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The aim of this work is to investigate and analyze the aspects of the intellectual property market as well as to determine possible marketing strategies for this market. The report also gives a survey of literary sources and legislative acts in the sphere of given research.The article also reveals the essence of such notions as «object of intellectual property», «market of objects of intellectual property». It describes their content and differences from other products, their types and basic implementation of intellectual property rights. The specific features of marketing activities in the process of work with intellectual property are highlighted in this study as well as possible marketing strategies are selected. Based on theresearch, the conclusion is made that it is reasonable to implement the differentiation strategy in the market of intellectual property. So far, it is suggested the adapted model of differentiation and positioning strategy while entering the market of intellectual property. The value chain is transformed for the intellectual property consumers. Particularly, it is pointed out that this chain should be enlarged with such activities as technological prognostication and forming the ability of intellectual product to ensure the economy of live and materialized labor in the manufacturing process. Special attention is paid to the intellectual property rights management and protection due to the fact that an intellectual product is more inclined to a fast moral ageing than a material one. Finally, the creation of the ability to be sold many times to different customers and in different markets should be added to this value chain. Defining the specific features for positioning the intellectual property objects, such their peculiarities should be taken into consideration as: significance, distinctness, advantage, clearness, copyright protection, simplicity and profitability. This chosen strategy of positioning must have a certain stability, i.e. to stay unchangeable for some period of time, because a quick and frequent change of the strategy imposes an indistinct image. But the market of intellectual property objects is very dynamic. Consequently, the marketing department of a plant should constantly do some market research to investigate these changes and adjust them in the point of positioning strategy.Approaches, suggested in this article, can be put into practice by domestic companies while developing their marketing strategy in the intellectual property market. The aspect for further research is the development of systematic approaches to create the position scheme with distinguishing the segments in the market of intellectual property objects. ; Мета роботи - дослідити особливості ринку об'єктів інтелектуальної власності, обґрунтувати можливі маркетингові стратегії на цьому ринку. Методологічна основа роботи - системно-структурний підхід до аналізу економічних явищ і процесів. Для виконання поставлених у роботі завдань застосовано діалектичний метод наукового пізнання, аналізу й синтезу, системного узагальнення. Здійснено огляд літературних джерел та законодавчих актів за напрямом дослідження. Запропоновані в роботі підходи можуть бути використані в практиці вітчизняних підприємств під час розробки маркетингової стратегії на ринку об'єктів інтелектуальної власності; перспективою подальших досліджень є розробка методичних підходів до створення позиційної схеми з виділенням сегментів на ринку об'єктів інтелектуальної власності. За результатами дослідження запропоновано адаптовану модель стратегії диференціації й позиціювання в процесі входження на ринок об'єктів інтелектуальної власності. Доповнено ланцюжок цінностей для споживачів об'єктів інтелектуальної власності Зроблено висновок про те, що, вибираючи визначальні особливості для позиціонування об'єктів інтелектуальної власності, потрібно враховувати такі їхні особливості, як значимість, характерність, перевага, наочність, захищеність від копіювання, доступність, прибутковість. Обрана стратегія позиціювання повинна мати певну стабільність, тобто залишатися незмінною протягом деякого часу, оскільки швидка й часта зміна стратегії позиціонування спричиняє встановлення нечіткого іміджу. Проте ринок об'єктів інтелектуальної власності досить динамічний, тому маркетингові служби підприємства повинні постійно досліджувати ці зміни та коригувати їх у стратегії позиціювання.

