Suchergebnisse

The function of social policy & its contribution to governability in Mexico are analyzed in a historical review of policy from 1917 to the present. In the 1980s, the style of social policy management, characterized by universality & corporativism, changed under pressure from growing unemployment, informal markets, marginalization of rural & urban social groups, & reduction of government resources. Focused social programs were developed that involved social participation & decentralization. In the late 1990s, the government has proposed further decentralization of social programs to combat poverty. Issues associated with effective decentralization & a model for decentralization supporting the four basic areas of social policy (health, education, food, & housing) are discussed. 21 References. Adapted from the source document.

Examines roots of military regimes established throughout Latin America during the 1970s and 1980s; includes historical failure of liberal revolutions, influence of agrarian oligarchies, lack of separation between church and state, relations between church and military, and other issues. Summary in English.

Comparative study of organized violence and terrorism in Europe and Latin America; since the late 1970s, chiefly.

Arkansas was a frontier land inhabited by the Quapaws and other Indians who temporarily lived in the area (Osages, Chickasaws, Abenaquis, Miamis, Peorías, and Kaskakias). The territory was part of the Province of Louisiana, which was a French colony until 1762, and then a Spanish colony up to the end of the 18th century. The relationship between the Quapaws and the French and Spanish people living at the Post, the village, and the surrounding forests was very close, and it included commercial, defensive, political, and social relations. The Quapaws were key to the French and Spanish authorities aim of controling the territory on face of hostile Indians and British and American political and commercial rivalry. The correspondence between the commandant of the Arkansas Post and the governor in New Orleans provides unvaluable Information about the life of the Quapaws and other Indians, who were be removed from their territory three decades later.

This paper analyzes, from a theoretical-methodological perspective, the processes of political change that have taken place or seem to have taken place in Latin America since the late 1970s, frequently defined as democratization (or redemocratization) processes. In this context, the factors that provoke, favor or accelerate such processes are of interest, without ignoring the opposing forces that delay, divert or totally impede democratization. Our interest in analyzing the processes and structures of political change is scientific and political at the same time. The political interest is centered on the democratic opening of authoritarian regimes, the most generalized form of political domination in Latin America in the 1970s. ; En el presente trabajo se analiza, en perspectiva teórico-metodológica, los procesos de cambio político que se han operado o parecen haberse operado en Latinoamérica desde fines de la década del 70, definidos frecuentemente como procesos de democratización (o redemocratización). En este contexto interesan los factores que provocan, favorecen o aceleran tales procesos, sin pasar por alto las fuerzas opuestas que retardan, desvían o impiden totalmente la democratización. Nuestro interés en analizar los procesos y estructuras del cambio político es científico y político a la vez. El interés político se centra en la apertura democrática de regímenes autoritarios, forma de dominación política más generalizada en la América Latina de los años 70.

The Bicentennial of the French Revolution in París, in the week of July 10 through 17, 1989 was such a massive, elaborate event that, given the media employed (TV, opera, films, etc.), attained brilliantly the objective which from the outset its organizers intended: to show the rest of the planet the unbreakable democratic identity of the French republic in the world today. Leaving a few uncompromising critics aside, the event was perceived generally as presented coherently. However, on the occasion of the First Centennial, in 1889, as well as the 150th aniversary, in 1939, criticism was harsher, voiced by monarchists and unabashed opponents of the Revolution. Significantly, the consensus of 1989 coincided with widespread ignorance of French history among the country's young; and it was at them, as well as the gneral public in the rest of the world, that the event was directed, with a powerful educational thrust. ; La conmemoración del segundo centenario de 1789 en París, culminada en la semana del 10 al 17 de julio, constituyó un espectáculo masivo a los ojos del mundo que, por los medios empleados (TV, ópera, filmografía, etc.), sirvió espléndidamente a los fines a que estaba destinada: mostrar al resto del mundo la inquebrantable identidad democrática de la República francesa en el mundo actual. Aparte de algunos críticos exquisitos, el acontecimiento en general se vio con gran unanimidad como una imagen homogénea. Durante el siglo pasado (1889) y en 1939, sin embargo, hubo una oposición más fuerte, formada por políticos monárquicos o contrarrevolucionarios. Lo curioso es que esta homogeneidad de 1989 fuera compatible con una gran ignorancia de la historia real por parte de la juventud francesa: a ellos -y al gran público del resto del mundo- es a quienes se dirigieron esos espectáculos, dotados a veces por ello de gran sentido pedagógico.

