his Book of Poverty and Wealth («Kniga o skudosti i bogatstve») are revealed and described.Through a retrospective analysis of past and present alternative assessments of Pososhkov's economic doctrine it is reasoned that the intellectual legacy of the Russian self-taught economist viewed in the theoretical and methodological context cannot be regarded as belonging to the physiocratism or the classical political economy in the whole, including the institutionalism. It is concluded and proved that Pososhkov's views are mercantilist in their essence. ; В статье рассматриваются исторически сложившиеся предпосылки возникновения разномыслия и споров в связи с творческим наследием одного из выдающихся российских ученых-экономистов начала XVIII столетия И.Т. Посошкова. Выявляются и раскрываются сущностные аспекты меркантилистских и немеркантилистских извлечений из его «Книги о скудости и богатстве». Посредством ретроспективного анализа альтернативных оценок экономического учения И.Т. Посошкова в прошлом и настоящем аргументируется, что творческое наследие этого российского исследователя в теоретико-методологическом контексте не может характеризоваться как соответствующее физиократизму либо классической политической экономии в целом и тем более институционализму и обосновывается вывод о том, что оно является исключительно меркантилистским.

The article examines mechanisms of the intellectual property rights protection within the European Union. The author considers basic legal acts responsible for the protection of the intellectual property rights, in particular EU directives and regulations. The article also analyses the importance of the main bodies in the field of intellectual property rights protection, mainly the European Union Intellectual Property Office and the European Patent Office. The new measures taken by the European Commission and aimed at encouraging EU enterprises to invest in innovative and creative processes are mentioned. ; В статье проведено исследование механизмов защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности в рамках Европейского Союза. Автор рассматривает основные нормативно-правовые акты, отвечающие за охрану прав интеллектуальной собственности, в частности, директивы и регламенты ЕС. В статье также показана роль основных органов защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности в ЕС, а именно, Ведомства по интеллектуальной собственности Европейского Союза и Европейского патентного ведомства. Упомянуты новые меры, принятые Европейской Комиссией, направлены на стимулирование предприятий ЕС к инвестициям в инновационные и творческие процессы.

Under Nero Roman society faced the First Imperial Crisis: the consequence of an unprecedented power and welfare, which was mainly due to the lack of clear political and cultural guidelines after Augustus' death. Instead of convenientia, or πρέπον, intellectuals privileged novitas and exhibitionism, thereby creating the poetics of the awesome. The more the imperial power went assuming absolutistic and despotic connotations, the less the intellectual's social role and contribution seemed to be worthy of consideration. Therefore, intellectuals suggested a new concept of the man of letters. They focused on the psychological aspects of the human behavior, as in Seneca's case. The possible alternative, consciously adopted by Lucan in Pharsalia, was to commit oneself to a macabre and slander gender of poetry: the expression of a common condition of mind weakness. In this regard, Lucan's stylistic solutions are worth of consideration: via his modus scribendi ardens and concitatus, Lucan expressed his tragic view of reality and diverted from the Roman literary tradition, which lent little space to irrationality. Under Nero there was a revival of philosophical interests, but the traditional philosophies looked not to be any more believable. The persistence of crisis led intellectuals first to passively accept the status quo, then to proudly estrange from the public scenes. With reference to this, Persius' hexameters in Satirae are highly emblematic. ; Sob Nero, a sociedade romana enfrentou sua Primeira Crise Imperial, consequência de um nível de poder e assistencialismo sem precedentes que se deveu sobretudo à falta de diretrizes políticas e culturais bem definidas após a morte de Augusto. Em vez de convenientia ou πρέπον, os intelectuais da época privilegiaram a novitas e o exibicionismo, criando assim a poética do impressionante. Quanto mais o poder imperial foi assumindo conotações absolutistas e despóticas, menos o papel e a contribuição social do intelectual pareceram dignos de consideração. Consequentemente, os intelectuais sugeriram um novo conceito de homem de letras, concentrando-se nos aspectos psicológicos do comportamento humano, como é o caso de Sêneca. A alternativa possível, conscientemente adotada por Lucano na Farsália, foi empenhar-se num gênero de poesia macabro e difamatório: a expressão de uma condição comum de fraqueza mental. Nesse sentido, as soluções estilísticas de Lucano são dignas de consideração: por meio de seu modus scribendi ardens e concitatus, Lucano expressou sua visão trágica da realidade e se desviou da tradição literária romana, que concedia pouco espaço para a irracionalidade. Sob Nero, houve uma renovação do interesse filosófico, mas já não parecia possível acreditar nas filosofias tradicionais. A persistência da crise levou os intelectuais de início a aceitar passivamente o status quo, mas depois passaram a se afastar dignamente da cena pública. Os hexâmetros de Pérsio nas Sátiras são emblemáticos a esse respeito.