This dissertation offers a theorisation of the ways in which the intellectual function is performed through various subject positions. In the thesis, a post-Marxist approach to discourse theory is used to address questions of discursive shifts, hegemony and the intellectual function. It is supplemented by a rhetorical political analysis in order to examine how practices and strategies involved in hegemonic struggles take place on a more fine-grained level of analysis. The theoretical argument is complemented through empirical work that analyses the medialised debate on privatisation in Sweden from 1988 to 1993. As a step in the theorisation process this empirical analysis applies elements of both post-Marxist discourse theory and rhetorical political analysis to shed new light on the intricacies of the intellectual function and the hegemonic processes in which it plays a key part. Using a post-Marxist terminology, the intellectual function is conceived broadly as the articulation and mediation of ideology, and analysed with the aid of conceptual devices derived from the rhetorical political analysis approach. Empirical analysis thus plays an active, constitutive role in the production of theory. This also implies that empirical analysis is not undertaken primarily as an end in itself, but rather because it is needed to support the theorisation process. Nevertheless, the analysis of the privatisation debate in Sweden elucidates important discursive changes that took place in this decisive period of recent Swedish history. The focus of the study is directed towards the shifts in ways of defining and speaking about the concept under contention (in this case, privatisation) in a relational setting of concepts and political positionings; the formation and performance of an intellectual function and the types of subject positions made available in the debate, and the rhetorical practices used to inhabit such positions; and the rhetorical and political strategies employed to achieve (relative) fixation of a particular definition of privatisation by making it (appear to be) commonsensical. The analysis shows how a common sense centred on the right to private ownership, is established in the privatisation discourse. By disentangling moral and efficiency-based arguments, the empirical analysis provides novel insights that contradict existing economistic assumptions about neoliberal politics and ideologies. By fleshing out the post-Marxist notion of an intellectual function, the study offers a way of conceptualising a post-foundationalist theory of intellectuals. Moreover, performances of the intellectual function are typologised into three ideal types: "experts", "spokespersons", and "public intellectuals". The dissertation also points to processual changes in the representation of these ideal types in mainstream and alternative media. By analysing discursive practices of coalitions building and the articulation of political frontiers in the privatisation discourse, the empirical analysis elucidates constructions of unity and division among political subjects. What emerges from these processes is a new hegemonic order which supplants the previous hegemonic formation – which became the common enemy across political lines – the social democratic welfare state.

Due to the importance of Francisco Ayala's literary creation, his facet as a university professor, both of political sciences and of literature, is often forgotten. For this commitment we can establish two periods; that of formation, initiated in 1929 which ends in 1935 when he is awarded with the Professorship of Political Law, and the next one, of maturity, which he begins in exile and ends with a time in which he teaches Spanish Literature in North American universities. It is during this period when he writes about the problematics in the application of liberalism and when he sets down the basis of his criticism, establishing the difference between 'old freedom' and 'modern freedom' ; Debido a la importancia de la creación literaria de Francisco Ayala, se olvida a menudo su faceta como profesor universitario, tanto de ciencia política, como de literatura. En esta dedicación podemos establecer dos etapas; la de formación, iniciada en 1929 y que concluye en 1935, al serle otorgada la Cátedra de Derecho político; y la otra, ya de madurez, que comienza en el exilio y finaliza con un periodo en el que enseña literatura española en universidades norteamericanas. Es en este periodo en que escribe sobre la problemática en la aplicación del liberalismo y sienta las bases de su crítica, estableciendo la diferencia entre "libertad antigua" y "libertad moderna"

This study provides a cost-benefit analysis of CJSN support services in terms of criminal justice costs to the NSW State Government.

At the article it is payed attention to the increasing of delinquency quantity at the intellectual property sphere and stressed into the necessity of amplification of prevention such delinquency.It is analyzed approaches according to the content of delinquency prevention at the economic, administrative and criminal law. It is proved that the state should treat effective means and ways of influence on delinquent for defense of rights of intellectual property, improve the law mechanism of defense of rights and interests in the intellectual law sphere. It is determined that the regulations about preventive measures according to the delinquencies are absent at the national special legislation at the intellectual property sphere. It is determined that the aim of prevention consists in notification and removing of reasons and conditions of delinquency, which form the content of prevention, detection of persons, which are inclined to commit a delinquency, and application of measures for their correction. It is investigated the reasons and conditions of delinquency, their classification and difference. It is bounded the concepts «prevention» and «notification» of delinquency, and also it is proved that prevention is an independent mean of law enforcement. It is concretized that prevention of delinquency at the intellectual property sphere can be determined as state realization of economical, political, ideological, educational, law and other measures according to the detection and removing the reasons of delict of the intellectual property and also the detection of persons, who inclined to commit such delinquency. It is suggested the main organizational, law and educational measures according to the detection and removing reasons of delict at the intellectual property sphere. It is determined the main problems, which need solution according to the delinquency prevention at the intellectual property sphere. ; У статті акцентовано увагу на зростанні кількості правопорушень у сфері інтелектуальної власності та наголошено на необхідності посилення профілактики таких правопорушень.Проаналізовано підходи щодо розуміння змісту профілактики правопорушень у науці господарського права та інших галузях юридичної науки. Взято за основу підхід, що передбачає розмежування понять «профілактика» та «попередження» правопорушення. Конкретизовано, що профілактика правопорушень у сфері інтелектуальної власності може бути визначена як здійснення державою економічних, політичних, ідеологічних, виховних, правових та інших заходів з виявлення та усунення причин порушень прав інтелектуальної власності, а також виявлення осіб, схильних до вчинення таких правопорушень. Запропоновано основні заходи з виявлення та усунення причин правопорушень у сфері інтелектуальної власності.