The Bicentennial of the French Revolution in París, in the week of July 10 through 17, 1989 was such a massive, elaborate event that, given the media employed (TV, opera, films, etc.), attained brilliantly the objective which from the outset its organizers intended: to show the rest of the planet the unbreakable democratic identity of the French republic in the world today. Leaving a few uncompromising critics aside, the event was perceived generally as presented coherently. However, on the occasion of the First Centennial, in 1889, as well as the 150th aniversary, in 1939, criticism was harsher, voiced by monarchists and unabashed opponents of the Revolution. Significantly, the consensus of 1989 coincided with widespread ignorance of French history among the country's young; and it was at them, as well as the gneral public in the rest of the world, that the event was directed, with a powerful educational thrust. ; La conmemoración del segundo centenario de 1789 en París, culminada en la semana del 10 al 17 de julio, constituyó un espectáculo masivo a los ojos del mundo que, por los medios empleados (TV, ópera, filmografía, etc.), sirvió espléndidamente a los fines a que estaba destinada: mostrar al resto del mundo la inquebrantable identidad democrática de la República francesa en el mundo actual. Aparte de algunos críticos exquisitos, el acontecimiento en general se vio con gran unanimidad como una imagen homogénea. Durante el siglo pasado (1889) y en 1939, sin embargo, hubo una oposición más fuerte, formada por políticos monárquicos o contrarrevolucionarios. Lo curioso es que esta homogeneidad de 1989 fuera compatible con una gran ignorancia de la historia real por parte de la juventud francesa: a ellos -y al gran público del resto del mundo- es a quienes se dirigieron esos espectáculos, dotados a veces por ello de gran sentido pedagógico.

Airports and aerodromes are transport infrastructures which, apart from contributing to the mobility of people and goods, favor social development, since they promote new activities, stimulate local initiatives and reassess bordering areas. This article presents a synthesis of the Environmental Impact Study of a future aerodrome, whose design project is way at present. The aerodrome is submitted to the EIA administrative procedure due to the currently applicable specific legislation: R.D. 1302/86. The technical document submitted for study is the special plan of the aerodrome. One of the basic criteria in the conception of airports and private airfields is the compatibility with the habitability of the environment as well as with the ecological and landscape conditions. This criteria should play a part in the orientation of the runways, trajectory of the taking off and landing maneuvers., even in the location and design og the parking spaces, hangars and other facilities. This idea suggests the design be conceived with environmental-friendly sensibility, right from the initial stages, without leaving the responsibility of this issue to the environmental study impact. The present study has its own style of approaching the dissemination, consisting of the idea that the reader will find the methodological aspects more useful than the technical data which are of consequence only in the handling of the different project stages. The aspects which are also considered important for the reader are those which allowed the team of editors to form their criteria on the issues of expenses, environmental benefits of the design, its acceptability, etc. The methodology applied is a classical one, in accordance with the requirements of the EIA regulations. ; Los aeropuertos y aeródromos son infraestructuras de transporte que, además de contribuir a la movilidad de las personas y mercancías, fomentan el desarrollo porque promocionan nuevas actividades, estimulan las iniciativas locales y revalorizan los territorios contiguos. Se ...

This paper offers an historical view of housing in Santiago from 1500 to the 1970s by focusing on the dwellings built during the XVII and XIX centuries, the situation of cities at the turn of the XX century, the cafes and their unhealthy conditions, the actions taken by the government to address the situation of poor settlements and tenement houses, the first popular dwellings built in 1910, the creation of the Caja de Habitación Popular in 1936, the housing policies implemented during the 1940s, the architectural styles of each decade and/or government and what the author refers to as the dehumanization of the city as the result of uncontrolled growth, overpopulation and poverty. ; Hace un recorrido histórico de la vivienda en Santiago desde el 1500 hasta la década de los '70 analizando las viviendas del siglo XVIII y XIX, las urbanizaciones de fines del 1800 y comienzos del siglo XX, los cités y su insalubridad, las gestión gubernamental para enfrentar los asentamientos precarios y los conventillos, las primeras viviendas populares en 1910, la creación de la Caja de Habitación Popular en 1936, las políticas de vivienda en la década del '40, las tipologías arquitectónicas de cada década y/o gobierno y lo que el autor define como la deshumanización de la ciudad ante su crecimiento incontrolado, el hacinamiento y la miseria.