The overview of the European and Russian judicial practice confirmed the opinion that high financial risks associated with litigation costs often do not allow Russian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to use the formal intellectual property protection system. The carried-out analysis showed that Russian measures to stimulate the development of innovative SMEs are quite competitive in comparison with the international analogues. Meanwhile the proposed corrections give the opportunity to the governmental programmes to provide more stable support for the domestic companies. ; .

This article analyzes the foreign experience of foreign investment in the creation and use of intellectual capital of the country. Particular attention is paid to the experience of venture investment as a form of private investment in intellectual capital. In the article the macroeconomic concept of intellectual capital and its components is presented; analysis of the impact of eficiency of intellectual capital use to national competitiveness increase with the use of tools of regression analysis is conducted to determine the nature of the relationship between the index of competitiveness of the country and indicators of the use of national intellectual capital as well as to identify the countries whose experience is appropriate to consider for the development of proposals to improve effective use of national intellectual capital. The paper presents calculations, conirming the existence of a direct relationship between the level of development of intellectual capital and the growth of macroeconomic indicators, as well as calculations leading to a conclusion lead to the conclusion that, for the purpose of the development of measures to improve the eficiency of intellectual capital, it is appropriate to consider not only the experience of high income countries which belong to the group of high income level, but also rapidly developing countries such as China. The article also conducted provides a comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic, scientiic, technological, legal and administrative, socio-cultural, infrastructural and external factors that affect the process of the use of national intellectual capital in order to identify areas in which it is possible to improve the government measures aimed at the increase of the effective use of intellectual capital. Financial support for the use of intellectual capital is deined as one of the key factors inluencing the eficiency of intellectual capital use on a national scale. The development of the venture capital market, as a form of private investment in high-risk ...

The article reflects the main aspects that should be taken into account in developing and changing the regulation of intellectual property sphere. Being harmful in some aspects, piracy also has a number of properties that can be useful for copyright owners: information, network and indirect effects. The paper presents a mathematical model showing the case where the protection of intellection activity result can cause more damage to public welfare than piracy itself. The findings show a need for tools more flexible than the intellectual property system so that every copyright owner can choose the required level of protection.

Preliminary Materials /I. De Gennaro and H.-Chr. Günther -- Chapter One. Introduction /H.-C. Günther -- Chapter Two. Josef Liegle (1893-1945) /A. Kerkhecker -- Chapter Three. Heidegger And Politics /F. Fédier -- Chapter Four. Sartre Und Die Macht /W. Biemel -- Chapter Five. "Lektüre" Als Machtrelevante Wahrnehmungsanalyse Bei Simone Weil /R. Kühn -- Chapter Six. Philosophers In Japan In The Period Of World War II—Reflecting The Philosophy Of Nishida Against The Background Of Social Phenomena /Hisaki Hashi -- Chapter Seven. Mao Und Die Intellektuellen /Harro Von Senger -- Chapter Eight. Hans Pfitzner – Ein Genie Und Sein Verhältnis Zur Gesellschaft /J. P. Vogel -- Chapter Nine. Abstract Musical Works As Objects Of Political Interest? The Example Of Schönberg's Op. 11,1 /H. Eiholzer -- Chapter Ten. La Poesia Politica Degli Augustei /P. Fedeli -- Chapter Eleven. Political Analysis In Horace'S Roman Odes /T. Reinhardt -- Chapter Twelve. Stalin, Putin And The Poets /D. Rayfield -- Chapter Thirteen. Nationale Dichtung Im 20. Jh.: Der Griechische Dichter Und Politiker Giorgos Seferis /H.-C. Günther -- Notes On Contributors /I. De Gennaro and H.-Chr. Günther -- Index /I. De Gennaro and H.-Chr. Günther.

The present study legal analysis of the legal aspects of violations of intellectual property rights in modern Russian criminal law, which is currently, despite the urgency of the problem, little studied area, both from the point of view of the theory and from the practical point of view.