The article is devoted to the problem of the development of an integrated approach to the development and implementation of measures aimed at improving the eficiency of the intellectual capital of Russia. The article proves the thesis about the lack of eficiency of functioning of the national economy, including the sector of high-tech industry – the creator and main «consumer» of intellectual capital, which determines the need to ind measures to stimulate the growth of eficiency of this important productive force of the economy in an era of high technology. The article also presents the idea that the measures aimed at improving the eficiency of intellectual capital use should be comprehensive in nature, affecting the major factors of the process of its use. The proposed measures need to be enforced and implemented taking into account the current macroeconomic situation in the country, to maximize the beneits from their introduction. The paper proposes a set of measures to promote the use of intellectual capital through the development of the institution of private investment and increase the availability of loan funds for high-tech enterprises; restructuring of tax incentives for companies that actively use the intellectual capital; the development of public-private partnerships; improvement of legislation in the sphere of creation and circulation of intellectual property; provision of uniform and balanced development of the national innovation system to improve the eficiency of the transfer of knowledge and technology. In this context, the actual problem of the restructuring of the Russian scientiic and technical sphere and its core – the scientiic organizations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, aimed to improve the transfer of scientiic knowledge and achievements in the manufacturing sector is also considered.

With the development of globalization, intangible cultural heritage (ICH) has come under increasing threat, making the safeguarding of ICH a crucial task for the governments and peoples of the world. This paper examines China&rsquo ; s current state of intellectual property (IPR) protection for ICH and proposes that ICH be placed under China&rsquo ; s legislative protection as intellectual property. Due to the immense diversity and complexity of ICH and the difficulty in reconciling various interests involved, the existing IPR protection mode faces many obstacles in practice. We present two case studies and three sets of recommendations on improving the protection of ICH in China. The first set relies on improving copyright protection for ICH, the second set relies on improving trademark and geographical protection for ICH, and the third set relies on improving patent protection for ICH.

We integrate international business theory on foreign direct investment (FDI) with institutional theory on intellectual property rights (IPR) to explain characteristics and behaviour of foreign investment subsidiaries in Central East Europe, a region with an IPR regimegap visàvis West European countries. We start from the premise that FDI may play a crucial role for technological catchup development in Central East Europe via technology and knowledge transfer. By use of a unique dataset generated at the IWH in collaboration with a European consortium in the framework of an EUproject, we assess the role played by the IPR regimes in a selection of CEE countries as a factor for corporate governance and control of foreign invested subsidiaries, for their own technological activity, their trade relationships, and networking partners for technological activity. As a specific novelty to the literature, we assess the influence of the strength of IPR regimes on corporate control of subsidiaries and conclude that IPRsensitive foreign investments tend to have lower functional autonomy, tend to cooperate more intensively within their transnational network and yet are still technologically more active than less IPRsensitive subsidiaries. In terms of economic policy, this leads to the conclusion that the FDI will have a larger developmental impact if the IPR regime in the host economy is sufficiently strict. ; Wir kombinieren die zwei Theoriegebäude der International-Business- und der Institutionenökonomie, um die Charakteristika und das Verhalten von ausländischen Direktinvestitionen (ADI) in den Ländern Mittelund Osteuropas zu untersuchen, die sich unter anderem durch einen relativ zu den entwickelteren westlichen Ländern geringeren Schutz intellektueller Eigentumsrechte auszeichnen. Wir gehen von der Annahme aus, dass ADIs einen wichtigen Entwicklungsbeitrag in diesen Ländern leisten können, indem sie Technologie und Wissen transportieren. Unter Verwendung einer einzigartigen Datenbank, die durch das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) in Kooperation mit einem internationalen Konsortium im Rahmen eines EUProjektes generiert wurde, untersuchen wir für eine Auswahl von PostTransformationsländern die Rolle, die das Regime intellektueller Eigentumsrechte (IPRRegime) für die entwicklungsfördernden Potenziale von ADI hat. Diese Rolle wird vermittelt durch die CorporateGovernanceStrukturen zwischen Investoren und Töchtern, die technologische Aktivität von Tochterunternehmen in der Region, ihre Handelsbeziehungen insbesondere mit der Gastökonomie und die Netzwerkbeziehungen für ihre technologische Aktivität. Ein Neuigkeitswert der Untersuchung besteht in der Analyse des Verhältnisses zwischen der Stärke des IPRRegimes und der Kontrollmechanismen zwischen Investoren und Töchtern. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass diejenigen ADIProjekte, die eines besonderen Schutzes durch das IPRRegime bedürfen, typischerweise eine geringere funktionelle Autonomie aufweisen, sich in ihren Kooperationen stärker auf das Netzwerk des ausländischen Investors konzentrieren und dennoch eine höhere technologische Aktivität aufweisen. Für die Wirtschaftspolitik kann daraus geschlossen werden, dass ADI dann einen besonders intensiven Entwicklungsbeitrag leisten können, wenn das Gastland sein IPRRegime möglichst streng ausgestaltet.