The Torre del Salvador together with the rest of the Mudejar architecture of Teruel was included in the World Heritage List in Í986. Its restoration, promoted by the Aragón Government, has kept in mind its value as architectural element, a key piece of the Mudejar style of Aragón and Spain and as a symbolic part of the city. Paying attention to these meanings, the intervention tries to extend its survival and return it its splendor. There are no spatial transformations but merely an encounter with the traditional materials, a study and a contemporary interpretation of them and of the techniques through which they were applied. It was necessary to pay special attention to the plaster since it was the only composite used, as well as to another fundamental part of the Mudejar style of Teruel, the glazed ceramics of the facades, partly lost or deteriorated. The article tries to transmit the methodology of the project and the work which, together with the close familiarity with the building itself have been essential in the documentary and complementary studies. ; La Torre del Salvador, junto con el resto de arquitectura mudéjar de Teruel, fue incluida en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial en 1986. Su restauración, promovida por el Gobierno de Aragón, ha tenido en cuenta su valor como elemento arquitectónico, pieza clave del mudéjar aragonés y español y como parte simbólica de la ciudad. Atendiendo estos significados la intervención trata de prolongar su supervivencia y devolverle su esplendor. No hay transformaciones espaciales, tan sólo un encuentro con los materiales tradicionales, su estudio, y una interpretación actual de los mismos y de las técnicas con las que fueron aplicados. Ha sido necesario prestar especial atención al yeso por ser el único aglomerante con que se construyó y a la cerámica vidriada de fachadas, inseparable del mudéjar turolense, en parte perdida o deteriorada. El artículo intenta transmitir la metodología del proyecto y de la obra para los que, junto al conocimiento íntimo del edificio, han ...

The importance of the city of Segovia like center of production of cloths in the 16th century opened way in the centuries later to a slow and deep decadence. Nevertheless, in the middle of the 18th century, the manufacturer of cloths and illustrated D. Diego Ochoa de Hondategui it left all his fortune, almost 4 millions of royal, destined for pious and educational works. A college for poor and orphan children and a school of the first letters, was the place where there passed the educational life of the teacher Francisco of Fruits Illanas. Forced during the constitutional triennium, to teaching the Political Catechism of the Spanish Constitution of 1812, to the return of Fernando VII in 1823, first it was had as«black» and later purified. ; La importancia de la ciudad de Segovia como centro de producción de paños en el siglo XVI dejó paso en siglos posteriores a una lenta y profunda decadencia. Sin embargo, a mediados del siglo XVIII, el fabricante de paños e ilustrado. D. Diego Ochoa de Hondategui dejó toda su fortuna, casi 4 millones de reales, destinada a obras pías y educativas. Un colegio para niños pobres y huérfanos y una escuela de primeras letras fue el lugar donde transcurrió la vida docente del maestro Francisco de Frutos Illanas. Obligado durante el trienio constitucional a enseñar el Catecismo Político de la Constitución española de 1812, a la vuelta de Fernando VII en 1823, primero fue tenido por «negro» y después purificado.

This paper examines the intentionality and resignifications characterizing the mission of the Sisters of the Infant Jesus in Bembibre, León, and surrounding villages in the 1960s and 1970s during the second stage of Francoism. The Sisters played a public role by providing a testimony of a way to live the faith that can be traced to the origins of the congregation, the pedagogical imaginary of their founder, Nicholas Barré and the French spirituality of the seventeenth century. There was a trans-temporal re-appropriation of the original inspiration of the founder. The mission with its openness and creative involvement with the community and commitment to their needs created a unique space in the town and region during repressive political times and regional socio-economic challenges. ; Este artículo examina la intencionalidad y las resignificaciones que caracterizaron a la misión de las Religiosas del Niño Jesús en Bembibre, León y sus alrededores. El período de tiempo seleccionado abarca los años sesenta y principios de los setenta, es decir, durante la segunda etapa del franquismo. Las religiosas desempeñaron un papel público al ofrecer un modo de vivir la fe de carácter testimonial que se remontaba a los orígenes de la congregación, al imaginario pedagógico de Nicolás Barré –su fundador– y a la espiritualidad francesa del siglo XVII. En su misión en Bembibre se produjo, por tanto, una reapropiación transtemporal de la inspiración original del fundador. El carácter aperturista de la misión, su creatividad en el modo de participar en la comunidad y el compromiso con sus necesidades terminaron por conformar un espacio único en el pueblo y en la región, en un contexto político represivo y de profundos desafíos socioeconómicos.