Intellectual history is a historical science that studies the intellectual activity of man, his ideas and theories, through culture and its media, taking into account political, historical and social aspects of life. This paper describes the formation and development of intellectual history. ; Интеллектуальная история – историческая наука, изучающая интеллектуальную деятельность человека, его идеи и теории, через культуру и её носителей, учитывая политические, исторические, социальные аспекты жизни. В данной работе описывается становление и развитие интеллектуальной истории.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное частное право" ; В статье проанализировано развитие права и судебной практики ЕС в области интеллектуальной собственности. Показано влияние интеллектуальной собственности на процессы экономического сближения государств. Автор приводит примеры из практики Суда ЕС, свидетельствующие о тесной взаимосвязи свободы перемещения товаров и конкуренции на общем рынке с проблемой интеллектуальной собственности. В статье приведены данные о развитии источников вторичного права ЕС по вопросам интеллектуальной собственности. Автор перечисляет директивы и регламенты ЕС, принятые по основным вопросам промышленной собственности и авторского права. Дается характеристика единой системы охраны некоторых наиболее важных объектов интеллектуальной собственности в ЕС, а также тенденций по развитию единой охраны других объектов интеллектуальной собственности в ЕС. В статье сделан вывод о том, что единые системы охраны ЕС построены на принципах, характерных для национально-правовой системы охраны объектов интеллектуальной собственности. Автор пришел к заключению о последовательном углубления сотрудничества и взаимодействия стран-членов в области интеллектуальной собственности, которое, вероятно, в будущем приведет к снятию территориального характера прав интеллектуальной собственности на пространстве ЕС. = The article analyses the development of law and judicial practice of the EU in the intellectual property sphere. The influence of the intellectual property on the economic rapprochement of states is shown. The author cites examples from the practice of the EU Court, which confirm the close connection between the freedom of goods movement and market competition and the intellectual property problem. The article presents the data on the development of the sources of secondary law on intellectual property. The author enumerates the directives and regulations adopted by the EU on the main issues of industrial property and copyright. The article characterizes the single system of protection of the most important objects of intellectual property in the EU as well as the trends in developing single protection of other intellectual property objects in the EU. The author comes to the conclusion that single systems of protection in the EU are constructed on the principles specific to national legal systems of intellectual property protection and points out the ever-deepening cooperation and interaction of the member-countries in the sphere of intellectual property which is likely to lead to elimination of the territorial character of the intellectual property rights in the EU space.

Intellectual activity of students requires a special approach towards the system of organization and management of this process. Drawing on the institutional approach, the paper shows the interdependence between the values and norms of the institution and the basic values of students in terms of enhancing their intellectual activity and the formation of human capital of students, as well as the maintenance and development of the intellective potential of the institution. The authors first explore the peculiar forms of presenting in the educational process the basic values of students and university facilitating the efficiency and diligence of students, then present the key values crucial for further functioning and development of students' education system. The article identifies the factors that determine the education system functionality. Among such factors are teaching methodology, the system of periodic and current evaluation of students work, the organization of the learning process, the forms of motivation. The findings demonstrate the influence of students basic values on their intellectual activity, the role of these values in educational and scientific activity of students, the growing impact of the values of higher education institutions on their intellectual activity and intellective capital through the system of students motivation.

The purpose of the article is to demonstrate an influence of Jewish salons of Berlin on the intellectual life of Prussia at the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries. As a form of communication, salon is characterized with an active participation of women in «traditionally» men's discussions on politics, philosophy and literature. Woman, as a rule, an aristocrat, selected a public at her discretion and moderated a conversation. A blossom of salon culture in Prussia took place at the second quarter of the XVIII century. Influence of Jewish salons on intellectual life of the kingdom is consided to be a one of the topics-in-question for researchers in this field. Deborah Hertz, Petra Wilhelmy-Dollinger and Renata Fuchs are inclined to represent Jewish salons as a phenomenon of a great significance for both Prussian Jews' life and cultural climat of German- speaking space. Hannah Lund and Barbara Hahn assess Jewish salons as one of integrative channels at the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries. The sourse base of this article is presented with a wide correspondense and memoires by actors of salon communication in Berlin, as well as with satirical writings. In this article, the most famous Jewish salons' hostesses — Henriette Herz and Rahel Levin — are presented. High social position of Jewish women's families, as well as their accomplishment and originality incited a great interest to them. Eminent German cultural activists were among the guests of Jewish salons. Intensive communication with Jewish women affected creativity of German authors. So, it is traced in the present article, how a friendship of Henriette Herz with Friedrich Schleiermacher influenced on his formation as a founder of the original religious concept. Also, a role of Dorothea Mendelsohn in Friedrich Schlegel's life and creativity is highlighted. A special attention is paid to the Jewish women's literary activity as an important component of cultural integration. On a Dorothea Mendelsohn's example, author makes an attempt to demonstrate that affiliation to salon circles gave Jewish women a possibility to start their literary activity. Author of the present article traces a reaction of Prussian conservative literary circles to a popularity of Jewish salons. On examples of Friedrich Nicolai and August Bernhardi is demonstrated, how a fear of feminization and Jewish integration are reflected in Prussian satire at the end of the XVIII century.