This response to "Democratic Teaching: An Incomplete Job Description" explores the intellectual work that teachers must do to achieve the goal of preparing citizens for a flourishing democracy. This piece analyzes the rigor of such a teaching task and asks questions about what it means to engage in the intellectual work of teaching for democracy. Public perceptions of teaching as an intellectual practice and the impact this has on teaching as both a profession and element of fostering democracy are explored.

Senior Project submitted to The Division of Social Studies of Bard College.

This book is in closed access. ; This book explores this lost history, offering a new appraisal of the work of Kropotkin and Read, and examining the ways in which they endeavoured to articulate a politics fit for the particular challenges of Britain's modern history.

Professors Heald and Sherry argue that the language of Article I, Section 8, Clause 8, the Intellectual Property Clause, absolutely constrains Congress's legislative power under certain circumstances. Their analysis begins by looking at other limits on the legislative power that the Court has found in the Bankruptcy Clause, the Eleventh Amendment, the Tenth Amendment, and Article III. Then by examining the history and structure of the Intellectual Property Clause and relevant precedent, they distill four principles of constitutional weight- the Suspect Grant Principle, the Quid Pro Quo Principle, the Authorship Principle, and the Public Domain Principle. These principles inform the Court's jurisprudence in cases involving the Intellectual Property Clause, acting as implied and absolute limits on Congress's exercise of its legislative power. Finally, Professors Heald and Sherry apply these principles to recent pieces of legislation and evaluate the constitutionality of several proposed and recently enacted laws.

This paper revisits the intellectual development of cultural studies in Latin America in order to assess current challenges and identify lines of research. It is argued that much of the literature has failed to seriously consider key points of cultural studies, namely, the need to be critical about its own epistemological premises and the need to study culture within broad social formations. Since the landmark studies by Néstor García Canclini and Jesús Martín Barbero laid the foundations in the 1980s, the field of cultural studies has generally aimed to illustrate original arguments instead of using them as a point of departure to analyze media and cultural phenomena. Consequently, many scholars have produced work that while it proves and illustrates original arguments about the hybrid nature of cultures and the complexity of cultural mediation, it does not push the field in new theoretical directions. An additional problem is that, often, the study of culture has been divorced from a close inspection of the linkages between cultural, political, and economic processes, and from the articulations between high and low culture. Consequently, the political underpinnings of the enterprise of cultural studies, as outlined by Raymond Williams and Stuart Hall, have been in the background. This choice has, arguably, restrained the intellectual development and undermined the potential to move theory‐building and the debate forward. Additionally, the disinterest in critically exploring theoretical premises has diminished the potential to transcend the boundaries of "area studies" in order to engage with the study of media and culture as well as cultural studies globally. The paper concludes by suggesting research directions that might contribute to overcoming the current intellectual impasse.

published_or_final_version ; Public Administration ; Master ; Master of Public Administration

As the climate crisis consistently worsens, the United States' response to the crisis has proven inconsistent. Even with the United States likely to recommit to the Paris Climate Agreement, political tensions will likely further delay a climate response. The polarized characterization of the Green New Deal, the inaction of scientifically misguided conservatives, and the incessant proposal for middle ground approaches lacking the urgency needed to change course all contribute to this delay. While swift action from the federal government is needed, looking to the private sector to transition to sustainability is equally important. Specifically, patent protection is a strong intellectual property tool used to reward inventors that has in part made this transition possible. However, the current United States patent regime is not fully suited to combat climate change because it does not adequately consider public health interests and in fact permits non-practicing patentees ("patent trolls") to withhold much-needed green technology from others. This article proposes a specialized fair use defense against patent infringement in the context of green technologies that reduce the effects of climate change. Recognizing the tension between the need for public access to these technologies and the innovators' rights and incentives, this proposal designs a framework that assesses whether certain green patents have untapped potential that deserve permitted transfer to secondary users while still ultimately compensating the patent holder.