The 1980s began with rumors of a war between superpowers that could unleash a Third World War. What to make of these rumors of the death of the detente and the beginning of a second cold war? In this paper those questions are analyzed. On the one hand, the European and Japanese allies perceive the decline in US military and economic power; on the other, the world left, including the Marxist currents, also perceives the decline of Moscow as the ideological center of Marxism-Leninism. For its part, the Third World has begun to search for new ways of expression, through which it can break its bonds of dependency. Everything seems to indicate that the new circumstances could be interpreted as signs of a return to the cold war, where two empires in decline resort to military force to prevent their disintegration. ; La década del 80 se inicia con rumores de una guerra entre superpotencias que podría desencadenar una Tercera Guerra Mundial. ¿Qué pensar de estos rumores de la muerte de la detente y el comienzo de una segunda guerra fría? En este estudio nos proponemos analizar estas interrogantes. Por un lado, los aliados europeos y japoneses perciben la declinación del poder militar y económico de EE.UU.; por otro, la izquierda mundial, incluidas las corrientes marxistas, percibe igualmente la decadencia de Moscú como centro ideológico del marxismo-leninismo. Por su parte, el Tercer Mundo ha empezado a buscar nuevos caminos de expresión, a través de los cuales pueda romper sus vínculos de dependencia. Todo parece indicar que las nuevas circunstancias podrían interpretarse como signos de un retorno a la guerra fría, donde dos imperios en declinación recurren a la fuerza militar para evitar su desintegración.

The Colombian language scholar R. J. Cuervo worked for a lengthy period on a Diccionario de construcción y régimen or dictionary of grammatical characteristics which he was unable to finish completely. Prior to this, in 1871, he had produced, in collaboration with his fellow countryman V. González Manrique, a set of specimen entries for a dictionary of the Spanish language. This was reproduced in a volume commemorating the centenary of the death of the latter. The availability of such a facsimile, together with the discovery of unpublished materials prepared by Cuervo reopens the question of the relationship between the specimen and the later construction dictionary. Despite their similarity with the later work, it seems probable that the notes were intended for neither, but reflect Cuervo's abiding interest in government and construction. This was evinced in his early work on a Latin grammar which he published in collaboration with the Colombian M.A. Caro in 1867. He also cited approvingly the comments of the Venezuelan grammarian A. Bello who suggested that dictionaries should contain information on régimen [government], or specific syntax, and construcción [construction], or general syntax. Cuervo devoted forty years to work in this area. His Diccionario de construcción y régimen puts into practice this division of grammatical information into general and more specific rules, although being alphabetically ordered by headwords rather than by the virtually unmanageable ordering by government and construction that might have been attempted. Other than the influence of Bello, and of his own Latin grammar, Cuervo's thinking is close to that structuring the Latin grammar of the French scholar J. L. Burnouf, which was translated in Venezuela, used at the University of Caracas and approved by the Ministry of Education. He was inspired to produce his own Latin grammar with Caro and more generally to develop his grammatical ideas by this work, though it is clear that his own contributions far outweigh the original germ. The modern development of grammatical valency theory and its extensive application to some areas of lexicography means that Cuervo's work is of considerable relevance to this day. ; Peer reviewed

Among the developed countries, the paper sees France as having an original model for its social services. This is less based on the state than, «a priori», it would be usual to assume. The text makes an analysis of the three prime factors that are the mainstays of this model. First amongst these, an organizing of participating parties is set forth based on Municipal Government and some few large private groups of companies these with, of late, even overseas interests. Second, a series of internal rulings are pointed up and thes e are said to explain both the cost effectiveness of the sector and its ability to adapt to changes. Third and last, the paper holds that the political environment and mores along with the general attitude of the french as to matters of local government are that which make the whole experience viable. ; Entre los países desarrollados, Francia constituye un modelo original de organización del sector de Ios servicios urbanos. Se apoya en el Estado menos de lo que cabría suponer a priori. El texto analiza los tres grandes factores que integran el modelo. En primer lugar, una organización de los actores que descansa en los Municipios y en algunos grandes grupos privados que hoy día también intervienen en el extranjero. En segundo lugar, hay unos principios internos que explican tanto la rentabilidad del sector como sus capacidades de adaptación. Por último, la cultura política y el concepto general de los asuntos locales hacen que todo esto sea posible.